diff --git a/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md b/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 2cbd58004b..0000000000
--- a/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,236 +0,0 @@
-# Contributing
-
-Thank you for being interested in contributing to HTTPX.
-There are many ways you can contribute to the project:
-
-- Try HTTPX and [report bugs/issues you find](https://github.com/encode/httpx/issues/new)
-- [Implement new features](https://github.com/encode/httpx/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3A%22good+first+issue%22)
-- [Review Pull Requests of others](https://github.com/encode/httpx/pulls)
-- Write documentation
-- Participate in discussions
-
-## Reporting Bugs or Other Issues
-
-Found something that HTTPX should support?
-Stumbled upon some unexpected behaviour?
-
-Contributions should generally start out with [a discussion](https://github.com/encode/httpx/discussions).
-Possible bugs may be raised as a "Potential Issue" discussion, feature requests may
-be raised as an "Ideas" discussion. We can then determine if the discussion needs
-to be escalated into an "Issue" or not, or if we'd consider a pull request.
-
-Try to be more descriptive as you can and in case of a bug report,
-provide as much information as possible like:
-
-- OS platform
-- Python version
-- Installed dependencies and versions (`python -m pip freeze`)
-- Code snippet
-- Error traceback
-
-You should always try to reduce any examples to the *simplest possible case*
-that demonstrates the issue.
-
-Some possibly useful tips for narrowing down potential issues...
-
-- Does the issue exist on HTTP/1.1, or HTTP/2, or both?
-- Does the issue exist with `Client`, `AsyncClient`, or both?
-- When using `AsyncClient` does the issue exist when using `asyncio` or `trio`, or both?
-
-## Development
-
-To start developing HTTPX create a **fork** of the
-[HTTPX repository](https://github.com/encode/httpx) on GitHub.
-
-Then clone your fork with the following command replacing `YOUR-USERNAME` with
-your GitHub username:
-
-```shell
-$ git clone https://github.com/YOUR-USERNAME/httpx
-```
-
-You can now install the project and its dependencies using:
-
-```shell
-$ cd httpx
-$ scripts/install
-```
-
-## Testing and Linting
-
-We use custom shell scripts to automate testing, linting,
-and documentation building workflow.
-
-To run the tests, use:
-
-```shell
-$ scripts/test
-```
-
-!!! warning
- The test suite spawns testing servers on ports **8000** and **8001**.
- Make sure these are not in use, so the tests can run properly.
-
-You can run a single test script like this:
-
-```shell
-$ scripts/test -- tests/test_multipart.py
-```
-
-To run the code auto-formatting:
-
-```shell
-$ scripts/lint
-```
-
-Lastly, to run code checks separately (they are also run as part of `scripts/test`), run:
-
-```shell
-$ scripts/check
-```
-
-## Documenting
-
-Documentation pages are located under the `docs/` folder.
-
-To run the documentation site locally (useful for previewing changes), use:
-
-```shell
-$ scripts/docs
-```
-
-## Resolving Build / CI Failures
-
-Once you've submitted your pull request, the test suite will automatically run, and the results will show up in GitHub.
-If the test suite fails, you'll want to click through to the "Details" link, and try to identify why the test suite failed.
-
-
-
-
-
-Here are some common ways the test suite can fail:
-
-### Check Job Failed
-
-
-
-
-
-This job failing means there is either a code formatting issue or type-annotation issue.
-You can look at the job output to figure out why it's failed or within a shell run:
-
-```shell
-$ scripts/check
-```
-
-It may be worth it to run `$ scripts/lint` to attempt auto-formatting the code
-and if that job succeeds commit the changes.
-
-### Docs Job Failed
-
-This job failing means the documentation failed to build. This can happen for
-a variety of reasons like invalid markdown or missing configuration within `mkdocs.yml`.
-
-### Python 3.X Job Failed
-
-
-
-
-
-This job failing means the unit tests failed or not all code paths are covered by unit tests.
-
-If tests are failing you will see this message under the coverage report:
-
-`=== 1 failed, 435 passed, 1 skipped, 1 xfailed in 11.09s ===`
-
-If tests succeed but coverage doesn't reach our current threshold, you will see this
-message under the coverage report:
-
-`FAIL Required test coverage of 100% not reached. Total coverage: 99.00%`
-
-## Releasing
-
-*This section is targeted at HTTPX maintainers.*
-
-Before releasing a new version, create a pull request that includes:
-
-- **An update to the changelog**:
- - We follow the format from [keepachangelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/).
- - [Compare](https://github.com/encode/httpx/compare/) `master` with the tag of the latest release, and list all entries that are of interest to our users:
- - Things that **must** go in the changelog: added, changed, deprecated or removed features, and bug fixes.
- - Things that **should not** go in the changelog: changes to documentation, tests or tooling.
- - Try sorting entries in descending order of impact / importance.
- - Keep it concise and to-the-point. 🎯
-- **A version bump**: see `__version__.py`.
-
-For an example, see [#1006](https://github.com/encode/httpx/pull/1006).
-
-Once the release PR is merged, create a
-[new release](https://github.com/encode/httpx/releases/new) including:
-
-- Tag version like `0.13.3`.
-- Release title `Version 0.13.3`
-- Description copied from the changelog.
-
-Once created this release will be automatically uploaded to PyPI.
-
-If something goes wrong with the PyPI job the release can be published using the
-`scripts/publish` script.
-
-## Development proxy setup
-
-To test and debug requests via a proxy it's best to run a proxy server locally.
-Any server should do but HTTPCore's test suite uses
-[`mitmproxy`](https://mitmproxy.org/) which is written in Python, it's fully
-featured and has excellent UI and tools for introspection of requests.
-
-You can install `mitmproxy` using `pip install mitmproxy` or [several
-other ways](https://docs.mitmproxy.org/stable/overview-installation/).
-
-`mitmproxy` does require setting up local TLS certificates for HTTPS requests,
-as its main purpose is to allow developers to inspect requests that pass through
-it. We can set them up follows:
-
-1. [`pip install trustme-cli`](https://github.com/sethmlarson/trustme-cli/).
-2. `trustme-cli -i example.org www.example.org`, assuming you want to test
-connecting to that domain, this will create three files: `server.pem`,
-`server.key` and `client.pem`.
-3. `mitmproxy` requires a PEM file that includes the private key and the
-certificate so we need to concatenate them:
-`cat server.key server.pem > server.withkey.pem`.
-4. Start the proxy server `mitmproxy --certs server.withkey.pem`, or use the
-[other mitmproxy commands](https://docs.mitmproxy.org/stable/) with different
-UI options.
-
-At this point the server is ready to start serving requests, you'll need to
-configure HTTPX as described in the
-[proxy section](https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/#http-proxying) and
-the [SSL certificates section](https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/#ssl-certificates),
-this is where our previously generated `client.pem` comes in:
-
-```
-import httpx
-
-ssl_context = httpx.SSLContext()
-ssl_context.load_verify_locations("/path/to/client.pem")
-
-with httpx.Client(proxy="http://127.0.0.1:8080/", ssl_context=ssl_context) as client:
- response = client.get("https://example.org")
- print(response.status_code) # should print 200
-```
-
-Note, however, that HTTPS requests will only succeed to the host specified
-in the SSL/TLS certificate we generated, HTTPS requests to other hosts will
-raise an error like:
-
-```
-ssl.SSLCertVerificationError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate
-verify failed: Hostname mismatch, certificate is not valid for
-'duckduckgo.com'. (_ssl.c:1108)
-```
-
-If you want to make requests to more hosts you'll need to regenerate the
-certificates and include all the hosts you intend to connect to in the
-seconds step, i.e.
-
-`trustme-cli -i example.org www.example.org duckduckgo.com www.duckduckgo.com`
diff --git a/.github/FUNDING.yml b/.github/FUNDING.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 2f87d94ca1..0000000000
--- a/.github/FUNDING.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-github: encode
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/1-issue.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/1-issue.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c0f8af677..0000000000
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/1-issue.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
----
-name: Issue
-about: Please only raise an issue if you've been advised to do so after discussion. Thanks! 🙏
----
-
-The starting point for issues should usually be a discussion...
-
-https://github.com/encode/httpx/discussions
-
-Possible bugs may be raised as a "Potential Issue" discussion, feature requests may be raised as an "Ideas" discussion. We can then determine if the discussion needs to be escalated into an "Issue" or not.
-
-This will help us ensure that the "Issues" list properly reflects ongoing or needed work on the project.
-
----
-
-- [ ] Initially raised as discussion #...
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
index a491aa3502..3ba13e0cec 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
@@ -1,11 +1 @@
-# Ref: https://help.github.com/en/github/building-a-strong-community/configuring-issue-templates-for-your-repository#configuring-the-template-chooser
blank_issues_enabled: false
-contact_links:
-- name: Discussions
- url: https://github.com/encode/httpx/discussions
- about: >
- The "Discussions" forum is where you want to start. 💖
-- name: Chat
- url: https://gitter.im/encode/community
- about: >
- Our community chat forum.
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/read-only-issues.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/read-only-issues.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2ea56183c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/read-only-issues.md
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+---
+name: Read-only issues
+about: Restricted Zone ⛔️
+title: ''
+labels: ''
+assignees: ''
+
+---
+
+Issues on this repository are considered read-only, and currently reserved for the maintenance team.
diff --git a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
deleted file mode 100644
index f19bf3c1f8..0000000000
--- a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-
-
-# Summary
-
-
-
-# Checklist
-
-- [ ] I understand that this PR may be closed in case there was no previous discussion. (This doesn't apply to typos!)
-- [ ] I've added a test for each change that was introduced, and I tried as much as possible to make a single atomic change.
-- [ ] I've updated the documentation accordingly.
diff --git a/.github/dependabot.yml b/.github/dependabot.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index ec7ea763db..0000000000
--- a/.github/dependabot.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-version: 2
-updates:
- - package-ecosystem: "pip"
- directory: "/"
- schedule:
- interval: "monthly"
- groups:
- python-packages:
- patterns:
- - "*"
- - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
- directory: "/"
- schedule:
- interval: monthly
diff --git a/.github/workflows/publish.yml b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index a16f258740..0000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/publish.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-name: Publish
-
-on:
- push:
- tags:
- - '*'
-
-jobs:
- publish:
- name: "Publish release"
- runs-on: "ubuntu-latest"
-
- environment:
- name: deploy
-
- steps:
- - uses: "actions/checkout@v4"
- - uses: "actions/setup-python@v6"
- with:
- python-version: 3.9
- - name: "Install dependencies"
- run: "scripts/install"
- - name: "Build package & docs"
- run: "scripts/build"
- - name: "Publish to PyPI & deploy docs"
- run: "scripts/publish"
- env:
- TWINE_USERNAME: __token__
- TWINE_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.PYPI_TOKEN }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-suite.yml b/.github/workflows/test-suite.yml
index 92e8c36015..1d9dcd34b3 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-suite.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-suite.yml
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ name: Test Suite
on:
push:
- branches: ["master"]
+ branches: ["v1"]
pull_request:
- branches: ["master", "version-*"]
+ branches: ["v1"]
jobs:
tests:
@@ -14,21 +14,15 @@ jobs:
strategy:
matrix:
- python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13"]
+ python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
steps:
- uses: "actions/checkout@v4"
- - uses: "actions/setup-python@v6"
+ - uses: "actions/setup-python@v5"
with:
python-version: "${{ matrix.python-version }}"
allow-prereleases: true
- name: "Install dependencies"
run: "scripts/install"
- - name: "Run linting checks"
- run: "scripts/check"
- - name: "Build package & docs"
- run: "scripts/build"
- name: "Run tests"
run: "scripts/test"
- - name: "Enforce coverage"
- run: "scripts/coverage"
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 49e14ccc8d..f9d43a11d1 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
*.pyc
.coverage
-.pytest_cache/
.mypy_cache/
+.pytest_cache/
__pycache__/
-htmlcov/
-site/
-*.egg-info/
-venv*/
-.python-version
-build/
dist/
+venv/
+build/
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 57fa44b8ef..0000000000
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1142 +0,0 @@
-# Changelog
-
-All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
-
-The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/).
-
-## [UNRELEASED]
-
-### Removed
-
-* Drop support for Python 3.8
-
-### Added
-
-* Expose `FunctionAuth` from the public API. (#3699)
-
-## 0.28.1 (6th December, 2024)
-
-* Fix SSL case where `verify=False` together with client side certificates.
-
-## 0.28.0 (28th November, 2024)
-
-Be aware that the default *JSON request bodies now use a more compact representation*. This is generally considered a prefered style, tho may require updates to test suites.
-
-The 0.28 release includes a limited set of deprecations...
-
-**Deprecations**:
-
-We are working towards a simplified SSL configuration API.
-
-*For users of the standard `verify=True` or `verify=False` cases, or `verify=` case this should require no changes. The following cases have been deprecated...*
-
-* The `verify` argument as a string argument is now deprecated and will raise warnings.
-* The `cert` argument is now deprecated and will raise warnings.
-
-Our revised [SSL documentation](docs/advanced/ssl.md) covers how to implement the same behaviour with a more constrained API.
-
-**The following changes are also included**:
-
-* The deprecated `proxies` argument has now been removed.
-* The deprecated `app` argument has now been removed.
-* JSON request bodies use a compact representation. (#3363)
-* Review URL percent escape sets, based on WHATWG spec. (#3371, #3373)
-* Ensure `certifi` and `httpcore` are only imported if required. (#3377)
-* Treat `socks5h` as a valid proxy scheme. (#3178)
-* Cleanup `Request()` method signature in line with `client.request()` and `httpx.request()`. (#3378)
-* Bugfix: When passing `params={}`, always strictly update rather than merge with an existing querystring. (#3364)
-
-## 0.27.2 (27th August, 2024)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Reintroduced supposedly-private `URLTypes` shortcut. (#2673)
-
-## 0.27.1 (27th August, 2024)
-
-### Added
-
-* Support for `zstd` content decoding using the python `zstandard` package is added. Installable using `httpx[zstd]`. (#3139)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Improved error messaging for `InvalidURL` exceptions. (#3250)
-* Fix `app` type signature in `ASGITransport`. (#3109)
-
-## 0.27.0 (21st February, 2024)
-
-### Deprecated
-
-* The `app=...` shortcut has been deprecated. Use the explicit style of `transport=httpx.WSGITransport()` or `transport=httpx.ASGITransport()` instead.
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Respect the `http1` argument while configuring proxy transports. (#3023)
-* Fix RFC 2069 mode digest authentication. (#3045)
-
-## 0.26.0 (20th December, 2023)
-
-### Added
-
-* The `proxy` argument was added. You should use the `proxy` argument instead of the deprecated `proxies`, or use `mounts=` for more complex configurations. (#2879)
-
-### Deprecated
-
-* The `proxies` argument is now deprecated. It will still continue to work, but it will be removed in the future. (#2879)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Fix cases of double escaping of URL path components. Allow / as a safe character in the query portion. (#2990)
-* Handle `NO_PROXY` envvar cases when a fully qualified URL is supplied as the value. (#2741)
-* Allow URLs where username or password contains unescaped '@'. (#2986)
-* Ensure ASGI `raw_path` does not include URL query component. (#2999)
-* Ensure `Response.iter_text()` cannot yield empty strings. (#2998)
-
-## 0.25.2 (24th November, 2023)
-
-### Added
-
-* Add missing type hints to few `__init__()` methods. (#2938)
-
-## 0.25.1 (3rd November, 2023)
-
-### Added
-
-* Add support for Python 3.12. (#2854)
-* Add support for httpcore 1.0 (#2885)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Raise `ValueError` on `Response.encoding` being set after `Response.text` has been accessed. (#2852)
-
-## 0.25.0 (11th September, 2023)
-
-### Removed
-
-* Drop support for Python 3.7. (#2813)
-
-### Added
-
-* Support HTTPS proxies. (#2845)
-* Change the type of `Extensions` from `Mapping[Str, Any]` to `MutableMapping[Str, Any]`. (#2803)
-* Add `socket_options` argument to `httpx.HTTPTransport` and `httpx.AsyncHTTPTransport` classes. (#2716)
-* The `Response.raise_for_status()` method now returns the response instance. For example: `data = httpx.get('...').raise_for_status().json()`. (#2776)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Return `500` error response instead of exceptions when `raise_app_exceptions=False` is set on `ASGITransport`. (#2669)
-* Ensure all `WSGITransport` environs have a `SERVER_PROTOCOL`. (#2708)
-* Always encode forward slashes as `%2F` in query parameters (#2723)
-* Use Mozilla documentation instead of `httpstatuses.com` for HTTP error reference (#2768)
-
-## 0.24.1 (17th May, 2023)
-
-### Added
-
-* Provide additional context in some `InvalidURL` exceptions. (#2675)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Fix optional percent-encoding behaviour. (#2671)
-* More robust checking for opening upload files in binary mode. (#2630)
-* Properly support IP addresses in `NO_PROXY` environment variable. (#2659)
-* Set default file for `NetRCAuth()` to `None` to use the stdlib default. (#2667)
-* Set logging request lines to INFO level for async requests, in line with sync requests. (#2656)
-* Fix which gen-delims need to be escaped for path/query/fragment components in URL. (#2701)
-
-## 0.24.0 (6th April, 2023)
-
-### Changed
-
-* The logging behaviour has been changed to be more in-line with other standard Python logging usages. We no longer have a custom `TRACE` log level, and we no longer use the `HTTPX_LOG_LEVEL` environment variable to auto-configure logging. We now have a significant amount of `DEBUG` logging available at the network level. Full documentation is available at https://www.python-httpx.org/logging/ (#2547, encode/httpcore#648)
-* The `Response.iter_lines()` method now matches the stdlib behaviour and does not include the newline characters. It also resolves a performance issue. (#2423)
-* Query parameter encoding switches from using + for spaces and %2F for forward slash, to instead using %20 for spaces and treating forward slash as a safe, unescaped character. This differs from `requests`, but is in line with browser behavior in Chrome, Safari, and Firefox. Both options are RFC valid. (#2543)
-* NetRC authentication is no longer automatically handled, but is instead supported by an explicit `httpx.NetRCAuth()` authentication class. See the documentation at https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/authentication/#netrc-authentication (#2525)
-
-### Removed
-
-* The `rfc3986` dependancy has been removed. (#2252)
-
-## 0.23.3 (4th January, 2023)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Version 0.23.2 accidentally included stricter type checking on query parameters. This shouldn've have been included in a minor version bump, and is now reverted. (#2523, #2539)
-
-## 0.23.2 (2nd January, 2023)
-
-### Added
-
-* Support digest auth nonce counting to avoid multiple auth requests. (#2463)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Multipart file uploads where the file length cannot be determine now use chunked transfer encoding, rather than loading the entire file into memory in order to determine the `Content-Length`. (#2382)
-* Raise `TypeError` if content is passed a dict-instance. (#2495)
-* Partially revert the API breaking change in 0.23.1, which removed `RawURL`. We continue to expose a `url.raw` property which is now a plain named-tuple. This API is still expected to be deprecated, but we will do so with a major version bump. (#2481)
-
-## 0.23.1 (18th November, 2022)
-
-**Note**: The 0.23.1 release should have used a proper version bump, rather than a minor point release.
-There are API surface area changes that may affect some users.
-See the "Removed" section of these release notes for details.
-
-### Added
-
-* Support for Python 3.11. (#2420)
-* Allow setting an explicit multipart boundary in `Content-Type` header. (#2278)
-* Allow `tuple` or `list` for multipart values, not just `list`. (#2355)
-* Allow `str` content for multipart upload files. (#2400)
-* Support connection upgrades. See https://www.encode.io/httpcore/extensions/#upgrade-requests
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Don't drop empty query parameters. (#2354)
-
-### Removed
-
-* Upload files *must* always be opened in binary mode. (#2400)
-* Drop `.read`/`.aread` from `SyncByteStream`/`AsyncByteStream`. (#2407)
-* Drop `RawURL`. (#2241)
-
-## 0.23.0 (23rd May, 2022)
-
-### Changed
-
-* Drop support for Python 3.6. (#2097)
-* Use `utf-8` as the default character set, instead of falling back to `charset-normalizer` for auto-detection. To enable automatic character set detection, see [the documentation](https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/text-encodings/#using-auto-detection). (#2165)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Fix `URL.copy_with` for some oddly formed URL cases. (#2185)
-* Digest authentication should use case-insensitive comparison for determining which algorithm is being used. (#2204)
-* Fix console markup escaping in command line client. (#1866)
-* When files are used in multipart upload, ensure we always seek to the start of the file. (#2065)
-* Ensure that `iter_bytes` never yields zero-length chunks. (#2068)
-* Preserve `Authorization` header for redirects that are to the same origin, but are an `http`-to-`https` upgrade. (#2074)
-* When responses have binary output, don't print the output to the console in the command line client. Use output like `<16086 bytes of binary data>` instead. (#2076)
-* Fix display of `--proxies` argument in the command line client help. (#2125)
-* Close responses when task cancellations occur during stream reading. (#2156)
-* Fix type error on accessing `.request` on `HTTPError` exceptions. (#2158)
-
-## 0.22.0 (26th January, 2022)
-
-### Added
-
-* Support for [the SOCKS5 proxy protocol](https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/proxies/#socks) via [the `socksio` package](https://github.com/sethmlarson/socksio). (#2034)
-* Support for custom headers in multipart/form-data requests (#1936)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Don't perform unreliable close/warning on `__del__` with unclosed clients. (#2026)
-* Fix `Headers.update(...)` to correctly handle repeated headers (#2038)
-
-## 0.21.3 (6th January, 2022)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Fix streaming uploads using `SyncByteStream` or `AsyncByteStream`. Regression in 0.21.2. (#2016)
-
-## 0.21.2 (5th January, 2022)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* HTTP/2 support for tunnelled proxy cases. (#2009)
-* Improved the speed of large file uploads. (#1948)
-
-## 0.21.1 (16th November, 2021)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* The `response.url` property is now correctly annotated as `URL`, instead of `Optional[URL]`. (#1940)
-
-## 0.21.0 (15th November, 2021)
-
-The 0.21.0 release integrates against a newly redesigned `httpcore` backend.
