GH-32007: [Python] Support arithmetic on arrays and scalars (#48085)

rmnskb · web-flow · commit a19f13b94314 · 2026-03-27T09:07:21.000+01:00
### Rationale for this change Please see #32007, currently, neither arrays nor scalars support Python-native arithmetic operations, such as `array + array`, it has to be done via `pyarrow.compute` API. This PR strives to fix this with custom dunder methods. ### What changes are included in this PR? Implemented dunder methods ### Are these changes tested? Yes ### Are there any user-facing changes? Possibility to use Python operators directly instead of calling the `pyarrow.compute` API. * GitHub Issue: #32007 Authored-by: Bogdan Romenskii <rmnsk@seznam.cz> Signed-off-by: AlenkaF <frim.alenka@gmail.com>
diff --git a/docs/source/python/compute.rst b/docs/source/python/compute.rst
@@ -512,3 +512,46 @@ For example, the "numpy_gcd" function that we've been using as an example above
 function to use in a projection.  A "cumulative sum" function would not be a valid function
 since the result of each input row depends on the rows that came before.  A "drop nulls"
 function would also be invalid because it doesn't emit a value for some rows.
+
+
+Standard Python Operators
+=========================
+
+PyArrow supports standard Python operators for element-wise operations for arrays and scalars.
+Currently, the support is limited to some of the standard compute functions, i.e.
+arithmetic (``+``, ``-``, ``/``, ``%``, ``**``),
+bitwise (``&``, ``|``, ``^``, ``>>``, ``<<``) and others.
+
+The aforementioned operators use checked version of underlying kernels wherever possible
+and have the same respective constraints, e.g. you cannot add two arrays of strings.
+
+You can use the operators as following:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   >>> import pyarrow as pa
+   >>> arr = pa.array([-1, 2, -3])
+   >>> val = pa.scalar(42.7)
+   >>> arr + val
+   <pyarrow.lib.DoubleArray object at ...>
+   [
+     41.7,
+     44.7,
+     39.7
+   ]
+
+   >>> val ** arr
+   <pyarrow.lib.DoubleArray object at ...>
+   [
+     0.023419203747072598,
+     1823.2900000000002,
+     0.000012844475506953143
+   ]
+
+   >>> arr << 2
+   <pyarrow.lib.Int64Array object at ...>
+   [
+     -4,
+     8,
+     -12
+   ]
diff --git a/python/pyarrow/array.pxi b/python/pyarrow/array.pxi
@@ -192,6 +192,12 @@ def array(object obj, type=None, mask=None, size=None, from_pandas=None,
     pa.int16() even if pa.int8() was passed to the function. Note that an
     explicit index type will not be demoted even if it is wider than required.
 
+    This class supports Python's standard operators
+    for element-wise operations, i.e. arithmetic (`+`, `-`, `/`, `%`, `**`),
+    bitwise (`&`, `|`, `^`, `>>`, `<<`) and others.
+    They can be used directly instead of calling underlying
+    `pyarrow.compute` functions explicitly.
+
     Examples
     --------
     >>> import pandas as pd
@@ -229,6 +235,25 @@ def array(object obj, type=None, mask=None, size=None, from_pandas=None,
     >>> arr = pa.array(range(1024), type=pa.dictionary(pa.int8(), pa.int64()))
     >>> arr.type.index_type
     DataType(int16)
+
+    >>> arr1 = pa.array([1, 2, 3], type=pa.int8())
+    >>> arr2 = pa.array([4, 5, 6], type=pa.int8())
+    >>> arr1 + arr2
+    <pyarrow.lib.Int8Array object at ...>
+    [
+      5,
+      7,
+      9
+    ]
+
+    >>> val = pa.scalar(42)
+    >>> val - arr1
+    <pyarrow.lib.Int64Array object at ...>
+    [
+      41,
+      40,
+      39
+    ]
     """
     cdef:
         CMemoryPool* pool = maybe_unbox_memory_pool(memory_pool)
@@ -2259,6 +2284,54 @@ cdef class Array(_PandasConvertible):
             stat.init(sp_stat)
             return stat
 
+    def __abs__(self):
+        self._assert_cpu()
+        return _pc().call_function('abs_checked', [self])
+
+    def __add__(self, object other):
+        self._assert_cpu()
+        return _pc().call_function('add_checked', [self, other])
+
+    def __truediv__(self, object other):
+        self._assert_cpu()
+        return _pc().call_function('divide_checked', [self, other])
+
+    def __mul__(self, object other):
+        self._assert_cpu()
+        return _pc().call_function('multiply_checked', [self, other])
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        self._assert_cpu()
+        return _pc().call_function('negate_checked', [self])
+
+    def __pow__(self, object other):
+        self._assert_cpu()
+        return _pc().call_function('power_checked', [self, other])
+
+    def __sub__(self, object other):
+        self._assert_cpu()
+        return _pc().call_function('subtract_checked', [self, other])
+
+    def __and__(self, object other):
+        self._assert_cpu()
+        return _pc().call_function('bit_wise_and', [self, other])
+
+    def __or__(self, object other):
+        self._assert_cpu()
+        return _pc().call_function('bit_wise_or', [self, other])
+
+    def __xor__(self, object other):
+        self._assert_cpu()
+        return _pc().call_function('bit_wise_xor', [self, other])
+
+    def __lshift__(self, object other):
+        self._assert_cpu()
+        return _pc().call_function('shift_left_checked', [self, other])
+
+    def __rshift__(self, object other):
+        self._assert_cpu()
+        return _pc().call_function('shift_right_checked', [self, other])
+
 
