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‎408/计算机组成原理学习笔记.md‎

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# 计算机组成原理学习笔记
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## 1. 概论
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### 1.1 计算机系统
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</style>
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<blockquote>
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<p>
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<code>计算机系统</code>=硬件+软件
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</p>
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</blockquote>
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**计算机发展历程：**
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![image-20211026123612596](https://gitee.com/fengxian_duck/resources/raw/master/202110261236686.png)
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- 世界上第一台点子数字计算机：<code>ENIAC</code>（1946）
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- 占地面积：约170平方米
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- 耗电量：150千瓦
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- 运算速度：5000次加法/秒
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- 逻辑单元：点子管
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<blockquote>
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<p>
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硬件发展
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</p>
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</blockquote>
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![image-20211026122355013](https://gitee.com/fengxian_duck/resources/raw/master/202110261223214.png)
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<blockquote>
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<p>
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软件发展
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</p>
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</blockquote>
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### 1.2 计算机硬件的基本组成
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<blockquote>
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<p>
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冯洛伊曼结构
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</p>
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</blockquote>
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1. 计算机由五大部件组成
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2. 指令和数据以同等地位存于存储器，可按地址寻访
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3. 指令和数据用二进制表示
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4. 指令由操作码和地址码组成
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5. 存储程序
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6. 以运算器为中心
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![image-20211026124729444](https://gitee.com/fengxian_duck/resources/raw/master/202110261247573.png)
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<blockquote>
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<p>
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现代计算机结构
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</p>
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</blockquote>
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![image-20211026125015977](https://gitee.com/fengxian_duck/resources/raw/master/202110261250134.png)
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**一般我们将运算器和控制器集成到cpu中**
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![image-20211026162803224](https://gitee.com/fengxian_duck/resources/raw/master/202110261628310.png)
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<blockquote>
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<p>
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主存储器的基本组成
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</p>
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</blockquote>
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- MAR（Memory Address Register）：存储地址寄存器
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- MDR（Memory Data Register）：存储数据寄存器
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![image-20211026162613124](https://gitee.com/fengxian_duck/resources/raw/master/202110261626323.png)
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<blockquote>
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<p>
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运算器的基本组成
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</p>
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</blockquote>
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![image-20211026164509667](https://gitee.com/fengxian_duck/resources/raw/master/202110261645893.png)
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<blockquote>
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<p>
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控制器的基本组成
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</p>
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</blockquote>
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![image-20211026165227677](https://gitee.com/fengxian_duck/resources/raw/master/202110261652919.png)
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<blockquote>
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<p>
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小结
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</p>
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</blockquote>
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![image-20211027210205112](https://gitee.com/fengxian_duck/resources/raw/master/202110272102378.png)
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<hr/>
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### 1.3 计算机系统的层次结构
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![image-20211027211650641](https://gitee.com/fengxian_duck/resources/raw/master/202110272116958.png)
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### 1.4 计算机的性能指标
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- 存储器的性能指标
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- CPU性能指标
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![image-20211027212402773](https://gitee.com/fengxian_duck/resources/raw/master/202110272124082.png)
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![image-20211028155954270](https://gitee.com/fengxian_duck/resources/raw/master/202110281559667.png)
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![image-20211028161034259](https://gitee.com/fengxian_duck/resources/raw/master/202110281610614.png)
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![image-20211028161909313](https://gitee.com/fengxian_duck/resources/raw/master/202110281619645.png)
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## 2. 数据的机器层次表示
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### 2.1 各种码
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#### 2.1.1 BCD码
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定义：用4位二进制数来表示1位十进制数中的0~9这10个数码的编码方式
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注意：如果加后落在1010~1111这个区间，需要进行+0110（+6）进行修正，因为BCD码有六位无效位
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![image-20211028181842042](https://gitee.com/fengxian_duck/resources/raw/master/202110281818259.png)
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#### 2.1.2 余三码
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定义：在BCD码的基础上+0011（+3）来表示十进制的二进制表示法
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![image-20211028182857049](https://gitee.com/fengxian_duck/resources/raw/master/202110281828229.png)
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