-
-Both packages ought to automatically update to the required versions, but if you are
-seeing any issues, you should ensure that you have `httpx==0.21.*` and `httpcore==0.14.*` installed.
-
-### Added
-
-* The command-line client will now display connection information when `-v/--verbose` is used.
-* The command-line client will now display server certificate information when `-v/--verbose` is used.
-* The command-line client is now able to properly detect if the outgoing request
-should be formatted as HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2, based on the result of the HTTP/2 negotiation.
-
-### Removed
-
-* Curio support is no longer currently included. Please get in touch if you require this, so that we can assess priorities.
-
-## 0.20.0 (13th October, 2021)
-
-The 0.20.0 release adds an integrated command-line client, and also includes some
-design changes. The most notable of these is that redirect responses are no longer
-automatically followed, unless specifically requested.
-
-This design decision prioritises a more explicit approach to redirects, in order
-to avoid code that unintentionally issues multiple requests as a result of
-misconfigured URLs.
-
-For example, previously a client configured to send requests to `http://api.github.com/`
-would end up sending every API request twice, as each request would be redirected to `https://api.github.com/`.
-
-If you do want auto-redirect behaviour, you can enable this either by configuring
-the client instance with `Client(follow_redirects=True)`, or on a per-request
-basis, with `.get(..., follow_redirects=True)`.
-
-This change is a classic trade-off between convenience and precision, with no "right"
-answer. See [discussion #1785](https://github.com/encode/httpx/discussions/1785) for more
-context.
-
-The other major design change is an update to the Transport API, which is the low-level
-interface against which requests are sent. Previously this interface used only primitive
-datastructures, like so...
-
-```python
-(status_code, headers, stream, extensions) = transport.handle_request(method, url, headers, stream, extensions)
-try
- ...
-finally:
- stream.close()
-```
-
-Now the interface is much simpler...
-
-```python
-response = transport.handle_request(request)
-try
- ...
-finally:
- response.close()
-```
-
-### Changed
-
-* The `allow_redirects` flag is now `follow_redirects` and defaults to `False`.
-* The `raise_for_status()` method will now raise an exception for any responses
- except those with 2xx status codes. Previously only 4xx and 5xx status codes
- would result in an exception.
-* The low-level transport API changes to the much simpler `response = transport.handle_request(request)`.
-* The `client.send()` method no longer accepts a `timeout=...` argument, but the
- `client.build_request()` does. This required by the signature change of the
- Transport API. The request timeout configuration is now stored on the request
- instance, as `request.extensions['timeout']`.
-
-### Added
-
-* Added the `httpx` command-line client.
-* Response instances now include `.is_informational`, `.is_success`, `.is_redirect`, `.is_client_error`, and `.is_server_error`
- properties for checking 1xx, 2xx, 3xx, 4xx, and 5xx response types. Note that the behaviour of `.is_redirect` is slightly different in that it now returns True for all 3xx responses, in order to allow for a consistent set of properties onto the different HTTP status code types. The `response.has_redirect_location` location may be used to determine responses with properly formed URL redirects.
-
-### Fixed
-
-* `response.iter_bytes()` no longer raises a ValueError when called on a response with no content. (Pull #1827)
-* The `'wsgi.error'` configuration now defaults to `sys.stderr`, and is corrected to be a `TextIO` interface, not a `BytesIO` interface. Additionally, the WSGITransport now accepts a `wsgi_error` configuration. (Pull #1828)
-* Follow the WSGI spec by properly closing the iterable returned by the application. (Pull #1830)
-
-## 0.19.0 (19th August, 2021)
-
-### Added
-
-* Add support for `Client(allow_redirects=)`. (Pull #1790)
-* Add automatic character set detection, when no `charset` is included in the response `Content-Type` header. (Pull #1791)
-
-### Changed
-
-* Event hooks are now also called for any additional redirect or auth requests/responses. (Pull #1806)
-* Strictly enforce that upload files must be opened in binary mode. (Pull #1736)
-* Strictly enforce that client instances can only be opened and closed once, and cannot be re-opened. (Pull #1800)
-* Drop `mode` argument from `httpx.Proxy(..., mode=...)`. (Pull #1795)
-
-## 0.18.2 (17th June, 2021)
-
-### Added
-
-* Support for Python 3.10. (Pull #1687)
-* Expose `httpx.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT`, used as the default to `auth` and `timeout` parameters in request methods. (Pull #1634)
-* Support [HTTP/2 "prior knowledge"](https://python-hyper.org/projects/hyper-h2/en/v2.3.1/negotiating-http2.html#prior-knowledge), using `httpx.Client(http1=False, http2=True)`. (Pull #1624)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Clean up some cases where warnings were being issued. (Pull #1687)
-* Prefer Content-Length over Transfer-Encoding: chunked for content= cases. (Pull #1619)
-
-## 0.18.1 (29th April, 2021)
-
-### Changed
-
-* Update brotli support to use the `brotlicffi` package (Pull #1605)
-* Ensure that `Request(..., stream=...)` does not auto-generate any headers on the request instance. (Pull #1607)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Pass through `timeout=...` in top-level httpx.stream() function. (Pull #1613)
-* Map httpcore transport close exceptions to httpx exceptions. (Pull #1606)
-
-## 0.18.0 (27th April, 2021)
-
-The 0.18.x release series formalises our low-level Transport API, introducing the base classes `httpx.BaseTransport` and `httpx.AsyncBaseTransport`.
-
-See the "[Custom transports](https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/transports/#custom-transports)" documentation and the [`httpx.BaseTransport.handle_request()`](https://github.com/encode/httpx/blob/397aad98fdc8b7580a5fc3e88f1578b4302c6382/httpx/_transports/base.py#L77-L147) docstring for more complete details on implementing custom transports.
-
-Pull request #1522 includes a checklist of differences from the previous `httpcore` transport API, for developers implementing custom transports.
-
-The following API changes have been issuing deprecation warnings since 0.17.0 onwards, and are now fully deprecated...
-
-* You should now use httpx.codes consistently instead of httpx.StatusCodes.
-* Use limits=... instead of pool_limits=....
-* Use proxies={"http://": ...} instead of proxies={"http": ...} for scheme-specific mounting.
-
-### Changed
-
-* Transport instances now inherit from `httpx.BaseTransport` or `httpx.AsyncBaseTransport`,
- and should implement either the `handle_request` method or `handle_async_request` method. (Pull #1522, #1550)
-* The `response.ext` property and `Response(ext=...)` argument are now named `extensions`. (Pull #1522)
-* The recommendation to not use `data=` in favour of `content=` has now been escalated to a deprecation warning. (Pull #1573)
-* Drop `Response(on_close=...)` from API, since it was a bit of leaking implementation detail. (Pull #1572)
-* When using a client instance, cookies should always be set on the client, rather than on a per-request basis. We prefer enforcing a stricter API here because it provides clearer expectations around cookie persistence, particularly when redirects occur. (Pull #1574)
-* The runtime exception `httpx.ResponseClosed` is now named `httpx.StreamClosed`. (#1584)
-* The `httpx.QueryParams` model now presents an immutable interface. There is a discussion on [the design and motivation here](https://github.com/encode/httpx/discussions/1599). Use `client.params = client.params.merge(...)` instead of `client.params.update(...)`. The basic query manipulation methods are `query.set(...)`, `query.add(...)`, and `query.remove()`. (#1600)
-
-### Added
-
-* The `Request` and `Response` classes can now be serialized using pickle. (#1579)
-* Handle `data={"key": [None|int|float|bool]}` cases. (Pull #1539)
-* Support `httpx.URL(**kwargs)`, for example `httpx.URL(scheme="https", host="www.example.com", path="/')`, or `httpx.URL("https://www.example.com/", username="tom@gmail.com", password="123 456")`. (Pull #1601)
-* Support `url.copy_with(params=...)`. (Pull #1601)
-* Add `url.params` parameter, returning an immutable `QueryParams` instance. (Pull #1601)
-* Support query manipulation methods on the URL class. These are `url.copy_set_param()`, `url.copy_add_param()`, `url.copy_remove_param()`, `url.copy_merge_params()`. (Pull #1601)
-* The `httpx.URL` class now performs port normalization, so `:80` ports are stripped from `http` URLs and `:443` ports are stripped from `https` URLs. (Pull #1603)
-* The `URL.host` property returns unicode strings for internationalized domain names. The `URL.raw_host` property returns byte strings with IDNA escaping applied. (Pull #1590)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Fix Content-Length for cases of `files=...` where unicode string is used as the file content. (Pull #1537)
-* Fix some cases of merging relative URLs against `Client(base_url=...)`. (Pull #1532)
-* The `request.content` attribute is now always available except for streaming content, which requires an explicit `.read()`. (Pull #1583)
-
-## 0.17.1 (March 15th, 2021)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Type annotation on `CertTypes` allows `keyfile` and `password` to be optional. (Pull #1503)
-* Fix httpcore pinned version. (Pull #1495)
-
-## 0.17.0 (February 28th, 2021)
-
-### Added
-
-* Add `httpx.MockTransport()`, allowing to mock out a transport using pre-determined responses. (Pull #1401, Pull #1449)
-* Add `httpx.HTTPTransport()` and `httpx.AsyncHTTPTransport()` default transports. (Pull #1399)
-* Add mount API support, using `httpx.Client(mounts=...)`. (Pull #1362)
-* Add `chunk_size` parameter to `iter_raw()`, `iter_bytes()`, `iter_text()`. (Pull #1277)
-* Add `keepalive_expiry` parameter to `httpx.Limits()` configuration. (Pull #1398)
-* Add repr to `httpx.Cookies` to display available cookies. (Pull #1411)
-* Add support for `params=` (previously only `params=` was supported). (Pull #1426)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Add missing `raw_path` to ASGI scope. (Pull #1357)
-* Tweak `create_ssl_context` defaults to use `trust_env=True`. (Pull #1447)
-* Properly URL-escape WSGI `PATH_INFO`. (Pull #1391)
-* Properly set default ports in WSGI transport. (Pull #1469)
-* Properly encode slashes when using `base_url`. (Pull #1407)
-* Properly map exceptions in `request.aclose()`. (Pull #1465)
-
-## 0.16.1 (October 8th, 2020)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Support literal IPv6 addresses in URLs. (Pull #1349)
-* Force lowercase headers in ASGI scope dictionaries. (Pull #1351)
-
-## 0.16.0 (October 6th, 2020)
-
-### Changed
-
-* Preserve HTTP header casing. (Pull #1338, encode/httpcore#216, python-hyper/h11#104)
-* Drop `response.next()` and `response.anext()` methods in favour of `response.next_request` attribute. (Pull #1339)
-* Closed clients now raise a runtime error if attempting to send a request. (Pull #1346)
-
-### Added
-
-* Add Python 3.9 to officially supported versions.
-* Type annotate `__enter__`/`__exit__`/`__aenter__`/`__aexit__` in a way that supports subclasses of `Client` and `AsyncClient`. (Pull #1336)
-
-## 0.15.5 (October 1st, 2020)
-
-### Added
-
-* Add `response.next_request` (Pull #1334)
-
-## 0.15.4 (September 25th, 2020)
-
-### Added
-
-* Support direct comparisons between `Headers` and dicts or lists of two-tuples. Eg. `assert response.headers == {"Content-Length": 24}` (Pull #1326)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Fix automatic `.read()` when `Response` instances are created with `content=` (Pull #1324)
-
-## 0.15.3 (September 24th, 2020)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Fixed connection leak in async client due to improper closing of response streams. (Pull #1316)
-
-## 0.15.2 (September 23nd, 2020)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Fixed `response.elapsed` property. (Pull #1313)
-* Fixed client authentication interaction with `.stream()`. (Pull #1312)
-
-## 0.15.1 (September 23nd, 2020)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* ASGITransport now properly applies URL decoding to the `path` component, as-per the ASGI spec. (Pull #1307)
-
-## 0.15.0 (September 22nd, 2020)
-
-### Added
-
-* Added support for curio. (Pull https://github.com/encode/httpcore/pull/168)
-* Added support for event hooks. (Pull #1246)
-* Added support for authentication flows which require either sync or async I/O. (Pull #1217)
-* Added support for monitoring download progress with `response.num_bytes_downloaded`. (Pull #1268)
-* Added `Request(content=...)` for byte content, instead of overloading `Request(data=...)` (Pull #1266)
-* Added support for all URL components as parameter names when using `url.copy_with(...)`. (Pull #1285)
-* Neater split between automatically populated headers on `Request` instances, vs default `client.headers`. (Pull #1248)
-* Unclosed `AsyncClient` instances will now raise warnings if garbage collected. (Pull #1197)
-* Support `Response(content=..., text=..., html=..., json=...)` for creating usable response instances in code. (Pull #1265, #1297)
-* Support instantiating requests from the low-level transport API. (Pull #1293)
-* Raise errors on invalid URL types. (Pull #1259)
-
-### Changed
-
-* Cleaned up expected behaviour for URL escaping. `url.path` is now URL escaped. (Pull #1285)
-* Cleaned up expected behaviour for bytes vs str in URL components. `url.userinfo` and `url.query` are not URL escaped, and so return bytes. (Pull #1285)
-* Drop `url.authority` property in favour of `url.netloc`, since "authority" was semantically incorrect. (Pull #1285)
-* Drop `url.full_path` property in favour of `url.raw_path`, for better consistency with other parts of the API. (Pull #1285)
-* No longer use the `chardet` library for auto-detecting charsets, instead defaulting to a simpler approach when no charset is specified. (#1269)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Swapped ordering of redirects and authentication flow. (Pull #1267)
-* `.netrc` lookups should use host, not host+port. (Pull #1298)
-
-### Removed
-
-* The `URLLib3Transport` class no longer exists. We've published it instead as an example of [a custom transport class](https://gist.github.com/florimondmanca/d56764d78d748eb9f73165da388e546e). (Pull #1182)
-* Drop `request.timer` attribute, which was being used internally to set `response.elapsed`. (Pull #1249)
-* Drop `response.decoder` attribute, which was being used internally. (Pull #1276)
-* `Request.prepare()` is now a private method. (Pull #1284)
-* The `Headers.getlist()` method had previously been deprecated in favour of `Headers.get_list()`. It is now fully removed.
-* The `QueryParams.getlist()` method had previously been deprecated in favour of `QueryParams.get_list()`. It is now fully removed.
-* The `URL.is_ssl` property had previously been deprecated in favour of `URL.scheme == "https"`. It is now fully removed.
-* The `httpx.PoolLimits` class had previously been deprecated in favour of `httpx.Limits`. It is now fully removed.
-* The `max_keepalive` setting had previously been deprecated in favour of the more explicit `max_keepalive_connections`. It is now fully removed.
-* The verbose `httpx.Timeout(5.0, connect_timeout=60.0)` style had previously been deprecated in favour of `httpx.Timeout(5.0, connect=60.0)`. It is now fully removed.
-* Support for instantiating a timeout config missing some defaults, such as `httpx.Timeout(connect=60.0)`, had previously been deprecated in favour of enforcing a more explicit style, such as `httpx.Timeout(5.0, connect=60.0)`. This is now strictly enforced.
-
-## 0.14.3 (September 2nd, 2020)
-
-### Added
-
-* `http.Response()` may now be instantiated without a `request=...` parameter. Useful for some unit testing cases. (Pull #1238)
-* Add `103 Early Hints` and `425 Too Early` status codes. (Pull #1244)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* `DigestAuth` now handles responses that include multiple 'WWW-Authenticate' headers. (Pull #1240)
-* Call into transport `__enter__`/`__exit__` or `__aenter__`/`__aexit__` when client is used in a context manager style. (Pull #1218)
-
-## 0.14.2 (August 24th, 2020)
-
-### Added
-
-* Support `client.get(..., auth=None)` to bypass the default authentication on a clients. (Pull #1115)
-* Support `client.auth = ...` property setter. (Pull #1185)
-* Support `httpx.get(..., proxies=...)` on top-level request functions. (Pull #1198)
-* Display instances with nicer import styles. (Eg. ) (Pull #1155)
-* Support `cookies=[(key, value)]` list-of-two-tuples style usage. (Pull #1211)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Ensure that automatically included headers on a request may be modified. (Pull #1205)
-* Allow explicit `Content-Length` header on streaming requests. (Pull #1170)
-* Handle URL quoted usernames and passwords properly. (Pull #1159)
-* Use more consistent default for `HEAD` requests, setting `allow_redirects=True`. (Pull #1183)
-* If a transport error occurs while streaming the response, raise an `httpx` exception, not the underlying `httpcore` exception. (Pull #1190)
-* Include the underlying `httpcore` traceback, when transport exceptions occur. (Pull #1199)
-
-## 0.14.1 (August 11th, 2020)
-
-### Added
-
-* The `httpx.URL(...)` class now raises `httpx.InvalidURL` on invalid URLs, rather than exposing the underlying `rfc3986` exception. If a redirect response includes an invalid 'Location' header, then a `RemoteProtocolError` exception is raised, which will be associated with the request that caused it. (Pull #1163)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Handling multiple `Set-Cookie` headers became broken in the 0.14.0 release, and is now resolved. (Pull #1156)
-
-## 0.14.0 (August 7th, 2020)
-
-The 0.14 release includes a range of improvements to the public API, intended on preparing for our upcoming 1.0 release.
-
-* Our HTTP/2 support is now fully optional. **You now need to use `pip install httpx[http2]` if you want to include the HTTP/2 dependencies.**
-* Our HSTS support has now been removed. Rewriting URLs from `http` to `https` if the host is on the HSTS list can be beneficial in avoiding roundtrips to incorrectly formed URLs, but on balance we've decided to remove this feature, on the principle of least surprise. Most programmatic clients do not include HSTS support, and for now we're opting to remove our support for it.
-* Our exception hierarchy has been overhauled. Most users will want to stick with their existing `httpx.HTTPError` usage, but we've got a clearer overall structure now. See https://www.python-httpx.org/exceptions/ for more details.
-
-When upgrading you should be aware of the following public API changes. Note that deprecated usages will currently continue to function, but will issue warnings.
-
-* You should now use `httpx.codes` consistently instead of `httpx.StatusCodes`.
-* Usage of `httpx.Timeout()` should now always include an explicit default. Eg. `httpx.Timeout(None, pool=5.0)`.
-* When using `httpx.Timeout()`, we now have more concisely named keyword arguments. Eg. `read=5.0`, instead of `read_timeout=5.0`.
-* Use `httpx.Limits()` instead of `httpx.PoolLimits()`, and `limits=...` instead of `pool_limits=...`.
-* The `httpx.Limits(max_keepalive=...)` argument is now deprecated in favour of a more explicit `httpx.Limits(max_keepalive_connections=...)`.
-* Keys used with `Client(proxies={...})` should now be in the style of `{"http://": ...}`, rather than `{"http": ...}`.
-* The multidict methods `Headers.getlist()` and `QueryParams.getlist()` are deprecated in favour of more consistent `.get_list()` variants.
-* The `URL.is_ssl` property is deprecated in favour of `URL.scheme == "https"`.
-* The `URL.join(relative_url=...)` method is now `URL.join(url=...)`. This change does not support warnings for the deprecated usage style.
-
-One notable aspect of the 0.14.0 release is that it tightens up the public API for `httpx`, by ensuring that several internal attributes and methods have now become strictly private.
-
-The following previously had nominally public names on the client, but were all undocumented and intended solely for internal usage. They are all now replaced with underscored names, and should not be relied on or accessed.
-
-These changes should not affect users who have been working from the `httpx` documentation.
-
-* `.merge_url()`, `.merge_headers()`, `.merge_cookies()`, `.merge_queryparams()`
-* `.build_auth()`, `.build_redirect_request()`
-* `.redirect_method()`, `.redirect_url()`, `.redirect_headers()`, `.redirect_stream()`
-* `.send_handling_redirects()`, `.send_handling_auth()`, `.send_single_request()`
-* `.init_transport()`, `.init_proxy_transport()`
-* `.proxies`, `.transport`, `.netrc`, `.get_proxy_map()`
-
-See pull requests #997, #1065, #1071.
-
-Some areas of API which were already on the deprecation path, and were raising warnings or errors in 0.13.x have now been escalated to being fully removed.
-
-* Drop `ASGIDispatch`, `WSGIDispatch`, which have been replaced by `ASGITransport`, `WSGITransport`.
-* Drop `dispatch=...`` on client, which has been replaced by `transport=...``
-* Drop `soft_limit`, `hard_limit`, which have been replaced by `max_keepalive` and `max_connections`.
-* Drop `Response.stream` and` `Response.raw`, which have been replaced by ``.aiter_bytes` and `.aiter_raw`.
