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<div class="section" id="tut-venv">
<span id="id1"></span><h1>12. 虚拟环境和包<a class="headerlink" href="#tut-venv" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="section" id="id2">
<h2>12.1. 简介<a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Python 应用程序经常会使用一些不属于标准库的包和模块。应用程序有时候需要某个特定版本的库，因为它需要一个特定的 bug 已得到修复的库或者它是使用一个过时版本的库的接口编写的。</p>
<p>这就意味着可能无法安装一个 Python 来满足每个应用程序的要求。如果应用程序 A 需要一个特定模块的 1.0 版本但是应用程序 B 需要该模块的 2.0 版本，这两个应用程序的要求是冲突的，安装版本 1.0 或者版本 2.0 将会导致其中一个应用程序不能运行。</p>
<p>这个问题的解决方案就是创建一个 <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-virtual-environment">虚拟环境</a> （通常简称为 “virtualenv”），包含一个特定版本的 Python，以及一些附加的包的独立的目录树。</p>
<p>接着不同的应用程序可以使用不同的虚拟环境。为了解决前面例子中的冲突，应用程序 A 可以有自己的虚拟环境，其中安装了特定模块的 1.0 版本。而应用程序 B 拥有另外一个安装了特定模块 2.0 版本的虚拟环境。如果应用程序 B 需求一个库升级到 3.0 的话，这也不会影响到应用程序 A 的环境。</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id4">
<h2>12.2. 创建虚拟环境<a class="headerlink" href="#id4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>用于创建和管理虚拟环境的脚本叫做 <strong class="program">pyvenv</strong>。<strong class="program">pyvenv</strong> 通常会安装你可用的 Python 中最新的版本。这个脚本也能指定安装一个特定的版本的 Python，因此如果在你的系统中有多个版本的 Python 的话，你可以运行 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pyvenv-3.4</span></code> 或者你想要的任何版本来选择一个指定的 Python 版本。</p>
<p>要创建一个 virtualenv，首先决定一个你想要放置的目录接着运行 <strong class="program">pyvenv</strong> 后面携带着目录名:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>pyvenv tutorial-env
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>如果目录不存在的话，这将会创建一个 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tutorial-env</span></code> 目录，并且也在目录里面创建一个包含 Python 解释器，标准库，以及各种配套文件的 Python “副本”。</p>
<p>一旦你已经创建了一个虚拟环境，你必须激活它。</p>
<p>在 Windows 上，运行:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">tutorial</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">env</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Scripts</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">activate</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>在 Unix 或者 MacOS 上，运行:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>source tutorial-env/bin/activate
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>（这个脚本是用 bash shell 编写的。如果你使用 <strong class="program">csh</strong> 或者 <strong class="program">fish</strong> shell，你应该使用 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">activate.csh</span></code> 和 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">activate.fish</span></code> 来替代。）</p>
<p>激活了虚拟环境会改变你的 shell 提示符，显示你正在使用的虚拟环境，并且修改了环境以致运行 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span></code> 将会让你得到了特定的 Python 版本。例如:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-> source ~/envs/tutorial-env/bin/activate
(tutorial-env) -> python
Python 3.4.3+ (3.4:c7b9645a6f35+, May 22 2015, 09:31:25)
...
>>> import sys
>>> sys.path
['', '/usr/local/lib/python34.zip', ...,
'~/envs/tutorial-env/lib/python3.4/site-packages']
>>>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="pip">
<h2>12.3. 使用 pip 管理包<a class="headerlink" href="#pip" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>一旦你激活了一个虚拟环境，可以使用一个叫做 <strong class="program">pip</strong> 程序来安装，升级以及删除包。默认情况下 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> 将会从 Python Package Index，<<a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi">https://pypi.python.org/pypi</a>>， 中安装包。你可以通过 web 浏览器浏览它们，或者你也能使用 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> 有限的搜索功能:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(tutorial-env) -> pip search astronomy
skyfield - Elegant astronomy for Python
gary - Galactic astronomy and gravitational dynamics.
novas - The United States Naval Observatory NOVAS astronomy library
astroobs - Provides astronomy ephemeris to plan telescope observations
PyAstronomy - A collection of astronomy related tools for Python.
...
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<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> 有许多子命令：“搜索”，“安装”，“卸载”，“freeze”（译者注：这个词语暂时没有合适的词语来翻译），等等。（请参考 <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/installing/index.html#installing-index">installing-index</a> 指南获取 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> 更多完整的文档。）</p>
<p>你可以安装一个包最新的版本，通过指定包的名称:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-> pip install novas
Collecting novas
Downloading novas-3.1.1.3.tar.gz (136kB)
Installing collected packages: novas
Running setup.py install for novas
Successfully installed novas-3.1.1.3
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<p>你也能安装一个指定版本的包，通过给出包名后面紧跟着 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">==</span></code> 和版本号:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-> pip install requests==2.6.0
Collecting requests==2.6.0
Using cached requests-2.6.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: requests
Successfully installed requests-2.6.0
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<p>如果你重新运行命令（pip install requests==2.6.0），<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> 会注意到要求的版本已经安装不会再做其它事情。你也可以提供一个不同的版本号来安装，或者运行 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span>
<span class="pre">install</span> <span class="pre">--upgrade</span></code> 来升级包到最新版本:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-> pip install --upgrade requests
Collecting requests
Installing collected packages: requests
Found existing installation: requests 2.6.0
Uninstalling requests-2.6.0:
Successfully uninstalled requests-2.6.0
Successfully installed requests-2.7.0
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<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">uninstall</span></code> 后跟一个或者多个包名将会从虚拟环境中移除这些包。</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">show</span></code> 将会显示一个指定的包的信息:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(tutorial-env) -> pip show requests
---
Metadata-Version: 2.0
Name: requests
Version: 2.7.0
Summary: Python HTTP for Humans.
Home-page: http://python-requests.org
Author: Kenneth Reitz
Author-email: me@kennethreitz.com
License: Apache 2.0
Location: /Users/akuchling/envs/tutorial-env/lib/python3.4/site-packages
Requires:
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<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">list</span></code> 将会列出所有安装在虚拟环境中的包:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(tutorial-env) -> pip list
novas (3.1.1.3)
numpy (1.9.2)
pip (7.0.3)
requests (2.7.0)
setuptools (16.0)
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<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">freeze</span></code> 将会生成一个类似需要安装的包的列表，但是输出采用了 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">install</span></code> 期望的格式。常见的做法就是把它们放在一个 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requirements.txt</span></code> 文件:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>(tutorial-env) -> pip freeze > requirements.txt
(tutorial-env) -> cat requirements.txt
novas==3.1.1.3
numpy==1.9.2
requests==2.7.0
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<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">requirements.txt</span></code> 能够被提交到版本控制中并且作为一个应用程序的一部分。用户们可以使用 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">install</span> <span class="pre">-r</span></code> 安装所有必须的包:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-> pip install -r requirements.txt
Collecting novas==3.1.1.3 (from -r requirements.txt (line 1))
...
Collecting numpy==1.9.2 (from -r requirements.txt (line 2))
...
Collecting requests==2.7.0 (from -r requirements.txt (line 3))
...
Installing collected packages: novas, numpy, requests
Running setup.py install for novas
Successfully installed novas-3.1.1.3 numpy-1.9.2 requests-2.7.0
</pre></div>
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<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> 还有更多的选项。请参考 <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/installing/index.html#installing-index">installing-index</a> 指南获取关于 <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> 完整的文档。当你编写一个包并且在 Python Package Index 中也出现的话，请参考 <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/distributing/index.html#distributing-index">distributing-index</a> 指南。</p>
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