-* Drop `proxies=` in favor of `proxies=httpx.Proxy(...)`.
-
-See pull requests #1057, #1058.
-
-### Added
-
-* Added dedicated exception class `httpx.HTTPStatusError` for `.raise_for_status()` exceptions. (Pull #1072)
-* Added `httpx.create_ssl_context()` helper function. (Pull #996)
-* Support for proxy exclusions like `proxies={"https://www.example.com": None}`. (Pull #1099)
-* Support `QueryParams(None)` and `client.params = None`. (Pull #1060)
-
-### Changed
-
-* Use `httpx.codes` consistently in favour of `httpx.StatusCodes` which is placed into deprecation. (Pull #1088)
-* Usage of `httpx.Timeout()` should now always include an explicit default. Eg. `httpx.Timeout(None, pool=5.0)`. (Pull #1085)
-* Switch to more concise `httpx.Timeout()` keyword arguments. Eg. `read=5.0`, instead of `read_timeout=5.0`. (Pull #1111)
-* Use `httpx.Limits()` instead of `httpx.PoolLimits()`, and `limits=...` instead of `pool_limits=...`. (Pull #1113)
-* Keys used with `Client(proxies={...})` should now be in the style of `{"http://": ...}`, rather than `{"http": ...}`. (Pull #1127)
-* The multidict methods `Headers.getlist` and `QueryParams.getlist` are deprecated in favour of more consistent `.get_list()` variants. (Pull #1089)
-* `URL.port` becomes `Optional[int]`. Now only returns a port if one is explicitly included in the URL string. (Pull #1080)
-* The `URL(..., allow_relative=[bool])` parameter no longer exists. All URL instances may be relative. (Pull #1073)
-* Drop unnecessary `url.full_path = ...` property setter. (Pull #1069)
-* The `URL.join(relative_url=...)` method is now `URL.join(url=...)`. (Pull #1129)
-* The `URL.is_ssl` property is deprecated in favour of `URL.scheme == "https"`. (Pull #1128)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Add missing `Response.next()` method. (Pull #1055)
-* Ensure all exception classes are exposed as public API. (Pull #1045)
-* Support multiple items with an identical field name in multipart encodings. (Pull #777)
-* Skip HSTS preloading on single-label domains. (Pull #1074)
-* Fixes for `Response.iter_lines()`. (Pull #1033, #1075)
-* Ignore permission errors when accessing `.netrc` files. (Pull #1104)
-* Allow bare hostnames in `HTTP_PROXY` etc... environment variables. (Pull #1120)
-* Settings `app=...` or `transport=...` bypasses any environment based proxy defaults. (Pull #1122)
-* Fix handling of `.base_url` when a path component is included in the base URL. (Pull #1130)
-
----
-
-## 0.13.3 (May 29th, 2020)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Include missing keepalive expiry configuration. (Pull #1005)
-* Improved error message when URL redirect has a custom scheme. (Pull #1002)
-
-## 0.13.2 (May 27th, 2020)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Include explicit "Content-Length: 0" on POST, PUT, PATCH if no request body is used. (Pull #995)
-* Add `http2` option to `httpx.Client`. (Pull #982)
-* Tighten up API typing in places. (Pull #992, #999)
-
-## 0.13.1 (May 22nd, 2020)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Fix pool options deprecation warning. (Pull #980)
-* Include `httpx.URLLib3ProxyTransport` in top-level API. (Pull #979)
-
-## 0.13.0 (May 22nd, 2020)
-
-This release switches to `httpcore` for all the internal networking, which means:
-
-* We're using the same codebase for both our sync and async clients.
-* HTTP/2 support is now available with the sync client.
-* We no longer have a `urllib3` dependency for our sync client, although there is still an *optional* `URLLib3Transport` class.
-
-It also means we've had to remove our UDS support, since maintaining that would have meant having to push back our work towards a 1.0 release, which isn't a trade-off we wanted to make.
-
-We also now have [a public "Transport API"](https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/transports/#custom-transports), which you can use to implement custom transport implementations against. This formalises and replaces our previously private "Dispatch API".
-
-### Changed
-
-* Use `httpcore` for underlying HTTP transport. Drop `urllib3` requirement. (Pull #804, #967)
-* Rename pool limit options from `soft_limit`/`hard_limit` to `max_keepalive`/`max_connections`. (Pull #968)
-* The previous private "Dispatch API" has now been promoted to a public "Transport API". When customizing the transport use `transport=...`. The `ASGIDispatch` and `WSGIDispatch` class naming is deprecated in favour of `ASGITransport` and `WSGITransport`. (Pull #963)
-
-### Added
-
-* Added `URLLib3Transport` class for optional `urllib3` transport support. (Pull #804, #963)
-* Streaming multipart uploads. (Pull #857)
-* Logging via HTTPCORE_LOG_LEVEL and HTTPX_LOG_LEVEL environment variables
-and TRACE level logging. (Pull encode/httpcore#79)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Performance improvement in brotli decoder. (Pull #906)
-* Proper warning level of deprecation notice in `Response.stream` and `Response.raw`. (Pull #908)
-* Fix support for generator based WSGI apps. (Pull #887)
-* Reuse of connections on HTTP/2 in close concurrency situations. (Pull encode/httpcore#81)
-* Honor HTTP/2 max concurrent streams settings (Pull encode/httpcore#89, encode/httpcore#90)
-* Fix bytes support in multipart uploads. (Pull #974)
-* Improve typing support for `files=...`. (Pull #976)
-
-### Removed
-
-* Dropped support for `Client(uds=...)` (Pull #804)
-
-## 0.13.0.dev2 (May 12th, 2020)
-
-The 0.13.0.dev2 is a *pre-release* version. To install it, use `pip install httpx --pre`.
-
-### Added
-
-* Logging via HTTPCORE_LOG_LEVEL and HTTPX_LOG_LEVEL environment variables
-and TRACE level logging. (HTTPCore Pull #79)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Reuse of connections on HTTP/2 in close concurrency situations. (HTTPCore Pull #81)
-* When using an `app=` observe neater disconnect behaviour instead of sending empty body messages. (Pull #919)
-
-## 0.13.0.dev1 (May 6th, 2020)
-
-The 0.13.0.dev1 is a *pre-release* version. To install it, use `pip install httpx --pre`.
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Passing `http2` flag to proxy dispatchers. (Pull #934)
-* Use [`httpcore` v0.8.3](https://github.com/encode/httpcore/releases/tag/0.8.3)
-which addresses problems in handling of headers when using proxies.
-
-## 0.13.0.dev0 (April 30th, 2020)
-
-The 0.13.0.dev0 is a *pre-release* version. To install it, use `pip install httpx --pre`.
-
-This release switches to `httpcore` for all the internal networking, which means:
-
-* We're using the same codebase for both our sync and async clients.
-* HTTP/2 support is now available with the sync client.
-* We no longer have a `urllib3` dependency for our sync client, although there is still an *optional* `URLLib3Dispatcher` class.
-
-It also means we've had to remove our UDS support, since maintaining that would have meant having to push back our work towards a 1.0 release, which isn't a trade-off we wanted to make.
-
-### Changed
-
-* Use `httpcore` for underlying HTTP transport. Drop `urllib3` requirement. (Pull #804)
-
-### Added
-
-* Added `URLLib3Dispatcher` class for optional `urllib3` transport support. (Pull #804)
-* Streaming multipart uploads. (Pull #857)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Performance improvement in brotli decoder. (Pull #906)
-* Proper warning level of deprecation notice in `Response.stream` and `Response.raw`. (Pull #908)
-* Fix support for generator based WSGI apps. (Pull #887)
-
-### Removed
-
-* Dropped support for `Client(uds=...)` (Pull #804)
-
----
-
-## 0.12.1 (March 19th, 2020)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Resolved packaging issue, where additional files were being included.
-
-## 0.12.0 (March 9th, 2020)
-
-The 0.12 release tightens up the API expectations for `httpx` by switching to private module names to enforce better clarity around public API.
-
-All imports of `httpx` should import from the top-level package only, such as `from httpx import Request`, rather than importing from privately namespaced modules such as `from httpx._models import Request`.
-
-### Added
-
-* Support making response body available to auth classes with `.requires_response_body`. (Pull #803)
-* Export `NetworkError` exception. (Pull #814)
-* Add support for `NO_PROXY` environment variable. (Pull #835)
-
-### Changed
-
-* Switched to private module names. (Pull #785)
-* Drop redirect looping detection and the `RedirectLoop` exception, instead using `TooManyRedirects`. (Pull #819)
-* Drop `backend=...` parameter on `AsyncClient`, in favour of always autodetecting `trio`/`asyncio`. (Pull #791)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Support basic auth credentials in proxy URLs. (Pull #780)
-* Fix `httpx.Proxy(url, mode="FORWARD_ONLY")` configuration. (Pull #788)
-* Fallback to setting headers as UTF-8 if no encoding is specified. (Pull #820)
-* Close proxy dispatches classes on client close. (Pull #826)
-* Support custom `cert` parameters even if `verify=False`. (Pull #796)
-* Don't support invalid dict-of-dicts form data in `data=...`. (Pull #811)
-
----
-
-## 0.11.1 (January 17th, 2020)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Fixed usage of `proxies=...` on `Client()`. (Pull #763)
-* Support both `zlib` and `deflate` style encodings on `Content-Encoding: deflate`. (Pull #758)
-* Fix for streaming a redirect response body with `allow_redirects=False`. (Pull #766)
-* Handle redirect with malformed Location headers missing host. (Pull #774)
-
-## 0.11.0 (January 9th, 2020)
-
-The 0.11 release reintroduces our sync support, so that `httpx` now supports both a standard thread-concurrency API, and an async API.
-
-Existing async `httpx` users that are upgrading to 0.11 should ensure that:
-
-* Async codebases should always use a client instance to make requests, instead of the top-level API.
-* The async client is named as `httpx.AsyncClient()`, instead of `httpx.Client()`.
-* When instantiating proxy configurations use the `httpx.Proxy()` class, instead of the previous `httpx.HTTPProxy()`. This new configuration class works for configuring both sync and async clients.
-
-We believe the API is now pretty much stable, and are aiming for a 1.0 release sometime on or before April 2020.
-
-### Changed
-
-- Top level API such as `httpx.get(url, ...)`, `httpx.post(url, ...)`, `httpx.request(method, url, ...)` becomes synchronous.
-- Added `httpx.Client()` for synchronous clients, with `httpx.AsyncClient` being used for async clients.
-- Switched to `proxies=httpx.Proxy(...)` for proxy configuration.
-- Network connection errors are wrapped in `httpx.NetworkError`, rather than exposing lower-level exception types directly.
-
-### Removed
-
-- The `request.url.origin` property and `httpx.Origin` class are no longer available.
-- The per-request `cert`, `verify`, and `trust_env` arguments are escalated from raising errors if used, to no longer being available. These arguments should be used on a per-client instance instead, or in the top-level API.
-- The `stream` argument has escalated from raising an error when used, to no longer being available. Use the `client.stream(...)` or `httpx.stream()` streaming API instead.
-
-### Fixed
-
-- Redirect loop detection matches against `(method, url)` rather than `url`. (Pull #734)
-
----
-
-## 0.10.1 (December 31st, 2019)
-
-### Fixed
-
-- Fix issue with concurrent connection acquisition. (Pull #700)
-- Fix write error on closing HTTP/2 connections. (Pull #699)
-
-## 0.10.0 (December 29th, 2019)
-
-The 0.10.0 release makes some changes that will allow us to support both sync and async interfaces.
-
-In particular with streaming responses the `response.read()` method becomes `response.aread()`, and the `response.close()` method becomes `response.aclose()`.
-
-If following redirects explicitly the `response.next()` method becomes `response.anext()`.
-
-### Fixed
-
-- End HTTP/2 streams immediately on no-body requests, rather than sending an empty body message. (Pull #682)
-- Improve typing for `Response.request`: switch from `Optional[Request]` to `Request`. (Pull #666)
-- `Response.elapsed` now reflects the entire download time. (Pull #687, #692)
-
-### Changed
-
-- Added `AsyncClient` as a synonym for `Client`. (Pull #680)
-- Switch to `response.aread()` for conditionally reading streaming responses. (Pull #674)
-- Switch to `response.aclose()` and `client.aclose()` for explicit closing. (Pull #674, #675)
-- Switch to `response.anext()` for resolving the next redirect response. (Pull #676)
-
-### Removed
-
-- When using a client instance, the per-request usage of `verify`, `cert`, and `trust_env` have now escalated from raising a warning to raising an error. You should set these arguments on the client instead. (Pull #617)
-- Removed the undocumented `request.read()`, since end users should not require it.
-
----
-
-## 0.9.5 (December 20th, 2019)
-
-### Fixed
-
-- Fix Host header and HSTS rewrites when an explicit `:80` port is included in URL. (Pull #649)
-- Query Params on the URL string are merged with any `params=...` argument. (Pull #653)
-- More robust behavior when closing connections. (Pull #640)
-- More robust behavior when handling HTTP/2 headers with trailing whitespace. (Pull #637)
-- Allow any explicit `Content-Type` header to take precedence over the encoding default. (Pull #633)
-
-## 0.9.4 (December 12th, 2019)
-
-### Fixed
-
-- Added expiry to Keep-Alive connections, resolving issues with acquiring connections. (Pull #627)
-- Increased flow control windows on HTTP/2, resolving download speed issues. (Pull #629)
-
-## 0.9.3 (December 7th, 2019)
-
-### Fixed
-
-- Fixed HTTP/2 with autodetection backend. (Pull #614)
-
-## 0.9.2 (December 7th, 2019)
-
-* Released due to packaging build artifact.
-
-## 0.9.1 (December 6th, 2019)
-
-* Released due to packaging build artifact.
-
-## 0.9.0 (December 6th, 2019)
-
-The 0.9 releases brings some major new features, including:
-
-* A new streaming API.
-* Autodetection of either asyncio or trio.
-* Nicer timeout configuration.
-* HTTP/2 support off by default, but can be enabled.
-
-We've also removed all private types from the top-level package export.
-
-In order to ensure you are only ever working with public API you should make
-sure to only import the top-level package eg. `import httpx`, rather than
-importing modules within the package.
-
-### Added
-
-- Added concurrency backend autodetection. (Pull #585)
-- Added `Client(backend='trio')` and `Client(backend='asyncio')` API. (Pull #585)
-- Added `response.stream_lines()` API. (Pull #575)
-- Added `response.is_error` API. (Pull #574)
-- Added support for `timeout=Timeout(5.0, connect_timeout=60.0)` styles. (Pull #593)
-
-### Fixed
-
-- Requests or Clients with `timeout=None` now correctly always disable timeouts. (Pull #592)
-- Request 'Authorization' headers now have priority over `.netrc` authentication info. (Commit 095b691)
-- Files without a filename no longer set a Content-Type in multipart data. (Commit ed94950)
-
-### Changed
-
-- Added `httpx.stream()` API. Using `stream=True` now results in a warning. (Pull #600, #610)
-- HTTP/2 support is switched to "off by default", but can be enabled explicitly. (Pull #584)
-- Switched to `Client(http2=True)` API from `Client(http_versions=["HTTP/1.1", "HTTP/2"])`. (Pull #586)
-- Removed all private types from the top-level package export. (Pull #608)
-- The SSL configuration settings of `verify`, `cert`, and `trust_env` now raise warnings if used per-request when using a Client instance. They should always be set on the Client instance itself. (Pull #597)
-- Use plain strings "TUNNEL_ONLY" or "FORWARD_ONLY" on the HTTPProxy `proxy_mode` argument. The `HTTPProxyMode` enum still exists, but its usage will raise warnings. (#610)
-- Pool timeouts are now on the timeout configuration, not the pool limits configuration. (Pull #563)
-- The timeout configuration is now named `httpx.Timeout(...)`, not `httpx.TimeoutConfig(...)`. The old version currently remains as a synonym for backwards compatibility. (Pull #591)
-
----
-
-## 0.8.0 (November 27, 2019)
-
-### Removed
-
-- The synchronous API has been removed, in order to allow us to fundamentally change how we approach supporting both sync and async variants. (See #588 for more details.)
-
----
-
-## 0.7.8 (November 17, 2019)
-
-### Added
-
-- Add support for proxy tunnels for Python 3.6 + asyncio. (Pull #521)
-
-## 0.7.7 (November 15, 2019)
-
-### Fixed
-
-- Resolve an issue with cookies behavior on redirect requests. (Pull #529)
-
-### Added
-
-- Add request/response DEBUG logs. (Pull #502)
-- Use TRACE log level for low level info. (Pull #500)
-
-## 0.7.6 (November 2, 2019)
-
-### Removed
-
-- Drop `proxies` parameter from the high-level API. (Pull #485)
-
-### Fixed
-
-- Tweak multipart files: omit null filenames, add support for `str` file contents. (Pull #482)
-- Cache NETRC authentication per-client. (Pull #400)
-- Rely on `getproxies` for all proxy environment variables. (Pull #470)
-- Wait for the `asyncio` stream to close when closing a connection. (Pull #494)
-
-## 0.7.5 (October 10, 2019)
-
-### Added
-
-- Allow lists of values to be passed to `params`. (Pull #386)
-- `ASGIDispatch`, `WSGIDispatch` are now available in the `httpx.dispatch` namespace. (Pull #407)
-- `HTTPError` is now available in the `httpx` namespace. (Pull #421)
-- Add support for `start_tls()` to the Trio concurrency backend. (Pull #467)
-
-### Fixed
-
-- Username and password are no longer included in the `Host` header when basic authentication
- credentials are supplied via the URL. (Pull #417)
-
-### Removed
-
-- The `.delete()` function no longer has `json`, `data`, or `files` parameters
- to match the expected semantics of the `DELETE` method. (Pull #408)
-- Removed the `trio` extra. Trio support is detected automatically. (Pull #390)
-
-## 0.7.4 (September 25, 2019)
-
-### Added
-
-- Add Trio concurrency backend. (Pull #276)
-- Add `params` parameter to `Client` for setting default query parameters. (Pull #372)
-- Add support for `SSL_CERT_FILE` and `SSL_CERT_DIR` environment variables. (Pull #307)
-- Add debug logging to calls into ASGI apps. (Pull #371)
-- Add debug logging to SSL configuration. (Pull #378)
-
-### Fixed
-
-- Fix a bug when using `Client` without timeouts in Python 3.6. (Pull #383)
-- Propagate `Client` configuration to HTTP proxies. (Pull #377)
-
-## 0.7.3 (September 20, 2019)
-
-### Added
-
-- HTTP Proxy support. (Pulls #259, #353)
-- Add Digest authentication. (Pull #332)
-- Add `.build_request()` method to `Client` and `AsyncClient`. (Pull #319)
-- Add `.elapsed` property on responses. (Pull #351)
-- Add support for `SSLKEYLOGFILE` in Python 3.8b4+. (Pull #301)
-
-### Removed
-
-- Drop NPN support for HTTP version negotiation. (Pull #314)
-
-### Fixed
-
-- Fix distribution of type annotations for mypy (Pull #361).
-- Set `Host` header when redirecting cross-origin. (Pull #321)
-- Drop `Content-Length` headers on `GET` redirects. (Pull #310)
-- Raise `KeyError` if header isn't found in `Headers`. (Pull #324)
-- Raise `NotRedirectResponse` in `response.next()` if there is no redirection to perform. (Pull #297)
-- Fix bug in calculating the HTTP/2 maximum frame size. (Pull #153)
-
-## 0.7.2 (August 28, 2019)
-
-- Enforce using `httpx.AsyncioBackend` for the synchronous client. (Pull #232)
-- `httpx.ConnectionPool` will properly release a dropped connection. (Pull #230)
-- Remove the `raise_app_exceptions` argument from `Client`. (Pull #238)
-- `DecodeError` will no longer be raised for an empty body encoded with Brotli. (Pull #237)
-- Added `http_versions` parameter to `Client`. (Pull #250)
-- Only use HTTP/1.1 on short-lived connections like `httpx.get()`. (Pull #284)
-- Convert `Client.cookies` and `Client.headers` when set as a property. (Pull #274)
-- Setting `HTTPX_DEBUG=1` enables debug logging on all requests. (Pull #277)
-
-## 0.7.1 (August 18, 2019)
-
-- Include files with source distribution to be installable. (Pull #233)
-
-## 0.7.0 (August 17, 2019)
-
-- Add the `trust_env` property to `BaseClient`. (Pull #187)
-- Add the `links` property to `BaseResponse`. (Pull #211)
-- Accept `ssl.SSLContext` instances into `SSLConfig(verify=...)`. (Pull #215)
-- Add `Response.stream_text()` with incremental encoding detection. (Pull #183)
-- Properly updated the `Host` header when a redirect changes the origin. (Pull #199)
-- Ignore invalid `Content-Encoding` headers. (Pull #196)
-- Use `~/.netrc` and `~/_netrc` files by default when `trust_env=True`. (Pull #189)
-- Create exception base class `HTTPError` with `request` and `response` properties. (Pull #162)
-- Add HSTS preload list checking within `BaseClient` to upgrade HTTP URLs to HTTPS. (Pull #184)
-- Switch IDNA encoding from IDNA 2003 to IDNA 2008. (Pull #161)
-- Expose base classes for alternate concurrency backends. (Pull #178)
-- Improve Multipart parameter encoding. (Pull #167)
-- Add the `headers` property to `BaseClient`. (Pull #159)
-- Add support for Google's `brotli` library. (Pull #156)
-- Remove deprecated TLS versions (TLSv1 and TLSv1.1) from default `SSLConfig`. (Pull #155)
-- Fix `URL.join(...)` to work similarly to RFC 3986 URL joining. (Pull #144)
-
----
-
-## 0.6.8 (July 25, 2019)
-
-- Check for disconnections when searching for an available
- connection in `ConnectionPool.keepalive_connections` (Pull #145)
-- Allow string comparison for `URL` objects (Pull #139)
-- Add HTTP status codes 418 and 451 (Pull #135)
-- Add support for client certificate passwords (Pull #118)
-- Enable post-handshake client cert authentication for TLSv1.3 (Pull #118)
-- Disable using `commonName` for hostname checking for OpenSSL 1.1.0+ (Pull #118)
-- Detect encoding for `Response.json()` (Pull #116)
-
-## 0.6.7 (July 8, 2019)
-
-- Check for connection aliveness on re-acquisition (Pull #111)
-
-## 0.6.6 (July 3, 2019)
-
-- Improve `USER_AGENT` (Pull #110)
-- Add `Connection: keep-alive` by default to HTTP/1.1 connections. (Pull #110)
-
-## 0.6.5 (June 27, 2019)
-
-- Include `Host` header by default. (Pull #109)
-- Improve HTTP protocol detection. (Pull #107)
-
-## 0.6.4 (June 25, 2019)
-
-- Implement read and write timeouts (Pull #104)
-
-## 0.6.3 (June 24, 2019)
-
-- Handle early connection closes (Pull #103)
-
-## 0.6.2 (June 23, 2019)
-
-- Use urllib3's `DEFAULT_CIPHERS` for the `SSLConfig` object. (Pull #100)
-
-## 0.6.1 (June 21, 2019)
-
-- Add support for setting a `base_url` on the `Client`.
-
-## 0.6.0 (June 21, 2019)
-
-- Honor `local_flow_control_window` for HTTP/2 connections (Pull #98)
diff --git a/LICENSE.md b/LICENSE.md
deleted file mode 100644
index ab79d16a3f..0000000000
--- a/LICENSE.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-Copyright © 2019, [Encode OSS Ltd](https://www.encode.io/).
-All rights reserved.
-
-Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
-
-* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-
-* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-
-* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
-
-THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 2ccecd578c..d77f12505e 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,32 +1,22 @@
-
+
-HTTPX - A next-generation HTTP client for Python.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-HTTPX is a fully featured HTTP client library for Python 3. It includes **an integrated command line client**, has support for both **HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2**, and provides both **sync and async APIs**.
+HTTPX 1.0 — Design proposal.
---
-Install HTTPX using pip:
+A complete HTTP framework for Python.
+
+*Installation...*
```shell
-$ pip install httpx
+$ pip install --pre httpx
```
-Now, let's get started:
+*Making requests as a client...*
-```pycon
->>> import httpx
+```python
>>> r = httpx.get('https://www.example.org/')
>>> r
@@ -38,110 +28,45 @@ Now, let's get started:
'\n\n\nExample Domain...'
```
-Or, using the command-line client.
-
-```shell
-$ pip install 'httpx[cli]' # The command line client is an optional dependency.
-```
+*Serving responses as the server...*
-Which now allows us to use HTTPX directly from the command-line...
-
-
-
-
-
-Sending a request...
-
-
-
-
+```python
+>>> def app(request):
+... content = httpx.HTML('hello, world.')
+... return httpx.Response(200, content=content)
-## Features
-
-HTTPX builds on the well-established usability of `requests`, and gives you:
-
-* A broadly [requests-compatible API](https://www.python-httpx.org/compatibility/).
-* An integrated command-line client.
-* HTTP/1.1 [and HTTP/2 support](https://www.python-httpx.org/http2/).
-* Standard synchronous interface, but with [async support if you need it](https://www.python-httpx.org/async/).
-* Ability to make requests directly to [WSGI applications](https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/transports/#wsgi-transport) or [ASGI applications](https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/transports/#asgi-transport).
-* Strict timeouts everywhere.
-* Fully type annotated.
-* 100% test coverage.
-
-Plus all the standard features of `requests`...
-
-* International Domains and URLs
-* Keep-Alive & Connection Pooling
-* Sessions with Cookie Persistence
-* Browser-style SSL Verification
-* Basic/Digest Authentication
-* Elegant Key/Value Cookies
-* Automatic Decompression
-* Automatic Content Decoding
-* Unicode Response Bodies
-* Multipart File Uploads
-* HTTP(S) Proxy Support
-* Connection Timeouts
-* Streaming Downloads
-* .netrc Support
-* Chunked Requests
-
-## Installation
-
-Install with pip:
-
-```shell
-$ pip install httpx
+>>> httpx.run(app)
+Serving on http://127.0.0.1:8080/ (Press CTRL+C to quit)
```
-Or, to include the optional HTTP/2 support, use:
-
-```shell
-$ pip install httpx[http2]
-```
-
-HTTPX requires Python 3.9+.
-
-## Documentation
-
-Project documentation is available at [https://www.python-httpx.org/](https://www.python-httpx.org/).
-
-For a run-through of all the basics, head over to the [QuickStart](https://www.python-httpx.org/quickstart/).
-
-For more advanced topics, see the [Advanced Usage](https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/) section, the [async support](https://www.python-httpx.org/async/) section, or the [HTTP/2](https://www.python-httpx.org/http2/) section.
-
-The [Developer Interface](https://www.python-httpx.org/api/) provides a comprehensive API reference.
-
-To find out about tools that integrate with HTTPX, see [Third Party Packages](https://www.python-httpx.org/third_party_packages/).
+---
-## Contribute
+# Documentation
-If you want to contribute with HTTPX check out the [Contributing Guide](https://www.python-httpx.org/contributing/) to learn how to start.
+The [HTTPX 1.0 design proposal](https://www.encode.io/httpnext/) is now available.
-## Dependencies
+* [Quickstart](https://www.encode.io/httpnext/quickstart)
+* [Clients](https://www.encode.io/httpnext/clients)
+* [Servers](https://www.encode.io/httpnext/servers)
+* [Requests](https://www.encode.io/httpnext/requests)
+* [Responses](https://www.encode.io/httpnext/responses)
+* [URLs](https://www.encode.io/httpnext/urls)
+* [Headers](https://www.encode.io/httpnext/headers)
+* [Content Types](https://www.encode.io/httpnext/content-types)
+* [Connections](https://www.encode.io/httpnext/connections)
+* [Parsers](https://www.encode.io/httpnext/parsers)
+* [Network Backends](https://www.encode.io/httpnext/networking)
-The HTTPX project relies on these excellent libraries:
+---
-* `httpcore` - The underlying transport implementation for `httpx`.
- * `h11` - HTTP/1.1 support.
-* `certifi` - SSL certificates.
-* `idna` - Internationalized domain name support.
-* `sniffio` - Async library autodetection.
+# Collaboration
-As well as these optional installs:
+We are not currently accepting unsolicted pull requests against the 1.0 pre-release branch.
-* `h2` - HTTP/2 support. *(Optional, with `httpx[http2]`)*
-* `socksio` - SOCKS proxy support. *(Optional, with `httpx[socks]`)*
-* `rich` - Rich terminal support. *(Optional, with `httpx[cli]`)*
-* `click` - Command line client support. *(Optional, with `httpx[cli]`)*
-* `brotli` or `brotlicffi` - Decoding for "brotli" compressed responses. *(Optional, with `httpx[brotli]`)*
-* `zstandard` - Decoding for "zstd" compressed responses. *(Optional, with `httpx[zstd]`)*
+We’re looking at creating paid opportunities for working on open source software *which are properly compensated, flexible & well balanced.*
-A huge amount of credit is due to `requests` for the API layout that
-much of this work follows, as well as to `urllib3` for plenty of design
-inspiration around the lower-level networking details.
+If you're interested in a working on this project, please send an intro.
---
-HTTPX is BSD licensed code.
Designed & crafted with care.
— 🦋 —
+This provisional design work is not currently licensed for reuse.
Designed & crafted with care.
— 🦋 —
diff --git a/docs/CNAME b/docs/CNAME
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d019fa5df..0000000000
--- a/docs/CNAME
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-www.python-httpx.org
diff --git a/docs/about.md b/docs/about.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..46d756484f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/about.md
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# About
+
+This work is a design proposal for an `httpx` 1.0 release.
+
+---
+
+## Sponsorship
+
+We are currently seeking forward-looking investment that recognises the value of the infrastructure development on it's own merit. Sponsorships may be [made through GitHub](https://github.com/encode).
+
+We do not offer equity, placements, or endorsments.
+
+## License
+
+The rights of the author have been asserted.
+
+---
+
+home
diff --git a/docs/advanced/authentication.md b/docs/advanced/authentication.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 63d26e5f46..0000000000
--- a/docs/advanced/authentication.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,232 +0,0 @@
-Authentication can either be included on a per-request basis...
-
-```pycon
->>> auth = httpx.BasicAuth(username="username", password="secret")
->>> client = httpx.Client()
->>> response = client.get("https://www.example.com/", auth=auth)
-```
-
-Or configured on the client instance, ensuring that all outgoing requests will include authentication credentials...
-
-```pycon
->>> auth = httpx.BasicAuth(username="username", password="secret")
->>> client = httpx.Client(auth=auth)
->>> response = client.get("https://www.example.com/")
-```
-
-## Basic authentication
-
-HTTP basic authentication is an unencrypted authentication scheme that uses a simple encoding of the username and password in the request `Authorization` header. Since it is unencrypted it should typically only be used over `https`, although this is not strictly enforced.
-
-```pycon
->>> auth = httpx.BasicAuth(username="finley", password="secret")
->>> client = httpx.Client(auth=auth)
->>> response = client.get("https://httpbin.org/basic-auth/finley/secret")
->>> response
-
-```
-
-## Digest authentication
-
-HTTP digest authentication is a challenge-response authentication scheme. Unlike basic authentication it provides encryption, and can be used over unencrypted `http` connections. It requires an additional round-trip in order to negotiate the authentication.
-
-```pycon
->>> auth = httpx.DigestAuth(username="olivia", password="secret")
->>> client = httpx.Client(auth=auth)
->>> response = client.get("https://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/olivia/secret")
->>> response
-
->>> response.history
-[]
-```
-
-## NetRC authentication
-
-HTTPX can be configured to use [a `.netrc` config file](https://everything.curl.dev/usingcurl/netrc) for authentication.
-
-The `.netrc` config file allows authentication credentials to be associated with specified hosts. When a request is made to a host that is found in the netrc file, the username and password will be included using HTTP basic authentication.
-
-Example `.netrc` file:
-
-```
-machine example.org
-login example-username
-password example-password
-
-machine python-httpx.org
-login other-username
-password other-password
-```
-
-Some examples of configuring `.netrc` authentication with `httpx`.
-
-Use the default `.netrc` file in the users home directory:
-
-```pycon
->>> auth = httpx.NetRCAuth()
->>> client = httpx.Client(auth=auth)
-```
-
-Use an explicit path to a `.netrc` file:
-
-```pycon
->>> auth = httpx.NetRCAuth(file="/path/to/.netrc")
->>> client = httpx.Client(auth=auth)
-```
-
-Use the `NETRC` environment variable to configure a path to the `.netrc` file,
-or fallback to the default.
-
-```pycon
->>> auth = httpx.NetRCAuth(file=os.environ.get("NETRC"))
->>> client = httpx.Client(auth=auth)
-```
-
-The `NetRCAuth()` class uses [the `netrc.netrc()` function from the Python standard library](https://docs.python.org/3/library/netrc.html). See the documentation there for more details on exceptions that may be raised if the `.netrc` file is not found, or cannot be parsed.
-
-## Custom authentication schemes
-
-When issuing requests or instantiating a client, the `auth` argument can be used to pass an authentication scheme to use. The `auth` argument may be one of the following...
-
-* A two-tuple of `username`/`password`, to be used with basic authentication.
-* An instance of `httpx.BasicAuth()`, `httpx.DigestAuth()`, or `httpx.NetRCAuth()`.
-* A callable, accepting a request and returning an authenticated request instance.
-* An instance of subclasses of `httpx.Auth`.
-
-The most involved of these is the last, which allows you to create authentication flows involving one or more requests. A subclass of `httpx.Auth` should implement `def auth_flow(request)`, and yield any requests that need to be made...
-
-```python
-class MyCustomAuth(httpx.Auth):
- def __init__(self, token):
- self.token = token
-
- def auth_flow(self, request):
- # Send the request, with a custom `X-Authentication` header.
- request.headers['X-Authentication'] = self.token
- yield request
-```
-
-If the auth flow requires more than one request, you can issue multiple yields, and obtain the response in each case...
-
-```python
-class MyCustomAuth(httpx.Auth):
- def __init__(self, token):
- self.token = token
-
- def auth_flow(self, request):
- response = yield request
- if response.status_code == 401:
- # If the server issues a 401 response then resend the request,
- # with a custom `X-Authentication` header.
- request.headers['X-Authentication'] = self.token
- yield request
-```
-
-Custom authentication classes are designed to not perform any I/O, so that they may be used with both sync and async client instances. If you are implementing an authentication scheme that requires the request body, then you need to indicate this on the class using a `requires_request_body` property.
-
-You will then be able to access `request.content` inside the `.auth_flow()` method.
-
-```python
-class MyCustomAuth(httpx.Auth):
- requires_request_body = True
-
- def __init__(self, token):
- self.token = token
-
- def auth_flow(self, request):
- response = yield request
- if response.status_code == 401:
- # If the server issues a 401 response then resend the request,
- # with a custom `X-Authentication` header.
- request.headers['X-Authentication'] = self.sign_request(...)
- yield request
-
- def sign_request(self, request):
- # Create a request signature, based on `request.method`, `request.url`,
- # `request.headers`, and `request.content`.
- ...
-```
-
-Similarly, if you are implementing a scheme that requires access to the response body, then use the `requires_response_body` property. You will then be able to access response body properties and methods such as `response.content`, `response.text`, `response.json()`, etc.
-
-```python
-class MyCustomAuth(httpx.Auth):
- requires_response_body = True
-
- def __init__(self, access_token, refresh_token, refresh_url):
- self.access_token = access_token
- self.refresh_token = refresh_token
- self.refresh_url = refresh_url
-
- def auth_flow(self, request):
- request.headers["X-Authentication"] = self.access_token
- response = yield request
-
- if response.status_code == 401:
- # If the server issues a 401 response, then issue a request to
- # refresh tokens, and resend the request.
- refresh_response = yield self.build_refresh_request()
- self.update_tokens(refresh_response)
-
- request.headers["X-Authentication"] = self.access_token
- yield request
-
- def build_refresh_request(self):
- # Return an `httpx.Request` for refreshing tokens.
- ...
-
- def update_tokens(self, response):
- # Update the `.access_token` and `.refresh_token` tokens
- # based on a refresh response.
- data = response.json()
- ...
-```
-
-If you _do_ need to perform I/O other than HTTP requests, such as accessing a disk-based cache, or you need to use concurrency primitives, such as locks, then you should override `.sync_auth_flow()` and `.async_auth_flow()` (instead of `.auth_flow()`). The former will be used by `httpx.Client`, while the latter will be used by `httpx.AsyncClient`.
-
-```python
-import asyncio
-import threading
-import httpx
-
-
-class MyCustomAuth(httpx.Auth):
- def __init__(self):
- self._sync_lock = threading.RLock()
- self._async_lock = asyncio.Lock()
-
- def sync_get_token(self):
- with self._sync_lock:
- ...
-
- def sync_auth_flow(self, request):
- token = self.sync_get_token()
- request.headers["Authorization"] = f"Token {token}"
- yield request
-
- async def async_get_token(self):
- async with self._async_lock:
- ...
-
- async def async_auth_flow(self, request):
- token = await self.async_get_token()
- request.headers["Authorization"] = f"Token {token}"
- yield request
-```
-
-If you only want to support one of the two methods, then you should still override it, but raise an explicit `RuntimeError`.
-
-```python
-import httpx
-import sync_only_library
-
-
-class MyCustomAuth(httpx.Auth):
- def sync_auth_flow(self, request):
- token = sync_only_library.get_token(...)
- request.headers["Authorization"] = f"Token {token}"
- yield request
-
- async def async_auth_flow(self, request):
- raise RuntimeError("Cannot use a sync authentication class with httpx.AsyncClient")
-```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/advanced/clients.md b/docs/advanced/clients.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 90969cefda..0000000000
--- a/docs/advanced/clients.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,328 +0,0 @@
-!!! hint
- If you are coming from Requests, `httpx.Client()` is what you can use instead of `requests.Session()`.
-
-## Why use a Client?
-
-!!! note "TL;DR"
- If you do anything more than experimentation, one-off scripts, or prototypes, then you should use a `Client` instance.
-
-**More efficient usage of network resources**
-
-When you make requests using the top-level API as documented in the [Quickstart](../quickstart.md) guide, HTTPX has to establish a new connection _for every single request_ (connections are not reused). As the number of requests to a host increases, this quickly becomes inefficient.
-
-On the other hand, a `Client` instance uses [HTTP connection pooling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_persistent_connection). This means that when you make several requests to the same host, the `Client` will reuse the underlying TCP connection, instead of recreating one for every single request.
-
-This can bring **significant performance improvements** compared to using the top-level API, including:
-
-- Reduced latency across requests (no handshaking).
-- Reduced CPU usage and round-trips.
-- Reduced network congestion.
-
-**Extra features**
-
-`Client` instances also support features that aren't available at the top-level API, such as:
-
-- Cookie persistence across requests.
-- Applying configuration across all outgoing requests.
-- Sending requests through HTTP proxies.
-- Using [HTTP/2](../http2.md).
-
-The other sections on this page go into further detail about what you can do with a `Client` instance.
-
-## Usage
-
-The recommended way to use a `Client` is as a context manager. This will ensure that connections are properly cleaned up when leaving the `with` block:
-
-```python
-with httpx.Client() as client:
- ...
-```
-
-Alternatively, you can explicitly close the connection pool without block-usage using `.close()`:
-
-```python
-client = httpx.Client()
-try:
- ...
-finally:
- client.close()
-```
-
-## Making requests
-
-Once you have a `Client`, you can send requests using `.get()`, `.post()`, etc. For example:
-
-```pycon
->>> with httpx.Client() as client:
-... r = client.get('https://example.com')
-...
->>> r
-
-```
-
-These methods accept the same arguments as `httpx.get()`, `httpx.post()`, etc. This means that all features documented in the [Quickstart](../quickstart.md) guide are also available at the client level.
-
-For example, to send a request with custom headers:
-
-```pycon
->>> with httpx.Client() as client:
-... headers = {'X-Custom': 'value'}
-... r = client.get('https://example.com', headers=headers)
-...
->>> r.request.headers['X-Custom']
-'value'
-```
-
-## Sharing configuration across requests
-
-Clients allow you to apply configuration to all outgoing requests by passing parameters to the `Client` constructor.
-
-For example, to apply a set of custom headers _on every request_:
-
-```pycon
->>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/headers'
->>> headers = {'user-agent': 'my-app/0.0.1'}
->>> with httpx.Client(headers=headers) as client:
-... r = client.get(url)
-...
->>> r.json()['headers']['User-Agent']
-'my-app/0.0.1'
-```
-
-## Merging of configuration
-
-When a configuration option is provided at both the client-level and request-level, one of two things can happen:
-
-- For headers, query parameters and cookies, the values are combined together. For example:
-
-```pycon
->>> headers = {'X-Auth': 'from-client'}
->>> params = {'client_id': 'client1'}
->>> with httpx.Client(headers=headers, params=params) as client:
-... headers = {'X-Custom': 'from-request'}
-... params = {'request_id': 'request1'}
-... r = client.get('https://example.com', headers=headers, params=params)
-...
->>> r.request.url
-URL('https://example.com?client_id=client1&request_id=request1')
->>> r.request.headers['X-Auth']
-'from-client'
->>> r.request.headers['X-Custom']
-'from-request'
-```
-
-- For all other parameters, the request-level value takes priority. For example:
-
-```pycon
->>> with httpx.Client(auth=('tom', 'mot123')) as client:
-... r = client.get('https://example.com', auth=('alice', 'ecila123'))
-...
->>> _, _, auth = r.request.headers['Authorization'].partition(' ')
->>> import base64
->>> base64.b64decode(auth)
-b'alice:ecila123'
-```
-
-If you need finer-grained control on the merging of client-level and request-level parameters, see [Request instances](#request-instances).
-
-## Other Client-only configuration options
-
-Additionally, `Client` accepts some configuration options that aren't available at the request level.
-
-For example, `base_url` allows you to prepend an URL to all outgoing requests:
-
-```pycon
->>> with httpx.Client(base_url='http://httpbin.org') as client:
-... r = client.get('/headers')
-...
->>> r.request.url
-URL('http://httpbin.org/headers')
-```
-
-For a list of all available client parameters, see the [`Client`](../api.md#client) API reference.
-
----
-
-## Request instances
-
-For maximum control on what gets sent over the wire, HTTPX supports building explicit [`Request`](../api.md#request) instances:
-
-```python
-request = httpx.Request("GET", "https://example.com")
-```
-
-To dispatch a `Request` instance across to the network, create a [`Client` instance](#client-instances) and use `.send()`:
-
-```python
-with httpx.Client() as client:
- response = client.send(request)
- ...
-```
-
-If you need to mix client-level and request-level options in a way that is not supported by the default [Merging of parameters](#merging-of-parameters), you can use `.build_request()` and then make arbitrary modifications to the `Request` instance. For example:
-
-```python
-headers = {"X-Api-Key": "...", "X-Client-ID": "ABC123"}
-
-with httpx.Client(headers=headers) as client:
- request = client.build_request("GET", "https://api.example.com")
-
- print(request.headers["X-Client-ID"]) # "ABC123"
-
- # Don't send the API key for this particular request.
- del request.headers["X-Api-Key"]
-
- response = client.send(request)
- ...
-```
-
-## Monitoring download progress
-
-If you need to monitor download progress of large responses, you can use response streaming and inspect the `response.num_bytes_downloaded` property.
-
-This interface is required for properly determining download progress, because the total number of bytes returned by `response.content` or `response.iter_content()` will not always correspond with the raw content length of the response if HTTP response compression is being used.
-
-For example, showing a progress bar using the [`tqdm`](https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm) library while a response is being downloaded could be done like this…
-
-```python
-import tempfile
-
-import httpx
-from tqdm import tqdm
-
-with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as download_file:
- url = "https://speed.hetzner.de/100MB.bin"
- with httpx.stream("GET", url) as response:
- total = int(response.headers["Content-Length"])
-
- with tqdm(total=total, unit_scale=True, unit_divisor=1024, unit="B") as progress:
- num_bytes_downloaded = response.num_bytes_downloaded
- for chunk in response.iter_bytes():
- download_file.write(chunk)
- progress.update(response.num_bytes_downloaded - num_bytes_downloaded)
- num_bytes_downloaded = response.num_bytes_downloaded
-```
-
-
-
-Or an alternate example, this time using the [`rich`](https://github.com/willmcgugan/rich) library…
-
-```python
-import tempfile
-import httpx
-import rich.progress
-
-with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as download_file:
- url = "https://speed.hetzner.de/100MB.bin"
- with httpx.stream("GET", url) as response:
- total = int(response.headers["Content-Length"])
-
- with rich.progress.Progress(
- "[progress.percentage]{task.percentage:>3.0f}%",
- rich.progress.BarColumn(bar_width=None),
- rich.progress.DownloadColumn(),
- rich.progress.TransferSpeedColumn(),
- ) as progress:
- download_task = progress.add_task("Download", total=total)
- for chunk in response.iter_bytes():
- download_file.write(chunk)
- progress.update(download_task, completed=response.num_bytes_downloaded)
-```
-
-
-
-## Monitoring upload progress
-
-If you need to monitor upload progress of large responses, you can use request content generator streaming.
-
-For example, showing a progress bar using the [`tqdm`](https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm) library.
-
-```python
-import io
-import random
-
-import httpx
-from tqdm import tqdm
-
-
-def gen():
- """
- this is a complete example with generated random bytes.
- you can replace `io.BytesIO` with real file object.
- """
- total = 32 * 1024 * 1024 # 32m
- with tqdm(ascii=True, unit_scale=True, unit='B', unit_divisor=1024, total=total) as bar:
- with io.BytesIO(random.randbytes(total)) as f:
- while data := f.read(1024):
- yield data
- bar.update(len(data))
-
-
-httpx.post("https://httpbin.org/post", content=gen())
-```
-
-
-
-## Multipart file encoding
-
-As mentioned in the [quickstart](../quickstart.md#sending-multipart-file-uploads)
-multipart file encoding is available by passing a dictionary with the
-name of the payloads as keys and either tuple of elements or a file-like object or a string as values.
-
-```pycon
->>> with open('report.xls', 'rb') as report_file:
-... files = {'upload-file': ('report.xls', report_file, 'application/vnd.ms-excel')}
-... r = httpx.post("https://httpbin.org/post", files=files)
->>> print(r.text)
-{
- ...
- "files": {
- "upload-file": "<... binary content ...>"
- },
- ...
-}
-```
-
-More specifically, if a tuple is used as a value, it must have between 2 and 3 elements:
-
-- The first element is an optional file name which can be set to `None`.
-- The second element may be a file-like object or a string which will be automatically
-encoded in UTF-8.
-- An optional third element can be used to specify the
-[MIME type](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Basics_of_HTTP/MIME_Types)
-of the file being uploaded. If not specified HTTPX will attempt to guess the MIME type based
-on the file name, with unknown file extensions defaulting to "application/octet-stream".
-If the file name is explicitly set to `None` then HTTPX will not include a content-type
-MIME header field.
-
-```pycon
->>> files = {'upload-file': (None, 'text content', 'text/plain')}
->>> r = httpx.post("https://httpbin.org/post", files=files)
->>> print(r.text)
-{
- ...
- "files": {},
- "form": {
- "upload-file": "text-content"
- },
- ...
-}
-```
-
-!!! tip
- It is safe to upload large files this way. File uploads are streaming by default, meaning that only one chunk will be loaded into memory at a time.
-
- Non-file data fields can be included in the multipart form using by passing them to `data=...`.
-
-You can also send multiple files in one go with a multiple file field form.
-To do that, pass a list of `(field, )` items instead of a dictionary, allowing you to pass multiple items with the same `field`.
-For instance this request sends 2 files, `foo.png` and `bar.png` in one request on the `images` form field:
-
-```pycon
->>> with open('foo.png', 'rb') as foo_file, open('bar.png', 'rb') as bar_file:
-... files = [
-... ('images', ('foo.png', foo_file, 'image/png')),
-... ('images', ('bar.png', bar_file, 'image/png')),
-... ]
-... r = httpx.post("https://httpbin.org/post", files=files)
-```
diff --git a/docs/advanced/event-hooks.md b/docs/advanced/event-hooks.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 28cf353d96..0000000000
--- a/docs/advanced/event-hooks.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-HTTPX allows you to register "event hooks" with the client, that are called
-every time a particular type of event takes place.
-
-There are currently two event hooks:
-
-* `request` - Called after a request is fully prepared, but before it is sent to the network. Passed the `request` instance.
-* `response` - Called after the response has been fetched from the network, but before it is returned to the caller. Passed the `response` instance.
-
-These allow you to install client-wide functionality such as logging, monitoring or tracing.
-
-```python
-def log_request(request):
- print(f"Request event hook: {request.method} {request.url} - Waiting for response")
-
-def log_response(response):
- request = response.request
- print(f"Response event hook: {request.method} {request.url} - Status {response.status_code}")
-
-client = httpx.Client(event_hooks={'request': [log_request], 'response': [log_response]})
-```
-
-You can also use these hooks to install response processing code, such as this
-example, which creates a client instance that always raises `httpx.HTTPStatusError`
-on 4xx and 5xx responses.
-
-```python
-def raise_on_4xx_5xx(response):
- response.raise_for_status()
-
-client = httpx.Client(event_hooks={'response': [raise_on_4xx_5xx]})
-```
-
-!!! note
- Response event hooks are called before determining if the response body
- should be read or not.
-
- If you need access to the response body inside an event hook, you'll
- need to call `response.read()`, or for AsyncClients, `response.aread()`.
-
-The hooks are also allowed to modify `request` and `response` objects.
-
-```python
-def add_timestamp(request):
- request.headers['x-request-timestamp'] = datetime.now(tz=datetime.utc).isoformat()
-
-client = httpx.Client(event_hooks={'request': [add_timestamp]})
-```
-
-Event hooks must always be set as a **list of callables**, and you may register
-multiple event hooks for each type of event.
-
-As well as being able to set event hooks on instantiating the client, there
-is also an `.event_hooks` property, that allows you to inspect and modify
-the installed hooks.
-
-```python
-client = httpx.Client()
-client.event_hooks['request'] = [log_request]
-client.event_hooks['response'] = [log_response, raise_on_4xx_5xx]
-```
-
-!!! note
- If you are using HTTPX's async support, then you need to be aware that
- hooks registered with `httpx.AsyncClient` MUST be async functions,
- rather than plain functions.
diff --git a/docs/advanced/extensions.md b/docs/advanced/extensions.md
deleted file mode 100644
index d9208ccdb3..0000000000
--- a/docs/advanced/extensions.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,242 +0,0 @@
-# Extensions
-
-Request and response extensions provide a untyped space where additional information may be added.
-
-Extensions should be used for features that may not be available on all transports, and that do not fit neatly into [the simplified request/response model](https://www.encode.io/httpcore/extensions/) that the underlying `httpcore` package uses as its API.
-
-Several extensions are supported on the request:
-
-```python
-# Request timeouts actually implemented as an extension on
-# the request, ensuring that they are passed throughout the
-# entire call stack.
-client = httpx.Client()
-response = client.get(
- "https://www.example.com",
- extensions={"timeout": {"connect": 5.0}}
-)
-response.request.extensions["timeout"]
-{"connect": 5.0}
-```
-
-And on the response:
-
-```python
-client = httpx.Client()
-response = client.get("https://www.example.com")
-print(response.extensions["http_version"]) # b"HTTP/1.1"
-# Other server responses could have been
-# b"HTTP/0.9", b"HTTP/1.0", or b"HTTP/1.1"
-```
-
-## Request Extensions
-
-### `"trace"`
-
-The trace extension allows a callback handler to be installed to monitor the internal
-flow of events within the underlying `httpcore` transport.
-
-The simplest way to explain this is with an example:
-
-```python
-import httpx
-
-def log(event_name, info):
- print(event_name, info)
-
-client = httpx.Client()
-response = client.get("https://www.example.com/", extensions={"trace": log})
-# connection.connect_tcp.started {'host': 'www.example.com', 'port': 443, 'local_address': None, 'timeout': None}
-# connection.connect_tcp.complete {'return_value': }
-# connection.start_tls.started {'ssl_context': , 'server_hostname': b'www.example.com', 'timeout': None}
-# connection.start_tls.complete {'return_value': }
-# http11.send_request_headers.started {'request': }
-# http11.send_request_headers.complete {'return_value': None}
-# http11.send_request_body.started {'request': }
-# http11.send_request_body.complete {'return_value': None}
-# http11.receive_response_headers.started {'request': }
-# http11.receive_response_headers.complete {'return_value': (b'HTTP/1.1', 200, b'OK', [(b'Age', b'553715'), (b'Cache-Control', b'max-age=604800'), (b'Content-Type', b'text/html; charset=UTF-8'), (b'Date', b'Thu, 21 Oct 2021 17:08:42 GMT'), (b'Etag', b'"3147526947+ident"'), (b'Expires', b'Thu, 28 Oct 2021 17:08:42 GMT'), (b'Last-Modified', b'Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT'), (b'Server', b'ECS (nyb/1DCD)'), (b'Vary', b'Accept-Encoding'), (b'X-Cache', b'HIT'), (b'Content-Length', b'1256')])}
-# http11.receive_response_body.started {'request': }
-# http11.receive_response_body.complete {'return_value': None}
-# http11.response_closed.started {}
-# http11.response_closed.complete {'return_value': None}
-```
-
-The `event_name` and `info` arguments here will be one of the following:
-
-* `{event_type}.{event_name}.started`, ``
-* `{event_type}.{event_name}.complete`, `{"return_value": <...>}`
-* `{event_type}.{event_name}.failed`, `{"exception": <...>}`
-
-Note that when using async code the handler function passed to `"trace"` must be an `async def ...` function.
-
-The following event types are currently exposed...
-
-**Establishing the connection**
-
-* `"connection.connect_tcp"`
-* `"connection.connect_unix_socket"`
-* `"connection.start_tls"`
-
-**HTTP/1.1 events**
-
-* `"http11.send_request_headers"`
-* `"http11.send_request_body"`
-* `"http11.receive_response"`
-* `"http11.receive_response_body"`
-* `"http11.response_closed"`
-
-**HTTP/2 events**
-
-* `"http2.send_connection_init"`
-* `"http2.send_request_headers"`
-* `"http2.send_request_body"`
-* `"http2.receive_response_headers"`
-* `"http2.receive_response_body"`
-* `"http2.response_closed"`
-
-The exact set of trace events may be subject to change across different versions of `httpcore`. If you need to rely on a particular set of events it is recommended that you pin installation of the package to a fixed version.
-
-### `"sni_hostname"`
-
-The server's hostname, which is used to confirm the hostname supplied by the SSL certificate.
-
-If you want to connect to an explicit IP address rather than using the standard DNS hostname lookup, then you'll need to use this request extension.
-
-For example:
-
-``` python
-# Connect to '185.199.108.153' but use 'www.encode.io' in the Host header,
-# and use 'www.encode.io' when SSL verifying the server hostname.
-client = httpx.Client()
-headers = {"Host": "www.encode.io"}
-extensions = {"sni_hostname": "www.encode.io"}
-response = client.get(
- "https://185.199.108.153/path",
- headers=headers,
- extensions=extensions
-)
-```
-
-### `"timeout"`
-
-A dictionary of `str: Optional[float]` timeout values.
-
-May include values for `'connect'`, `'read'`, `'write'`, or `'pool'`.
-
-For example:
-
-```python
-# Timeout if a connection takes more than 5 seconds to established, or if
-# we are blocked waiting on the connection pool for more than 10 seconds.
-client = httpx.Client()
-response = client.get(
- "https://www.example.com",
- extensions={"timeout": {"connect": 5.0, "pool": 10.0}}
-)
-```
-
-This extension is how the `httpx` timeouts are implemented, ensuring that the timeout values are associated with the request instance and passed throughout the stack. You shouldn't typically be working with this extension directly, but use the higher level `timeout` API instead.
-
-### `"target"`
-
-The target that is used as [the HTTP target instead of the URL path](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2616#section-5.1.2).
-
-This enables support constructing requests that would otherwise be unsupported.
-
-* URL paths with non-standard escaping applied.
-* Forward proxy requests using an absolute URI.
-* Tunneling proxy requests using `CONNECT` with hostname as the target.
-* Server-wide `OPTIONS *` requests.
-
-Some examples:
-
-Using the 'target' extension to send requests without the standard path escaping rules...
-
-```python
-# Typically a request to "https://www.example.com/test^path" would
-# connect to "www.example.com" and send an HTTP/1.1 request like...
-#
-# GET /test%5Epath HTTP/1.1
-#
-# Using the target extension we can include the literal '^'...
-#
-# GET /test^path HTTP/1.1
-#
-# Note that requests must still be valid HTTP requests.
-# For example including whitespace in the target will raise a `LocalProtocolError`.
-extensions = {"target": b"/test^path"}
-response = httpx.get("https://www.example.com", extensions=extensions)
-```
-
-The `target` extension also allows server-wide `OPTIONS *` requests to be constructed...
-
-```python
-# This will send the following request...
-#
-# CONNECT * HTTP/1.1
-extensions = {"target": b"*"}
-response = httpx.request("CONNECT", "https://www.example.com", extensions=extensions)
-```
-
-## Response Extensions
-
-### `"http_version"`
-
-The HTTP version, as bytes. Eg. `b"HTTP/1.1"`.
-
-When using HTTP/1.1 the response line includes an explicit version, and the value of this key could feasibly be one of `b"HTTP/0.9"`, `b"HTTP/1.0"`, or `b"HTTP/1.1"`.
-
-When using HTTP/2 there is no further response versioning included in the protocol, and the value of this key will always be `b"HTTP/2"`.
-
-### `"reason_phrase"`
-
-The reason-phrase of the HTTP response, as bytes. For example `b"OK"`. Some servers may include a custom reason phrase, although this is not recommended.
-
-HTTP/2 onwards does not include a reason phrase on the wire.
-
-When no key is included, a default based on the status code may be used.
-
-### `"stream_id"`
-
-When HTTP/2 is being used the `"stream_id"` response extension can be accessed to determine the ID of the data stream that the response was sent on.
-
-### `"network_stream"`
-
-The `"network_stream"` extension allows developers to handle HTTP `CONNECT` and `Upgrade` requests, by providing an API that steps outside the standard request/response model, and can directly read or write to the network.
-
-The interface provided by the network stream:
-
-* `read(max_bytes, timeout = None) -> bytes`
-* `write(buffer, timeout = None)`
-* `close()`
-* `start_tls(ssl_context, server_hostname = None, timeout = None) -> NetworkStream`
-* `get_extra_info(info) -> Any`
-
-This API can be used as the foundation for working with HTTP proxies, WebSocket upgrades, and other advanced use-cases.
-
-See the [network backends documentation](https://www.encode.io/httpcore/network-backends/) for more information on working directly with network streams.
-
-**Extra network information**
-
-The network stream abstraction also allows access to various low-level information that may be exposed by the underlying socket:
-
-```python
-response = httpx.get("https://www.example.com")
-network_stream = response.extensions["network_stream"]
-
-client_addr = network_stream.get_extra_info("client_addr")
-server_addr = network_stream.get_extra_info("server_addr")
-print("Client address", client_addr)
-print("Server address", server_addr)
-```
-
-The socket SSL information is also available through this interface, although you need to ensure that the underlying connection is still open, in order to access it...
-
-```python
-with httpx.stream("GET", "https://www.example.com") as response:
- network_stream = response.extensions["network_stream"]
-
- ssl_object = network_stream.get_extra_info("ssl_object")
- print("TLS version", ssl_object.version())
-```
diff --git a/docs/advanced/proxies.md b/docs/advanced/proxies.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 2a6b7d5f36..0000000000
--- a/docs/advanced/proxies.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-HTTPX supports setting up [HTTP proxies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_server#Web_proxy_servers) via the `proxy` parameter to be passed on client initialization or top-level API functions like `httpx.get(..., proxy=...)`.
-
-
-

-
Diagram of how a proxy works (source: Wikipedia). The left hand side "Internet" blob may be your HTTPX client requesting example.com through a proxy.
-
-
-## HTTP Proxies
-
-To route all traffic (HTTP and HTTPS) to a proxy located at `http://localhost:8030`, pass the proxy URL to the client...
-
-```python
-with httpx.Client(proxy="http://localhost:8030") as client:
- ...
-```
-
-For more advanced use cases, pass a mounts `dict`. For example, to route HTTP and HTTPS requests to 2 different proxies, respectively located at `http://localhost:8030`, and `http://localhost:8031`, pass a `dict` of proxy URLs:
-
-```python
-proxy_mounts = {
- "http://": httpx.HTTPTransport(proxy="http://localhost:8030"),
- "https://": httpx.HTTPTransport(proxy="http://localhost:8031"),
-}
-
-with httpx.Client(mounts=proxy_mounts) as client:
- ...
-```
-
-For detailed information about proxy routing, see the [Routing](#routing) section.
-
-!!! tip "Gotcha"
- In most cases, the proxy URL for the `https://` key _should_ use the `http://` scheme (that's not a typo!).
-
- This is because HTTP proxying requires initiating a connection with the proxy server. While it's possible that your proxy supports doing it via HTTPS, most proxies only support doing it via HTTP.
-
- For more information, see [FORWARD vs TUNNEL](#forward-vs-tunnel).
-
-## Authentication
-
-Proxy credentials can be passed as the `userinfo` section of the proxy URL. For example:
-
-```python
-with httpx.Client(proxy="http://username:password@localhost:8030") as client:
- ...
-```
-
-## Proxy mechanisms
-
-!!! note
- This section describes **advanced** proxy concepts and functionality.
-
-### FORWARD vs TUNNEL
-
-In general, the flow for making an HTTP request through a proxy is as follows:
-
-1. The client connects to the proxy (initial connection request).
-2. The proxy transfers data to the server on your behalf.
-
-How exactly step 2/ is performed depends on which of two proxying mechanisms is used:
-
-* **Forwarding**: the proxy makes the request for you, and sends back the response it obtained from the server.
-* **Tunnelling**: the proxy establishes a TCP connection to the server on your behalf, and the client reuses this connection to send the request and receive the response. This is known as an [HTTP Tunnel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_tunnel). This mechanism is how you can access websites that use HTTPS from an HTTP proxy (the client "upgrades" the connection to HTTPS by performing the TLS handshake with the server over the TCP connection provided by the proxy).
-
-### Troubleshooting proxies
-
-If you encounter issues when setting up proxies, please refer to our [Troubleshooting guide](../troubleshooting.md#proxies).
-
-## SOCKS
-
-In addition to HTTP proxies, `httpcore` also supports proxies using the SOCKS protocol.
-This is an optional feature that requires an additional third-party library be installed before use.
-
-You can install SOCKS support using `pip`:
-
-```shell
-$ pip install httpx[socks]
-```
-
-You can now configure a client to make requests via a proxy using the SOCKS protocol:
-
-```python
-httpx.Client(proxy='socks5://user:pass@host:port')
-```
diff --git a/docs/advanced/resource-limits.md b/docs/advanced/resource-limits.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 2002428326..0000000000
--- a/docs/advanced/resource-limits.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-You can control the connection pool size using the `limits` keyword
-argument on the client. It takes instances of `httpx.Limits` which define:
-
-- `max_keepalive_connections`, number of allowable keep-alive connections, or `None` to always
-allow. (Defaults 20)
-- `max_connections`, maximum number of allowable connections, or `None` for no limits.
-(Default 100)
-- `keepalive_expiry`, time limit on idle keep-alive connections in seconds, or `None` for no limits. (Default 5)
-
-```python
-limits = httpx.Limits(max_keepalive_connections=5, max_connections=10)
-client = httpx.Client(limits=limits)
-```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/advanced/ssl.md b/docs/advanced/ssl.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 3813293f78..0000000000
--- a/docs/advanced/ssl.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-When making a request over HTTPS, HTTPX needs to verify the identity of the requested host. To do this, it uses a bundle of SSL certificates (a.k.a. CA bundle) delivered by a trusted certificate authority (CA).
-
-### Enabling and disabling verification
-
-By default httpx will verify HTTPS connections, and raise an error for invalid SSL cases...
-
-```pycon
->>> httpx.get("https://expired.badssl.com/")
-httpx.ConnectError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: certificate has expired (_ssl.c:997)
-```
-
-You can disable SSL verification completely and allow insecure requests...
-
-```pycon
->>> httpx.get("https://expired.badssl.com/", verify=False)
-
-```
-
-### Configuring client instances
-
-If you're using a `Client()` instance you should pass any `verify=<...>` configuration when instantiating the client.
-
-By default the [certifi CA bundle](https://certifiio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) is used for SSL verification.
-
-For more complex configurations you can pass an [SSL Context](https://docs.python.org/3/library/ssl.html) instance...
-
-```python
-import certifi
-import httpx
-import ssl
-
-# This SSL context is equivalent to the default `verify=True`.
-ctx = ssl.create_default_context(cafile=certifi.where())
-client = httpx.Client(verify=ctx)
-```
-
-Using [the `truststore` package](https://truststore.readthedocs.io/) to support system certificate stores...
-
-```python
-import ssl
-import truststore
-import httpx
-
-# Use system certificate stores.
-ctx = truststore.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
-client = httpx.Client(verify=ctx)
-```
-
-Loding an alternative certificate verification store using [the standard SSL context API](https://docs.python.org/3/library/ssl.html)...
-
-```python
-import httpx
-import ssl
-
-# Use an explicitly configured certificate store.
-ctx = ssl.create_default_context(cafile="path/to/certs.pem") # Either cafile or capath.
-client = httpx.Client(verify=ctx)
-```
-
-### Client side certificates
-
-Client side certificates allow a remote server to verify the client. They tend to be used within private organizations to authenticate requests to remote servers.
-
-You can specify client-side certificates, using the [`.load_cert_chain()`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain) API...
-
-```python
-ctx = ssl.create_default_context()
-ctx.load_cert_chain(certfile="path/to/client.pem") # Optionally also keyfile or password.
-client = httpx.Client(verify=ctx)
-```
-
-### Working with `SSL_CERT_FILE` and `SSL_CERT_DIR`
-
-`httpx` does respect the `SSL_CERT_FILE` and `SSL_CERT_DIR` environment variables by default. For details, refer to [the section on the environment variables page](../environment_variables.md#ssl_cert_file).
-
-### Making HTTPS requests to a local server
-
-When making requests to local servers, such as a development server running on `localhost`, you will typically be using unencrypted HTTP connections.
-
-If you do need to make HTTPS connections to a local server, for example to test an HTTPS-only service, you will need to create and use your own certificates. Here's one way to do it...
-
-1. Use [trustme](https://github.com/python-trio/trustme) to generate a pair of server key/cert files, and a client cert file.
-2. Pass the server key/cert files when starting your local server. (This depends on the particular web server you're using. For example, [Uvicorn](https://www.uvicorn.org) provides the `--ssl-keyfile` and `--ssl-certfile` options.)
-3. Configure `httpx` to use the certificates stored in `client.pem`.
-
-```python
-ctx = ssl.create_default_context(cafile="client.pem")
-client = httpx.Client(verify=ctx)
-```
diff --git a/docs/advanced/text-encodings.md b/docs/advanced/text-encodings.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 5565f02695..0000000000
--- a/docs/advanced/text-encodings.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-When accessing `response.text`, we need to decode the response bytes into a unicode text representation.
-
-By default `httpx` will use `"charset"` information included in the response `Content-Type` header to determine how the response bytes should be decoded into text.
-
-In cases where no charset information is included on the response, the default behaviour is to assume "utf-8" encoding, which is by far the most widely used text encoding on the internet.
-
-## Using the default encoding
-
-To understand this better let's start by looking at the default behaviour for text decoding...
-
-```python
-import httpx
-# Instantiate a client with the default configuration.
-client = httpx.Client()
-# Using the client...
-response = client.get(...)
-print(response.encoding) # This will either print the charset given in
- # the Content-Type charset, or else "utf-8".
-print(response.text) # The text will either be decoded with the Content-Type
- # charset, or using "utf-8".
-```
-
-This is normally absolutely fine. Most servers will respond with a properly formatted Content-Type header, including a charset encoding. And in most cases where no charset encoding is included, UTF-8 is very likely to be used, since it is so widely adopted.
-
-## Using an explicit encoding
-
-In some cases we might be making requests to a site where no character set information is being set explicitly by the server, but we know what the encoding is. In this case it's best to set the default encoding explicitly on the client.
-
-```python
-import httpx
-# Instantiate a client with a Japanese character set as the default encoding.
-client = httpx.Client(default_encoding="shift-jis")
-# Using the client...
-response = client.get(...)
-print(response.encoding) # This will either print the charset given in
- # the Content-Type charset, or else "shift-jis".
-print(response.text) # The text will either be decoded with the Content-Type
- # charset, or using "shift-jis".
-```
-
-## Using auto-detection
-
-In cases where the server is not reliably including character set information, and where we don't know what encoding is being used, we can enable auto-detection to make a best-guess attempt when decoding from bytes to text.
-
-To use auto-detection you need to set the `default_encoding` argument to a callable instead of a string. This callable should be a function which takes the input bytes as an argument and returns the character set to use for decoding those bytes to text.
-
-There are two widely used Python packages which both handle this functionality:
-
-* [`chardet`](https://chardet.readthedocs.io/) - This is a well established package, and is a port of [the auto-detection code in Mozilla](https://www-archive.mozilla.org/projects/intl/chardet.html).
-* [`charset-normalizer`](https://charset-normalizer.readthedocs.io/) - A newer package, motivated by `chardet`, with a different approach.
-
-Let's take a look at installing autodetection using one of these packages...
-
-```shell
-$ pip install httpx
-$ pip install chardet
-```
-
-Once `chardet` is installed, we can configure a client to use character-set autodetection.
-
-```python
-import httpx
-import chardet
-
-def autodetect(content):
- return chardet.detect(content).get("encoding")
-
-# Using a client with character-set autodetection enabled.
-client = httpx.Client(default_encoding=autodetect)
-response = client.get(...)
-print(response.encoding) # This will either print the charset given in
- # the Content-Type charset, or else the auto-detected
- # character set.
-print(response.text)
-```
diff --git a/docs/advanced/timeouts.md b/docs/advanced/timeouts.md
deleted file mode 100644
index aedcfb627f..0000000000
--- a/docs/advanced/timeouts.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-HTTPX is careful to enforce timeouts everywhere by default.
-
-The default behavior is to raise a `TimeoutException` after 5 seconds of
-network inactivity.
-
-## Setting and disabling timeouts
-
-You can set timeouts for an individual request:
-
-```python
-# Using the top-level API:
-httpx.get('http://example.com/api/v1/example', timeout=10.0)
-
-# Using a client instance:
-with httpx.Client() as client:
- client.get("http://example.com/api/v1/example", timeout=10.0)
-```
-
-Or disable timeouts for an individual request:
-
-```python
-# Using the top-level API:
-httpx.get('http://example.com/api/v1/example', timeout=None)
-
-# Using a client instance:
-with httpx.Client() as client:
- client.get("http://example.com/api/v1/example", timeout=None)
-```
-
-## Setting a default timeout on a client
-
-You can set a timeout on a client instance, which results in the given
-`timeout` being used as the default for requests made with this client:
-
-```python
-client = httpx.Client() # Use a default 5s timeout everywhere.
-client = httpx.Client(timeout=10.0) # Use a default 10s timeout everywhere.
-client = httpx.Client(timeout=None) # Disable all timeouts by default.
-```
-
-## Fine tuning the configuration
-
-HTTPX also allows you to specify the timeout behavior in more fine grained detail.
-
-There are four different types of timeouts that may occur. These are **connect**,
-**read**, **write**, and **pool** timeouts.
-
-* The **connect** timeout specifies the maximum amount of time to wait until
-a socket connection to the requested host is established. If HTTPX is unable to connect
-within this time frame, a `ConnectTimeout` exception is raised.
-* The **read** timeout specifies the maximum duration to wait for a chunk of
-data to be received (for example, a chunk of the response body). If HTTPX is
-unable to receive data within this time frame, a `ReadTimeout` exception is raised.
-* The **write** timeout specifies the maximum duration to wait for a chunk of
-data to be sent (for example, a chunk of the request body). If HTTPX is unable
-to send data within this time frame, a `WriteTimeout` exception is raised.
-* The **pool** timeout specifies the maximum duration to wait for acquiring
-a connection from the connection pool. If HTTPX is unable to acquire a connection
-within this time frame, a `PoolTimeout` exception is raised. A related
-configuration here is the maximum number of allowable connections in the
-connection pool, which is configured by the `limits` argument.
-
-You can configure the timeout behavior for any of these values...
-
-```python
-# A client with a 60s timeout for connecting, and a 10s timeout elsewhere.
-timeout = httpx.Timeout(10.0, connect=60.0)
-client = httpx.Client(timeout=timeout)
-
-response = client.get('http://example.com/')
-```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/advanced/transports.md b/docs/advanced/transports.md
deleted file mode 100644
index d4e7615d38..0000000000
--- a/docs/advanced/transports.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,454 +0,0 @@
-HTTPX's `Client` also accepts a `transport` argument. This argument allows you
-to provide a custom Transport object that will be used to perform the actual
-sending of the requests.
-
-## HTTP Transport
-
-For some advanced configuration you might need to instantiate a transport
-class directly, and pass it to the client instance. One example is the
-`local_address` configuration which is only available via this low-level API.
-
-```pycon
->>> import httpx
->>> transport = httpx.HTTPTransport(local_address="0.0.0.0")
->>> client = httpx.Client(transport=transport)
-```
-
-Connection retries are also available via this interface. Requests will be retried the given number of times in case an `httpx.ConnectError` or an `httpx.ConnectTimeout` occurs, allowing smoother operation under flaky networks. If you need other forms of retry behaviors, such as handling read/write errors or reacting to `503 Service Unavailable`, consider general-purpose tools such as [tenacity](https://github.com/jd/tenacity).
-
-```pycon
->>> import httpx
->>> transport = httpx.HTTPTransport(retries=1)
->>> client = httpx.Client(transport=transport)
-```
-
-Similarly, instantiating a transport directly provides a `uds` option for
-connecting via a Unix Domain Socket that is only available via this low-level API:
-
-```pycon
->>> import httpx
->>> # Connect to the Docker API via a Unix Socket.
->>> transport = httpx.HTTPTransport(uds="/var/run/docker.sock")
->>> client = httpx.Client(transport=transport)
->>> response = client.get("http://docker/info")
->>> response.json()
-{"ID": "...", "Containers": 4, "Images": 74, ...}
-```
-
-## WSGI Transport
-
-You can configure an `httpx` client to call directly into a Python web application using the WSGI protocol.
-
-This is particularly useful for two main use-cases:
-
-* Using `httpx` as a client inside test cases.
-* Mocking out external services during tests or in dev or staging environments.
-
-### Example
-
-Here's an example of integrating against a Flask application:
-
-```python
-from flask import Flask
-import httpx
-
-
-app = Flask(__name__)
-
-@app.route("/")
-def hello():
- return "Hello World!"
-
-transport = httpx.WSGITransport(app=app)
-with httpx.Client(transport=transport, base_url="http://testserver") as client:
- r = client.get("/")
- assert r.status_code == 200
- assert r.text == "Hello World!"
-```
-
-### Configuration
-
-For some more complex cases you might need to customize the WSGI transport. This allows you to:
-
-* Inspect 500 error responses rather than raise exceptions by setting `raise_app_exceptions=False`.
-* Mount the WSGI application at a subpath by setting `script_name` (WSGI).
-* Use a given client address for requests by setting `remote_addr` (WSGI).
-
-For example:
-
-```python
-# Instantiate a client that makes WSGI requests with a client IP of "1.2.3.4".
-transport = httpx.WSGITransport(app=app, remote_addr="1.2.3.4")
-with httpx.Client(transport=transport, base_url="http://testserver") as client:
- ...
-```
-
-## ASGI Transport
-
-You can configure an `httpx` client to call directly into an async Python web application using the ASGI protocol.
-
-This is particularly useful for two main use-cases:
-
-* Using `httpx` as a client inside test cases.
-* Mocking out external services during tests or in dev or staging environments.
-
-### Example
-
-Let's take this Starlette application as an example:
-
-```python
-from starlette.applications import Starlette
-from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse
-from starlette.routing import Route
-
-
-async def hello(request):
- return HTMLResponse("Hello World!")
-
-
-app = Starlette(routes=[Route("/", hello)])
-```
-
-We can make requests directly against the application, like so:
-
-```python
-transport = httpx.ASGITransport(app=app)
-
-async with httpx.AsyncClient(transport=transport, base_url="http://testserver") as client:
- r = await client.get("/")
- assert r.status_code == 200
- assert r.text == "Hello World!"
-```
-
-### Configuration
-
-For some more complex cases you might need to customise the ASGI transport. This allows you to:
-
-* Inspect 500 error responses rather than raise exceptions by setting `raise_app_exceptions=False`.
-* Mount the ASGI application at a subpath by setting `root_path`.
-* Use a given client address for requests by setting `client`.
-
-For example:
-
-```python
-# Instantiate a client that makes ASGI requests with a client IP of "1.2.3.4",
-# on port 123.
-transport = httpx.ASGITransport(app=app, client=("1.2.3.4", 123))
-async with httpx.AsyncClient(transport=transport, base_url="http://testserver") as client:
- ...
-```
-
-See [the ASGI documentation](https://asgi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/specs/www.html#connection-scope) for more details on the `client` and `root_path` keys.
-
-### ASGI startup and shutdown
-
-It is not in the scope of HTTPX to trigger ASGI lifespan events of your app.
-
-However it is suggested to use `LifespanManager` from [asgi-lifespan](https://github.com/florimondmanca/asgi-lifespan#usage) in pair with `AsyncClient`.
-
-## Custom transports
-
-A transport instance must implement the low-level Transport API which deals
-with sending a single request, and returning a response. You should either
-subclass `httpx.BaseTransport` to implement a transport to use with `Client`,
-or subclass `httpx.AsyncBaseTransport` to implement a transport to
-use with `AsyncClient`.
-
-At the layer of the transport API we're using the familiar `Request` and
-`Response` models.
-
-See the `handle_request` and `handle_async_request` docstrings for more details
-on the specifics of the Transport API.
-
-A complete example of a custom transport implementation would be:
-
-```python
-import json
-import httpx
-
-class HelloWorldTransport(httpx.BaseTransport):
- """
- A mock transport that always returns a JSON "Hello, world!" response.
- """
-
- def handle_request(self, request):
- return httpx.Response(200, json={"text": "Hello, world!"})
-```
-
-Or this example, which uses a custom transport and `httpx.Mounts` to always redirect `http://` requests.
-
-```python
-class HTTPSRedirect(httpx.BaseTransport):
- """
- A transport that always redirects to HTTPS.
- """
- def handle_request(self, request):
- url = request.url.copy_with(scheme="https")
- return httpx.Response(303, headers={"Location": str(url)})
-
-# A client where any `http` requests are always redirected to `https`
-transport = httpx.Mounts({
- 'http://': HTTPSRedirect()
- 'https://': httpx.HTTPTransport()
-})
-client = httpx.Client(transport=transport)
-```
-
-A useful pattern here is custom transport classes that wrap the default HTTP implementation. For example...
-
-```python
-class DebuggingTransport(httpx.BaseTransport):
- def __init__(self, **kwargs):
- self._wrapper = httpx.HTTPTransport(**kwargs)
-
- def handle_request(self, request):
- print(f">>> {request}")
- response = self._wrapper.handle_request(request)
- print(f"<<< {response}")
- return response
-
- def close(self):
- self._wrapper.close()
-
-transport = DebuggingTransport()
-client = httpx.Client(transport=transport)
-```
-
-Here's another case, where we're using a round-robin across a number of different proxies...
-
-```python
-class ProxyRoundRobin(httpx.BaseTransport):
- def __init__(self, proxies, **kwargs):
- self._transports = [
- httpx.HTTPTransport(proxy=proxy, **kwargs)
- for proxy in proxies
- ]
- self._idx = 0
-
- def handle_request(self, request):
- transport = self._transports[self._idx]
- self._idx = (self._idx + 1) % len(self._transports)
- return transport.handle_request(request)
-
- def close(self):
- for transport in self._transports:
- transport.close()
-
-proxies = [
- httpx.Proxy("http://127.0.0.1:8081"),
- httpx.Proxy("http://127.0.0.1:8082"),
- httpx.Proxy("http://127.0.0.1:8083"),
-]
-transport = ProxyRoundRobin(proxies=proxies)
-client = httpx.Client(transport=transport)
-```
-
-## Mock transports
-
-During testing it can often be useful to be able to mock out a transport,
-and return pre-determined responses, rather than making actual network requests.
-
-The `httpx.MockTransport` class accepts a handler function, which can be used
-to map requests onto pre-determined responses:
-
-```python
-def handler(request):
- return httpx.Response(200, json={"text": "Hello, world!"})
-
-
-# Switch to a mock transport, if the TESTING environment variable is set.
-if os.environ.get('TESTING', '').upper() == "TRUE":
- transport = httpx.MockTransport(handler)
-else:
- transport = httpx.HTTPTransport()
-
-client = httpx.Client(transport=transport)
-```
-
-For more advanced use-cases you might want to take a look at either [the third-party
-mocking library, RESPX](https://lundberg.github.io/respx/), or the [pytest-httpx library](https://github.com/Colin-b/pytest_httpx).
-
-## Mounting transports
-
-You can also mount transports against given schemes or domains, to control
-which transport an outgoing request should be routed via, with [the same style
-used for specifying proxy routing](#routing).
-
-```python
-import httpx
-
-class HTTPSRedirectTransport(httpx.BaseTransport):
- """
- A transport that always redirects to HTTPS.
- """
-
- def handle_request(self, method, url, headers, stream, extensions):
- scheme, host, port, path = url
- if port is None:
- location = b"https://%s%s" % (host, path)
- else:
- location = b"https://%s:%d%s" % (host, port, path)
- stream = httpx.ByteStream(b"")
- headers = [(b"location", location)]
- extensions = {}
- return 303, headers, stream, extensions
-
-
-# A client where any `http` requests are always redirected to `https`
-mounts = {'http://': HTTPSRedirectTransport()}
-client = httpx.Client(mounts=mounts)
-```
-
-A couple of other sketches of how you might take advantage of mounted transports...
-
-Disabling HTTP/2 on a single given domain...
-
-```python
-mounts = {
- "all://": httpx.HTTPTransport(http2=True),
- "all://*example.org": httpx.HTTPTransport()
-}
-client = httpx.Client(mounts=mounts)
-```
-
-Mocking requests to a given domain:
-
-```python
-# All requests to "example.org" should be mocked out.
-# Other requests occur as usual.
-def handler(request):
- return httpx.Response(200, json={"text": "Hello, World!"})
-
-mounts = {"all://example.org": httpx.MockTransport(handler)}
-client = httpx.Client(mounts=mounts)
-```
-
-Adding support for custom schemes:
-
-```python
-# Support URLs like "file:///Users/sylvia_green/websites/new_client/index.html"
-mounts = {"file://": FileSystemTransport()}
-client = httpx.Client(mounts=mounts)
-```
-
-### Routing
-
-HTTPX provides a powerful mechanism for routing requests, allowing you to write complex rules that specify which transport should be used for each request.
-
-The `mounts` dictionary maps URL patterns to HTTP transports. HTTPX matches requested URLs against URL patterns to decide which transport should be used, if any. Matching is done from most specific URL patterns (e.g. `https://:`) to least specific ones (e.g. `https://`).
-
-HTTPX supports routing requests based on **scheme**, **domain**, **port**, or a combination of these.
-
-### Wildcard routing
-
-Route everything through a transport...
-
-```python
-mounts = {
- "all://": httpx.HTTPTransport(proxy="http://localhost:8030"),
-}
-```
-
-### Scheme routing
-
-Route HTTP requests through one transport, and HTTPS requests through another...
-
-```python
-mounts = {
- "http://": httpx.HTTPTransport(proxy="http://localhost:8030"),
- "https://": httpx.HTTPTransport(proxy="http://localhost:8031"),
-}
-```
-
-### Domain routing
-
-Proxy all requests on domain "example.com", let other requests pass through...
-
-```python
-mounts = {
- "all://example.com": httpx.HTTPTransport(proxy="http://localhost:8030"),
-}
-```
-
-Proxy HTTP requests on domain "example.com", let HTTPS and other requests pass through...
-
-```python
-mounts = {
- "http://example.com": httpx.HTTPTransport(proxy="http://localhost:8030"),
-}
-```
-
-Proxy all requests to "example.com" and its subdomains, let other requests pass through...
-
-```python
-mounts = {
- "all://*example.com": httpx.HTTPTransport(proxy="http://localhost:8030"),
-}
-```
-
-Proxy all requests to strict subdomains of "example.com", let "example.com" and other requests pass through...
-
-```python
-mounts = {
- "all://*.example.com": httpx.HTTPTransport(proxy="http://localhost:8030"),
-}
-```
-
-### Port routing
-
-Proxy HTTPS requests on port 1234 to "example.com"...
-
-```python
-mounts = {
- "https://example.com:1234": httpx.HTTPTransport(proxy="http://localhost:8030"),
-}
-```
-
-Proxy all requests on port 1234...
-
-```python
-mounts = {
- "all://*:1234": httpx.HTTPTransport(proxy="http://localhost:8030"),
-}
-```
-
-### No-proxy support
-
-It is also possible to define requests that _shouldn't_ be routed through the transport.
-
-To do so, pass `None` as the proxy URL. For example...
-
-```python
-mounts = {
- # Route requests through a proxy by default...
- "all://": httpx.HTTPTransport(proxy="http://localhost:8031"),
- # Except those for "example.com".
- "all://example.com": None,
-}
-```
-
-### Complex configuration example
-
-You can combine the routing features outlined above to build complex proxy routing configurations. For example...
-
-```python
-mounts = {
- # Route all traffic through a proxy by default...
- "all://": httpx.HTTPTransport(proxy="http://localhost:8030"),
- # But don't use proxies for HTTPS requests to "domain.io"...
- "https://domain.io": None,
- # And use another proxy for requests to "example.com" and its subdomains...
- "all://*example.com": httpx.HTTPTransport(proxy="http://localhost:8031"),
- # And yet another proxy if HTTP is used,
- # and the "internal" subdomain on port 5550 is requested...
- "http://internal.example.com:5550": httpx.HTTPTransport(proxy="http://localhost:8032"),
-}
-```
-
-### Environment variables
-
-There are also environment variables that can be used to control the dictionary of the client mounts.
-They can be used to configure HTTP proxying for clients.
-
-See documentation on [`HTTP_PROXY`, `HTTPS_PROXY`, `ALL_PROXY`](../environment_variables.md#http_proxy-https_proxy-all_proxy)
-and [`NO_PROXY`](../environment_variables.md#no_proxy) for more information.
diff --git a/docs/api.md b/docs/api.md
deleted file mode 100644
index f1bd50c993..0000000000
--- a/docs/api.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,176 +0,0 @@
-# Developer Interface
-
-## Helper Functions
-
-!!! note
- Only use these functions if you're testing HTTPX in a console
- or making a small number of requests. Using a `Client` will
- enable HTTP/2 and connection pooling for more efficient and
- long-lived connections.
-
-::: httpx.request
- :docstring:
-
-::: httpx.get
- :docstring:
-
-::: httpx.options
- :docstring:
-
-::: httpx.head
- :docstring:
-
-::: httpx.post
- :docstring:
-
-::: httpx.put
- :docstring:
-
-::: httpx.patch
- :docstring:
-
-::: httpx.delete
- :docstring:
-
-::: httpx.stream
- :docstring:
-
-## `Client`
-
-::: httpx.Client
- :docstring:
- :members: headers cookies params auth request get head options post put patch delete stream build_request send close
-
-## `AsyncClient`
-
-::: httpx.AsyncClient
- :docstring:
- :members: headers cookies params auth request get head options post put patch delete stream build_request send aclose
-
-
-## `Response`
-
-*An HTTP response.*
-
-* `def __init__(...)`
-* `.status_code` - **int**
-* `.reason_phrase` - **str**
-* `.http_version` - `"HTTP/2"` or `"HTTP/1.1"`
-* `.url` - **URL**
-* `.headers` - **Headers**
-* `.content` - **bytes**
-* `.text` - **str**
-* `.encoding` - **str**
-* `.is_redirect` - **bool**
-* `.request` - **Request**
-* `.next_request` - **Optional[Request]**
-* `.cookies` - **Cookies**
-* `.history` - **List[Response]**
-* `.elapsed` - **[timedelta](https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html)**
- * The amount of time elapsed between sending the request and calling `close()` on the corresponding response received for that request.
- [total_seconds()](https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#datetime.timedelta.total_seconds) to correctly get
- the total elapsed seconds.
-* `def .raise_for_status()` - **Response**
-* `def .json()` - **Any**
-* `def .read()` - **bytes**
-* `def .iter_raw([chunk_size])` - **bytes iterator**
-* `def .iter_bytes([chunk_size])` - **bytes iterator**
-* `def .iter_text([chunk_size])` - **text iterator**
-* `def .iter_lines()` - **text iterator**
-* `def .close()` - **None**
-* `def .next()` - **Response**
-* `def .aread()` - **bytes**
-* `def .aiter_raw([chunk_size])` - **async bytes iterator**
-* `def .aiter_bytes([chunk_size])` - **async bytes iterator**
-* `def .aiter_text([chunk_size])` - **async text iterator**
-* `def .aiter_lines()` - **async text iterator**
-* `def .aclose()` - **None**
-* `def .anext()` - **Response**
-
-## `Request`
-
-*An HTTP request. Can be constructed explicitly for more control over exactly
-what gets sent over the wire.*
-
-```pycon
->>> request = httpx.Request("GET", "https://example.org", headers={'host': 'example.org'})
->>> response = client.send(request)
-```
-
-* `def __init__(method, url, [params], [headers], [cookies], [content], [data], [files], [json], [stream])`
-* `.method` - **str**
-* `.url` - **URL**
-* `.content` - **byte**, **byte iterator**, or **byte async iterator**
-* `.headers` - **Headers**
-* `.cookies` - **Cookies**
-
-## `URL`
-
-*A normalized, IDNA supporting URL.*
-
-```pycon
->>> url = URL("https://example.org/")
->>> url.host
-'example.org'
-```
-
-* `def __init__(url, **kwargs)`
-* `.scheme` - **str**
-* `.authority` - **str**
-* `.host` - **str**
-* `.port` - **int**
-* `.path` - **str**
-* `.query` - **str**
-* `.raw_path` - **str**
-* `.fragment` - **str**
-* `.is_ssl` - **bool**
-* `.is_absolute_url` - **bool**
-* `.is_relative_url` - **bool**
-* `def .copy_with([scheme], [authority], [path], [query], [fragment])` - **URL**
-
-## `Headers`
-
-*A case-insensitive multi-dict.*
-
-```pycon
->>> headers = Headers({'Content-Type': 'application/json'})
->>> headers['content-type']
-'application/json'
-```
-
-* `def __init__(self, headers, encoding=None)`
-* `def copy()` - **Headers**
-
-## `Cookies`
-
-*A dict-like cookie store.*
-
-```pycon
->>> cookies = Cookies()
->>> cookies.set("name", "value", domain="example.org")
-```
-
-* `def __init__(cookies: [dict, Cookies, CookieJar])`
-* `.jar` - **CookieJar**
-* `def extract_cookies(response)`
-* `def set_cookie_header(request)`
-* `def set(name, value, [domain], [path])`
-* `def get(name, [domain], [path])`
-* `def delete(name, [domain], [path])`
-* `def clear([domain], [path])`
-* *Standard mutable mapping interface*
-
-## `Proxy`
-
-*A configuration of the proxy server.*
-
-```pycon
->>> proxy = Proxy("http://proxy.example.com:8030")
->>> client = Client(proxy=proxy)
-```
-
-* `def __init__(url, [ssl_context], [auth], [headers])`
-* `.url` - **URL**
-* `.auth` - **tuple[str, str]**
-* `.headers` - **Headers**
-* `.ssl_context` - **SSLContext**
diff --git a/docs/async.md b/docs/async.md
deleted file mode 100644
index f01715d84f..0000000000
--- a/docs/async.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,194 +0,0 @@
-# Async Support
-
-HTTPX offers a standard synchronous API by default, but also gives you
-the option of an async client if you need it.
-
-Async is a concurrency model that is far more efficient than multi-threading,
-and can provide significant performance benefits and enable the use of
-long-lived network connections such as WebSockets.
-
-If you're working with an async web framework then you'll also want to use an
-async client for sending outgoing HTTP requests.
-
-## Making Async requests
-
-To make asynchronous requests, you'll need an `AsyncClient`.
-
-```pycon
->>> async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
-... r = await client.get('https://www.example.com/')
-...
->>> r
-
-```
-
-!!! tip
- Use [IPython](https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) or Python 3.9+ with `python -m asyncio` to try this code interactively, as they support executing `async`/`await` expressions in the console.
-
-## API Differences
-
-If you're using an async client then there are a few bits of API that
-use async methods.
-
-### Making requests
-
-The request methods are all async, so you should use `response = await client.get(...)` style for all of the following:
-
-* `AsyncClient.get(url, ...)`
-* `AsyncClient.options(url, ...)`
-* `AsyncClient.head(url, ...)`
-* `AsyncClient.post(url, ...)`
-* `AsyncClient.put(url, ...)`
-* `AsyncClient.patch(url, ...)`
-* `AsyncClient.delete(url, ...)`
-* `AsyncClient.request(method, url, ...)`
-* `AsyncClient.send(request, ...)`
-
-### Opening and closing clients
-
-Use `async with httpx.AsyncClient()` if you want a context-managed client...
-
-```python
-async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
- ...
-```
-
-!!! warning
- In order to get the most benefit from connection pooling, make sure you're not instantiating multiple client instances - for example by using `async with` inside a "hot loop". This can be achieved either by having a single scoped client that's passed throughout wherever it's needed, or by having a single global client instance.
-
-Alternatively, use `await client.aclose()` if you want to close a client explicitly:
-
-```python
-client = httpx.AsyncClient()
-...
-await client.aclose()
-```
-
-### Streaming responses
-
-The `AsyncClient.stream(method, url, ...)` method is an async context block.
-
-```pycon
->>> client = httpx.AsyncClient()
->>> async with client.stream('GET', 'https://www.example.com/') as response:
-... async for chunk in response.aiter_bytes():
-... ...
-```
-
-The async response streaming methods are:
-
-* `Response.aread()` - For conditionally reading a response inside a stream block.
-* `Response.aiter_bytes()` - For streaming the response content as bytes.
-* `Response.aiter_text()` - For streaming the response content as text.
-* `Response.aiter_lines()` - For streaming the response content as lines of text.
-* `Response.aiter_raw()` - For streaming the raw response bytes, without applying content decoding.
-* `Response.aclose()` - For closing the response. You don't usually need this, since `.stream` block closes the response automatically on exit.
-
-For situations when context block usage is not practical, it is possible to enter "manual mode" by sending a [`Request` instance](advanced/clients.md#request-instances) using `client.send(..., stream=True)`.
-
-Example in the context of forwarding the response to a streaming web endpoint with [Starlette](https://www.starlette.io):
-
-```python
-import httpx
-from starlette.background import BackgroundTask
-from starlette.responses import StreamingResponse
-
-client = httpx.AsyncClient()
-
-async def home(request):
- req = client.build_request("GET", "https://www.example.com/")
- r = await client.send(req, stream=True)
- return StreamingResponse(r.aiter_text(), background=BackgroundTask(r.aclose))
-```
-
-!!! warning
- When using this "manual streaming mode", it is your duty as a developer to make sure that `Response.aclose()` is called eventually. Failing to do so would leave connections open, most likely resulting in resource leaks down the line.
-
-### Streaming requests
-
-When sending a streaming request body with an `AsyncClient` instance, you should use an async bytes generator instead of a bytes generator:
-
-```python
-async def upload_bytes():
- ... # yield byte content
-
-await client.post(url, content=upload_bytes())
-```
-
-### Explicit transport instances
-
-When instantiating a transport instance directly, you need to use `httpx.AsyncHTTPTransport`.
-
-For instance:
-
-```pycon
->>> import httpx
->>> transport = httpx.AsyncHTTPTransport(retries=1)
->>> async with httpx.AsyncClient(transport=transport) as client:
->>> ...
-```
-
-## Supported async environments
-
-HTTPX supports either `asyncio` or `trio` as an async environment.
-
-It will auto-detect which of those two to use as the backend
-for socket operations and concurrency primitives.
-
-### [AsyncIO](https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio.html)
-
-AsyncIO is Python's [built-in library](https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio.html)
-for writing concurrent code with the async/await syntax.
-
-```python
-import asyncio
-import httpx
-
-async def main():
- async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
- response = await client.get('https://www.example.com/')
- print(response)
-
-asyncio.run(main())
-```
-
-### [Trio](https://github.com/python-trio/trio)
-
-Trio is [an alternative async library](https://trio.readthedocs.io/en/stable/),
-designed around the [the principles of structured concurrency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_concurrency).
-
-```python
-import httpx
-import trio
-
-async def main():
- async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
- response = await client.get('https://www.example.com/')
- print(response)
-
-trio.run(main)
-```
-
-!!! important
- The `trio` package must be installed to use the Trio backend.
-
-
-### [AnyIO](https://github.com/agronholm/anyio)
-
-AnyIO is an [asynchronous networking and concurrency library](https://anyio.readthedocs.io/) that works on top of either `asyncio` or `trio`. It blends in with native libraries of your chosen backend (defaults to `asyncio`).
-
-```python
-import httpx
-import anyio
-
-async def main():
- async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
- response = await client.get('https://www.example.com/')
- print(response)
-
-anyio.run(main, backend='trio')
-```
-
-## Calling into Python Web Apps
-
-For details on calling directly into ASGI applications, see [the `ASGITransport` docs](../advanced/transports#asgitransport).
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/docs/clients.md b/docs/clients.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7de41615fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/clients.md
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+# Clients
+
+HTTP requests are sent by using a `Client` instance. Client instances are thread safe interfaces that maintain a pool of HTTP connections.
+
+
+
+```{ .python .httpx }
+>>> cli = httpx.Client()
+>>> cli
+
+```
+
+```{ .python .ahttpx .hidden }
+>>> cli = ahttpx.Client()
+>>> cli
+
+```
+
+The client representation provides an indication of how many connections are currently in the pool.
+
+
+
+```{ .python .httpx }
+>>> r = cli.get("https://www.example.com")
+>>> r = cli.get("https://www.wikipedia.com")
+>>> r = cli.get("https://www.theguardian.com/uk")
+>>> cli
+
+```
+
+```{ .python .ahttpx .hidden }
+>>> r = await cli.get("https://www.example.com")
+>>> r = await cli.get("https://www.wikipedia.com")
+>>> r = await cli.get("https://www.theguardian.com/uk")
+>>> cli
+
+```
+
+The connections in the pool can be explicitly closed, using the `close()` method...
+
+
+
+```{ .python .httpx }
+>>> cli.close()
+>>> cli
+
+```
+
+```{ .python .ahttpx .hidden }
+>>> await cli.close()
+>>> cli
+
+```
+
+Client instances support being used in a context managed scope. You can use this style to enforce properly scoped resources, ensuring that the connection pool is cleanly closed when no longer required.
+
+
+
+```{ .python .httpx }
+>>> with httpx.Client() as cli:
+... r = cli.get("https://www.example.com")
+```
+
+```{ .python .ahttpx .hidden }
+>>> async with ahttpx.Client() as cli:
+... r = await cli.get("https://www.example.com")
+```
+
+It is important to scope the use of client instances as widely as possible.
+
+Typically you should have a single client instance that is used throughout the lifespan of your application. This ensures that connection pooling is maximised, and minmises unneccessary reloading of SSL certificate stores.
+
+The recommened usage is to *either* a have single global instance created at import time, *or* a single context scoped instance that is passed around wherever it is required.
+
+## Setting a base URL
+
+Client instances can be configured with a base URL that is used when constructing requests...
+
+
+
+```{ .python .httpx }
+>>> with httpx.Client(url="https://www.httpbin.org") as cli:
+>>> r = cli.get("/json")
+>>> print(r)
+
+```
+
+```{ .python .ahttpx .hidden }
+>>> async with ahttpx.Client(url="https://www.httpbin.org") as cli:
+>>> r = cli.get("/json")
+>>> print(r)
+
+```
+
+## Setting client headers
+
+Client instances include a set of headers that are used on every outgoing request.
+
+The default headers are:
+
+* `Accept: */*` - Indicates to servers that any media type may be returned.
+* `Accept-Encoding: gzip` - Indicates to servers that gzip compression may be used on responses.
+* `Connection: keep-alive` - Indicates that HTTP/1.1 connections should be reused over multiple requests.
+* `User-Agent: python-httpx/1.0` - Identify the client as `httpx`.
+
+You can override this behavior by explicitly specifying the default headers...
+
+
+
+```{ .python .httpx }
+>>> headers = {"User-Agent": "dev", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip"}
+>>> with httpx.Client(headers=headers) as cli:
+>>> r = cli.get("https://www.example.com/")
+```
+
+```{ .python .ahttpx .hidden }
+>>> headers = {"User-Agent": "dev", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip"}
+>>> async with ahttpx.Client(headers=headers) as cli:
+>>> r = await cli.get("https://www.example.com/")
+```
+
+## Configuring the connection pool
+
+The connection pool used by the client can be configured in order to customise the SSL context, the maximum number of concurrent connections, or the network backend.
+
+
+
+```{ .python .httpx }
+>>> # Setup an SSL context to allow connecting to improperly configured SSL.
+>>> no_verify = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
+>>> no_verify.check_hostname = False
+>>> no_verify.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+>>> # Instantiate a client with our custom SSL context.
+>>> pool = httpx.ConnectionPool(ssl_context=no_verify)
+>>> with httpx.Client(transport=pool) as cli:
+>>> ...
+```
+
+```{ .python .ahttpx .hidden }
+>>> # Setup an SSL context to allow connecting to improperly configured SSL.
+>>> no_verify = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
+>>> no_verify.check_hostname = False
+>>> no_verify.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+>>> # Instantiate a client with our custom SSL context.
+>>> pool = ahttpx.ConnectionPool(ssl_context=no_verify)
+>>> async with ahttpx.Client(transport=pool) as cli:
+>>> ...
+```
+
+## Sending requests
+
+* `.request()` - Send an HTTP request, reading the response to completion.
+* `.stream()` - Send an HTTP request, streaming the response.
+
+Shortcut methods...
+
+* `.get()` - Send an HTTP `GET` request.
+* `.post()` - Send an HTTP `POST` request.
+* `.put()` - Send an HTTP `PUT` request.
+* `.delete()` - Send an HTTP `DELETE` request.
+
+---
+
+## Transports
+
+By default requests are sent using the `ConnectionPool` class. Alternative implementations for sending requests can be created by subclassing the `Transport` interface.
+
+For example, a mock transport class that doesn't make any network requests and instead always returns a fixed response.
+
+
+
+```{ .python .httpx }
+class MockTransport(httpx.Transport):
+ def __init__(self, response):
+ self._response = response
+
+ @contextlib.contextmanager
+ def send(self, request):
+ yield response
+
+ def close(self):
+ pass
+
+response = httpx.Response(200, content=httpx.Text('Hello, world'))
+transport = MockTransport(response=response)
+with httpx.Client(transport=transport) as cli:
+ r = cli.get('https://www.example.com')
+ print(r)
+```
+
+```{ .python .ahttpx .hidden }
+class MockTransport(ahttpx.Transport):
+ def __init__(self, response):
+ self._response = response
+
+ @contextlib.contextmanager
+ def send(self, request):
+ yield response
+
+ def close(self):
+ pass
+
+response = ahttpx.Response(200, content=httpx.Text('Hello, world'))
+transport = MockTransport(response=response)
+async with ahttpx.Client(transport=transport) as cli:
+ r = await cli.get('https://www.example.com')
+ print(r)
+```
+
+---
+
+## Middleware
+
+In addition to maintaining an HTTP connection pool, client instances are responsible for two other pieces of functionality...
+
+* Dealing with HTTP redirects.
+* Maintaining an HTTP cookie store.
+
+### `RedirectMiddleware`
+
+Wraps a transport class, adding support for HTTP redirect handling.
+
+### `CookieMiddleware`
+
+Wraps a transport class, adding support for HTTP cookie persistence.
+
+---
+
+## Custom client implementations
+
+The `Client` implementation in `httpx` is intentionally lightweight.
+
+If you're working with a large codebase you might want to create a custom client implementation in order to constrain the types of request that are sent.
+
+The following example demonstrates a custom API client that only exposes `GET` and `POST` requests, and always uses JSON payloads.
+
+
+
+```{ .python .httpx }
+class APIClient:
+ def __init__(self):
+ self.url = httpx.URL('https://www.example.com')
+ self.headers = httpx.Headers({
+ 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip',
+ 'Connection': 'keep-alive',
+ 'User-Agent': 'dev'
+ })
+ self.via = httpx.RedirectMiddleware(httpx.ConnectionPool())
+
+ def get(self, path: str) -> Response:
+ request = httpx.Request(
+ method="GET",
+ url=self.url.join(path),
+ headers=self.headers,
+ )
+ with self.via.send(request) as response:
+ response.read()
+ return response
+
+ def post(self, path: str, payload: Any) -> httpx.Response:
+ request = httpx.Request(
+ method="POST",
+ url=self.url.join(path),
+ headers=self.headers,
+ content=httpx.JSON(payload),
+ )
+ with self.via.send(request) as response:
+ response.read()
+ return response
+```
+
+```{ .python .ahttpx .hidden }
+class APIClient:
+ def __init__(self):
+ self.url = ahttpx.URL('https://www.example.com')
+ self.headers = ahttpx.Headers({
+ 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip',
+ 'Connection': 'keep-alive',
+ 'User-Agent': 'dev'
+ })
+ self.via = ahttpx.RedirectMiddleware(ahttpx.ConnectionPool())
+
+ async def get(self, path: str) -> Response:
+ request = ahttpx.Request(
+ method="GET",
+ url=self.url.join(path),
+ headers=self.headers,
+ )
+ async with self.via.send(request) as response:
+ await response.read()
+ return response
+
+ async def post(self, path: str, payload: Any) -> ahttpx.Response:
+ request = ahttpx.Request(
+ method="POST",
+ url=self.url.join(path),
+ headers=self.headers,
+ content=httpx.JSON(payload),
+ )
+ async with self.via.send(request) as response:
+ await response.read()
+ return response
+```
+
+You can expand on this pattern to provide behavior such as request or response schema validation, consistent timeouts, or standardised logging and exception handling.
+
+---
+
+← [Quickstart](quickstart.md)
+[Servers](servers.md) →
+
diff --git a/docs/code_of_conduct.md b/docs/code_of_conduct.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 1647289871..0000000000
--- a/docs/code_of_conduct.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-# Code of Conduct
-
-We expect contributors to our projects and online spaces to follow [the Python Software Foundation’s Code of Conduct](https://www.python.org/psf/conduct/).
-
-The Python community is made up of members from around the globe with a diverse set of skills, personalities, and experiences. It is through these differences that our community experiences great successes and continued growth. When you're working with members of the community, this Code of Conduct will help steer your interactions and keep Python a positive, successful, and growing community.
-
-## Our Community
-
-Members of the Python community are **open, considerate, and respectful**. Behaviours that reinforce these values contribute to a positive environment, and include:
-
-* **Being open.** Members of the community are open to collaboration, whether it's on PEPs, patches, problems, or otherwise.
-* **Focusing on what is best for the community.** We're respectful of the processes set forth in the community, and we work within them.
-* **Acknowledging time and effort.** We're respectful of the volunteer efforts that permeate the Python community. We're thoughtful when addressing the efforts of others, keeping in mind that often times the labor was completed simply for the good of the community.
-* **Being respectful of differing viewpoints and experiences.** We're receptive to constructive comments and criticism, as the experiences and skill sets of other members contribute to the whole of our efforts.
-* **Showing empathy towards other community members.** We're attentive in our communications, whether in person or online, and we're tactful when approaching differing views.
-* **Being considerate.** Members of the community are considerate of their peers -- other Python users.
-* **Being respectful.** We're respectful of others, their positions, their skills, their commitments, and their efforts.
-* **Gracefully accepting constructive criticism.** When we disagree, we are courteous in raising our issues.
-* **Using welcoming and inclusive language.** We're accepting of all who wish to take part in our activities, fostering an environment where anyone can participate and everyone can make a difference.
-
-## Our Standards
-
-Every member of our community has the right to have their identity respected. The Python community is dedicated to providing a positive experience for everyone, regardless of age, gender identity and expression, sexual orientation, disability, physical appearance, body size, ethnicity, nationality, race, or religion (or lack thereof), education, or socio-economic status.
-
-## Inappropriate Behavior
-
-Examples of unacceptable behavior by participants include:
-
-* Harassment of any participants in any form
-* Deliberate intimidation, stalking, or following
-* Logging or taking screenshots of online activity for harassment purposes
-* Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or electronic address, without explicit permission
-* Violent threats or language directed against another person
-* Incitement of violence or harassment towards any individual, including encouraging a person to commit suicide or to engage in self-harm
-* Creating additional online accounts in order to harass another person or circumvent a ban
-* Sexual language and imagery in online communities or in any conference venue, including talks
-* Insults, put downs, or jokes that are based upon stereotypes, that are exclusionary, or that hold others up for ridicule
-* Excessive swearing
-* Unwelcome sexual attention or advances
-* Unwelcome physical contact, including simulated physical contact (eg, textual descriptions like "hug" or "backrub") without consent or after a request to stop
-* Pattern of inappropriate social contact, such as requesting/assuming inappropriate levels of intimacy with others
-* Sustained disruption of online community discussions, in-person presentations, or other in-person events
-* Continued one-on-one communication after requests to cease
-* Other conduct that is inappropriate for a professional audience including people of many different backgrounds
-
-Community members asked to stop any inappropriate behavior are expected to comply immediately.
-
-## Enforcement
-
-We take Code of Conduct violations seriously, and will act to ensure our spaces are welcoming, inclusive, and professional environments to communicate in.
-
-If you need to raise a Code of Conduct report, you may do so privately by email to tom@tomchristie.com.
-
-Reports will be treated confidentially.
-
-Alternately you may [make a report to the Python Software Foundation](https://www.python.org/psf/conduct/reporting/).
diff --git a/docs/compatibility.md b/docs/compatibility.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 9686167574..0000000000
--- a/docs/compatibility.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,232 +0,0 @@
-# Requests Compatibility Guide
-
-HTTPX aims to be broadly compatible with the `requests` API, although there are a
-few design differences in places.
-
-This documentation outlines places where the API differs...
-
-## Redirects
-
-Unlike `requests`, HTTPX does **not follow redirects by default**.
-
-We differ in behaviour here [because auto-redirects can easily mask unnecessary network
-calls being made](https://github.com/encode/httpx/discussions/1785).
-
-You can still enable behaviour to automatically follow redirects, but you need to
-do so explicitly...
-
-```python
-response = client.get(url, follow_redirects=True)
-```
-
-Or else instantiate a client, with redirect following enabled by default...
-
-```python
-client = httpx.Client(follow_redirects=True)
-```
-
-## Client instances
-
-The HTTPX equivalent of `requests.Session` is `httpx.Client`.
-
-```python
-session = requests.Session(**kwargs)
-```
-
-is generally equivalent to
-
-```python
-client = httpx.Client(**kwargs)
-```
-
-## Request URLs
-
-Accessing `response.url` will return a `URL` instance, rather than a string.
-
-Use `str(response.url)` if you need a string instance.
-
-## Determining the next redirect request
-
-The `requests` library exposes an attribute `response.next`, which can be used to obtain the next redirect request.
-
-```python
-session = requests.Session()
-request = requests.Request("GET", ...).prepare()
-while request is not None:
- response = session.send(request, allow_redirects=False)
- request = response.next
-```
-
-In HTTPX, this attribute is instead named `response.next_request`. For example:
-
-```python
-client = httpx.Client()
-request = client.build_request("GET", ...)
-while request is not None:
- response = client.send(request)
- request = response.next_request
-```
-
-## Request Content
-
-For uploading raw text or binary content we prefer to use a `content` parameter,
-in order to better separate this usage from the case of uploading form data.
-
-For example, using `content=...` to upload raw content:
-
-```python
-# Uploading text, bytes, or a bytes iterator.
-httpx.post(..., content=b"Hello, world")
-```
-
-And using `data=...` to send form data:
-
-```python
-# Uploading form data.
-httpx.post(..., data={"message": "Hello, world"})
-```
-
-Using the `data=` will raise a deprecation warning,
-and is expected to be fully removed with the HTTPX 1.0 release.
-
-## Upload files
-
-HTTPX strictly enforces that upload files must be opened in binary mode, in order
-to avoid character encoding issues that can result from attempting to upload files
-opened in text mode.
-
-## Content encoding
-
-HTTPX uses `utf-8` for encoding `str` request bodies. For example, when using `content=` the request body will be encoded to `utf-8` before being sent over the wire. This differs from Requests which uses `latin1`. If you need an explicit encoding, pass encoded bytes explicitly, e.g. `content=.encode("latin1")`.
-For response bodies, assuming the server didn't send an explicit encoding then HTTPX will do its best to figure out an appropriate encoding. HTTPX makes a guess at the encoding to use for decoding the response using `charset_normalizer`. Fallback to that or any content with less than 32 octets will be decoded using `utf-8` with the `error="replace"` decoder strategy.
-
-## Cookies
-
-If using a client instance, then cookies should always be set on the client rather than on a per-request basis.
-
-This usage is supported:
-
-```python
-client = httpx.Client(cookies=...)
-client.post(...)
-```
-
-This usage is **not** supported:
-
-```python
-client = httpx.Client()
-client.post(..., cookies=...)
-```
-
-We prefer enforcing a stricter API here because it provides clearer expectations around cookie persistence, particularly when redirects occur.
-
-## Status Codes
-
-In our documentation we prefer the uppercased versions, such as `codes.NOT_FOUND`, but also provide lower-cased versions for API compatibility with `requests`.
-
-Requests includes various synonyms for status codes that HTTPX does not support.
-
-## Streaming responses
-
-HTTPX provides a `.stream()` interface rather than using `stream=True`. This ensures that streaming responses are always properly closed outside of the stream block, and makes it visually clearer at which points streaming I/O APIs may be used with a response.
-
-For example:
-
-```python
-with httpx.stream("GET", "https://www.example.com") as response:
- ...
-```
-
-Within a `stream()` block request data is made available with:
-
-* `.iter_bytes()` - Instead of `response.iter_content()`
-* `.iter_text()` - Instead of `response.iter_content(decode_unicode=True)`
-* `.iter_lines()` - Corresponding to `response.iter_lines()`
-* `.iter_raw()` - Use this instead of `response.raw`
-* `.read()` - Read the entire response body, making `response.text` and `response.content` available.
-
-## Timeouts
-
-HTTPX defaults to including reasonable [timeouts](quickstart.md#timeouts) for all network operations, while Requests has no timeouts by default.
-
-To get the same behavior as Requests, set the `timeout` parameter to `None`:
-
-```python
-httpx.get('https://www.example.com', timeout=None)
-```
-
-## Proxy keys
-
-HTTPX uses the mounts argument for HTTP proxying and transport routing.
-It can do much more than proxies and allows you to configure more than just the proxy route.
-For more detailed documentation, see [Mounting Transports](advanced/transports.md#mounting-transports).
-
-When using `httpx.Client(mounts={...})` to map to a selection of different transports, we use full URL schemes, such as `mounts={"http://": ..., "https://": ...}`.
-
-This is different to the `requests` usage of `proxies={"http": ..., "https": ...}`.
-
-This change is for better consistency with more complex mappings, that might also include domain names, such as `mounts={"all://": ..., httpx.HTTPTransport(proxy="all://www.example.com": None})` which maps all requests onto a proxy, except for requests to "www.example.com" which have an explicit exclusion.
-
-Also note that `requests.Session.request(...)` allows a `proxies=...` parameter, whereas `httpx.Client.request(...)` does not allow `mounts=...`.
-
-## SSL configuration
-
-When using a `Client` instance, the ssl configurations should always be passed on client instantiation, rather than passed to the request method.
-
-If you need more than one different SSL configuration, you should use different client instances for each SSL configuration.
-
-## Request body on HTTP methods
-
-The HTTP `GET`, `DELETE`, `HEAD`, and `OPTIONS` methods are specified as not supporting a request body. To stay in line with this, the `.get`, `.delete`, `.head` and `.options` functions do not support `content`, `files`, `data`, or `json` arguments.
-
-If you really do need to send request data using these http methods you should use the generic `.request` function instead.
-
-```python
-httpx.request(
- method="DELETE",
- url="https://www.example.com/",
- content=b'A request body on a DELETE request.'
-)
-```
-
-## Checking for success and failure responses
-
-We don't support `response.is_ok` since the naming is ambiguous there, and might incorrectly imply an equivalence to `response.status_code == codes.OK`. Instead we provide the `response.is_success` property, which can be used to check for a 2xx response.
-
-## Request instantiation
-
-There is no notion of [prepared requests](https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/stable/user/advanced/#prepared-requests) in HTTPX. If you need to customize request instantiation, see [Request instances](advanced/clients.md#request-instances).
-
-Besides, `httpx.Request()` does not support the `auth`, `timeout`, `follow_redirects`, `mounts`, `verify` and `cert` parameters. However these are available in `httpx.request`, `httpx.get`, `httpx.post` etc., as well as on [`Client` instances](advanced/clients.md#client-instances).
-
-## Mocking
-
-If you need to mock HTTPX the same way that test utilities like `responses` and `requests-mock` does for `requests`, see [RESPX](https://github.com/lundberg/respx).
-
-## Caching
-
-If you use `cachecontrol` or `requests-cache` to add HTTP Caching support to the `requests` library, you can use [Hishel](https://hishel.com) for HTTPX.
-
-## Networking layer
-
-`requests` defers most of its HTTP networking code to the excellent [`urllib3` library](https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/).
-
-On the other hand, HTTPX uses [HTTPCore](https://github.com/encode/httpcore) as its core HTTP networking layer, which is a different project than `urllib3`.
-
-## Query Parameters
-
-`requests` omits `params` whose values are `None` (e.g. `requests.get(..., params={"foo": None})`). This is not supported by HTTPX.
-
-For both query params (`params=`) and form data (`data=`), `requests` supports sending a list of tuples (e.g. `requests.get(..., params=[('key1', 'value1'), ('key1', 'value2')])`). This is not supported by HTTPX. Instead, use a dictionary with lists as values. E.g.: `httpx.get(..., params={'key1': ['value1', 'value2']})` or with form data: `httpx.post(..., data={'key1': ['value1', 'value2']})`.
-
-## Event Hooks
-
-`requests` allows event hooks to mutate `Request` and `Response` objects. See [examples](https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/master/user/advanced/#event-hooks) given in the documentation for `requests`.
-
-In HTTPX, event hooks may access properties of requests and responses, but event hook callbacks cannot mutate the original request/response.
-
-If you are looking for more control, consider checking out [Custom Transports](advanced/transports.md#custom-transports).
-
-## Exceptions and Errors
-
-`requests` exception hierarchy is slightly different to the `httpx` exception hierarchy. `requests` exposes a top level `RequestException`, where as `httpx` exposes a top level `HTTPError`. see the exceptions exposes in requests [here](https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_modules/requests/exceptions/). See the `httpx` error hierarchy [here](https://www.python-httpx.org/exceptions/).
diff --git a/docs/connections.md b/docs/connections.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..602641a18a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/connections.md
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+# Connections
+
+The mechanics of sending HTTP requests is dealt with by the `ConnectionPool` and `Connection` classes.
+
+We can introspect a `Client` instance to get some visibility onto the state of the connection pool.
+
+
+
+```{ .python .httpx }
+>>> with httpx.Client() as cli
+>>> urls = [
+... "https://www.wikipedia.org/",
+... "https://www.theguardian.com/",
+... "https://news.ycombinator.com/",
+... ]
+... for url in urls:
+... cli.get(url)
+... print(cli.transport)
+... #
+... print(cli.transport.connections)
+... # [
+... # ,
+... # ,
+... # ,
+... # ]
+```
+
+```{ .python .ahttpx .hidden }
+>>> async with ahttpx.Client() as cli
+>>> urls = [
+... "https://www.wikipedia.org/",
+... "https://www.theguardian.com/",
+... "https://news.ycombinator.com/",
+... ]
+... for url in urls:
+... await cli.get(url)
+... print(cli.transport)
+... #
+... print(cli.transport.connections)
+... # [
+... # ,
+... # ,
+... # ,
+... # ]
+```
+
+---
+
+## Understanding the stack
+
+The `Client` class is responsible for handling redirects and cookies.
+
+It also ensures that outgoing requests include a default set of headers such as `User-Agent` and `Accept-Encoding`.
+
+
+
+```{ .python .httpx }
+>>> with httpx.Client() as cli:
+>>> r = cli.request("GET", "https://www.example.com/")
+```
+
+```{ .python .ahttpx .hidden }
+>>> async with ahttpx.Client() as cli:
+>>> r = await cli.request("GET", "https://www.example.com/")
+```
+
+The `Client` class sends requests using a `ConnectionPool`, which is responsible for managing a pool of HTTP connections. This ensures quicker and more efficient use of resources than opening and closing a TCP connection with each request. The connection pool also handles HTTP proxying if required.
+
+A single connection pool is able to handle multiple concurrent requests, with locking in place to ensure that the pool does not become over-saturated.
+
+
+
+```{ .python .httpx }
+>>> with httpx.ConnectionPool() as pool:
+>>> r = pool.request("GET", "https://www.example.com/")
+```
+
+```{ .python .ahttpx .hidden }
+>>> async with ahttpx.ConnectionPool() as pool:
+>>> r = await pool.request("GET", "https://www.example.com/")
+```
+
+Individual HTTP connections can be managed directly with the `Connection` class. A single connection can only handle requests sequentially. Locking is provided to ensure that requests are strictly queued sequentially.
+
+
+
+```{ .python .httpx }
+>>> with httpx.open_connection("https://www.example.com/") as conn:
+>>> r = conn.request("GET", "/")
+```
+
+```{ .python .ahttpx .hidden }
+>>> async with ahttpx.open_connection("https://www.example.com/") as conn:
+>>> r = await conn.request("GET", "/")
+```
+
+The `NetworkBackend` is responsible for managing the TCP stream, providing a raw byte-wise interface onto the underlying socket.
+
+---
+
+## ConnectionPool
+
+
+
+```{ .python .httpx }
+>>> pool = httpx.ConnectionPool()
+>>> pool
+
+```
+
+```{ .python .ahttpx .hidden }
+>>> pool = ahttpx.ConnectionPool()
+>>> pool
+
+```
+
+### `.request(method, url, headers=None, content=None)`
+
+
+
+```{ .python .httpx }
+>>> with httpx.ConnectionPool() as pool:
+>>> res = pool.request("GET", "https://www.example.com")
+>>> res, pool
+,
+```
+
+```{ .python .ahttpx .hidden }
+>>> async with ahttpx.ConnectionPool() as pool:
+>>> res = await pool.request("GET", "https://www.example.com")
+>>> res, pool
+,
+```
+
+### `.stream(method, url, headers=None, content=None)`
+
+
+
+```{ .python .httpx }
+>>> with httpx.ConnectionPool() as pool:
+>>> with pool.stream("GET", "https://www.example.com") as res:
+>>> res, pool
+,
+```
+
+```{ .python .ahttpx .hidden }
+>>> async with ahttpx.ConnectionPool() as pool:
+>>> async with await pool.stream("GET", "https://www.example.com") as res:
+>>> res, pool
+,
+```
+
+### `.send(request)`
+
+
+
+```{ .python .httpx }
+>>> with httpx.ConnectionPool() as pool:
+>>> req = httpx.Request("GET", "https://www.example.com")
+>>> with pool.send(req) as res:
+>>> res.read()
+>>> res, pool
+,
+```
+
+```{ .python .ahttpx .hidden }
+>>> async with ahttpx.ConnectionPool() as pool:
+>>> req = ahttpx.Request("GET", "https://www.example.com")
+>>> async with await pool.send(req) as res:
+>>> await res.read()
+>>> res, pool
+,
+```
+
+### `.close()`
+
+
+
+```{ .python .httpx }
+>>> with httpx.ConnectionPool() as pool:
+>>> pool.close()
+
+```
+
+```{ .python .ahttpx .hidden }
+>>> async with ahttpx.ConnectionPool() as pool:
+>>> await pool.close()
+
+```
+
+---
+
+## Connection
+
+*TODO*
+
+---
+
+## Protocol upgrades
+
+
+
+```{ .python .httpx }
+with httpx.open_connection("https://www.example.com/") as conn:
+ with conn.upgrade("GET", "/feed", {"Upgrade": "WebSocket"}) as stream:
+ ...
+```
+
+```{ .python .ahttpx .hidden }
+async with await ahttpx.open_connection("https://www.example.com/") as conn:
+ async with await conn.upgrade("GET", "/feed", {"Upgrade": "WebSocket"}) as stream:
+ ...
+```
+
+``
+
+## Proxy `CONNECT` requests
+
+
+
+```{ .python .httpx }
+with httpx.open_connection("http://127.0.0.1:8080") as conn:
+ with conn.upgrade("CONNECT", "www.encode.io:443") as stream:
+ stream.start_tls(ctx, hostname="www.encode.io")
+ ...
+```
+
+```{ .python .ahttpx .hidden }
+async with await ahttpx.open_connection("http://127.0.0.1:8080") as conn:
+ async with await conn.upgrade("CONNECT", "www.encode.io:443") as stream:
+ await stream.start_tls(ctx, hostname="www.encode.io")
+ ...
+```
+
+``
+
+---
+
+*Describe the `Transport` interface.*
+
+---
+
+← [Streams](streams.md)
+[Parsers](parsers.md) →
+
diff --git a/docs/content-types.md b/docs/content-types.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..091aa8b8ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/content-types.md
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+# Content Types
+
+Some HTTP requests including `POST`, `PUT` and `PATCH` can include content in the body of the request.
+
+The most common content types for upload data are...
+
+* HTML form submissions use the `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` content type.
+* HTML form submissions including file uploads use the `multipart/form-data` content type.
+* JSON data uses the `application/json` content type.
+
+Content can be included directly in a request by using bytes or a byte iterator and setting the appropriate `Content-Type` header.
+
+
+
+```{ .python .httpx }
+>>> headers = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
+>>> content = json.dumps({"number": 123.5, "bool": [True, False], "text": "hello"})
+>>> response = cli.put(url, headers=headers, content=content)
+```
+
+```{ .python .ahttpx .hidden }
+>>> headers = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
+>>> content = json.dumps({"number": 123.5, "bool": [True, False], "text": "hello"})
+>>> response = await cli.put(url, headers=headers, content=content)
+```
+
+There are also several classes provided for setting the request content. These implement either the `Content` or `StreamingContent` API, and handle constructing the content and setting the relevant headers.
+
+* `