 cdef _array_like_to_pandas(obj, options, types_mapper):
     cdef:
diff --git a/python/pyarrow/scalar.pxi b/python/pyarrow/scalar.pxi
@@ -24,6 +24,33 @@ from collections.abc import Sequence, Mapping
 cdef class Scalar(_Weakrefable):
     """
     The base class for scalars.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This class supports Python's standard operators
+    for element-wise operations, i.e. arithmetic (`+`, `-`, `/`, `%`, `**`),
+    bitwise (`&`, `|`, `^`, `>>`, `<<`) and others.
+    They can be used directly instead of calling underlying
+    `pyarrow.compute` functions explicitly.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import pyarrow as pa
+    >>> pa.scalar(42) + pa.scalar(17)
+    <pyarrow.Int64Scalar: 59>
+
+    >>> pa.scalar(6) ** 3
+    <pyarrow.Int64Scalar: 216>
+
+    >>> arr = pa.array([1, 2, 3], type=pa.int8())
+    >>> val = pa.scalar(42)
+    >>> val - arr
+    <pyarrow.lib.Int64Array object at ...>
+    [
+      41,
+      40,
+      39
+    ]
     """
 
     def __init__(self):
@@ -168,6 +195,42 @@ cdef class Scalar(_Weakrefable):
         """
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
+    def __abs__(self):
+        return _pc().call_function('abs_checked', [self])
+
+    def __add__(self, object other):
+        return _pc().call_function('add_checked', [self, other])
+
+    def __truediv__(self, object other):
+        return _pc().call_function('divide_checked', [self, other])
+
+    def __mul__(self, object other):
+        return _pc().call_function('multiply_checked', [self, other])
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        return _pc().call_function('negate_checked', [self])
+
+    def __pow__(self, object other):
+        return _pc().call_function('power_checked', [self, other])
+
+    def __sub__(self, object other):
+        return _pc().call_function('subtract_checked', [self, other])
+
+    def __and__(self, object other):
+        return _pc().call_function('bit_wise_and', [self, other])
+
+    def __or__(self, object other):
+        return _pc().call_function('bit_wise_or', [self, other])
+
+    def __xor__(self, object other):
+        return _pc().call_function('bit_wise_xor', [self, other])
+
+    def __lshift__(self, object other):
+        return _pc().call_function('shift_left_checked', [self, other])
+
+    def __rshift__(self, object other):
+        return _pc().call_function('shift_right_checked', [self, other])
+
 
 _NULL = NA = None
 
diff --git a/python/pyarrow/tests/test_array.py b/python/pyarrow/tests/test_array.py
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 import pyarrow as pa
 import pyarrow.tests.strategies as past
 from pyarrow.vendored.version import Version
+import pyarrow.compute as pc
 
 
 @pytest.mark.processes
@@ -4398,3 +4399,72 @@ def test_non_cpu_array():
         arr.tolist()
     with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
         arr.validate(full=True)
+
+
+def test_arithmetic_dunders():
+    # GH-32007
+    arr1 = pa.array([-1.1, 2.2, -3.3])
+    arr2 = pa.array([2.2, 4.4, 5.5])
+
+    assert (arr1 + arr2).equals(pc.add_checked(arr1, arr2))
+    assert (arr2 / arr1).equals(pc.divide_checked(arr2, arr1))
+    assert (arr1 * arr2).equals(pc.multiply_checked(arr1, arr2))
+    assert (-arr1).equals(pc.negate_checked(arr1))
+    assert (arr1 ** 2).equals(pc.power_checked(arr1, 2))
+    assert (arr1 - arr2).equals(pc.subtract_checked(arr1, arr2))
+
+
+def test_bitwise_dunders():
+    # GH-32007
+    arr1 = pa.array([-1, 2, -3])
+    arr2 = pa.array([2, 4, 5])
+
+    assert (arr1 & arr2).equals(pc.bit_wise_and(arr1, arr2))
+    assert (arr1 | arr2).equals(pc.bit_wise_or(arr1, arr2))
+    assert (arr1 ^ arr2).equals(pc.bit_wise_xor(arr1, arr2))
+    assert (arr1 << arr2).equals(pc.shift_left_checked(arr1, arr2))
+    assert (arr1 >> arr2).equals(pc.shift_right_checked(arr1, arr2))
+
+
+def test_dunders_unmatching_types():
+    # GH-32007
+    error_match = r"Function '\w+' has no kernel matching input types"
+    string_arr = pa.array(["a", "b", "c"])
+    nested_arr = pa.array([{"x": 1, "y": True}, {"z": 3.4, "x": 4}])
+    double_arr = pa.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
+
+    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowNotImplementedError, match=error_match):
+        string_arr + nested_arr
+    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowNotImplementedError, match=error_match):
+        string_arr - double_arr
+    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowNotImplementedError, match=error_match):
+        double_arr * nested_arr
+
+
+def test_dunders_mixed_types():
+    # GH-32007
+    arr = pa.array([11.0, 17.0, 23.0])
+    val = pa.scalar(3)
+
+    assert (arr + val).equals(pc.add_checked(arr, val))
+    assert (arr - val).equals(pc.subtract_checked(arr, val))
+    assert (arr / val).equals(pc.divide_checked(arr, val))
+    assert (arr * val).equals(pc.multiply_checked(arr, val))
+    assert (arr ** val).equals(pc.power_checked(arr, val))
+
+
+def test_dunders_checked_overflow():
+    # GH-32007
+    arr = pa.array([127, -128], type=pa.int8())
+    error_match = "overflow"
+
+    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid, match=error_match):
+        arr + arr
+    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid, match=error_match):
+        arr * arr
+    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid, match=error_match):
+        arr - (-arr)
+    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid, match=error_match):
+        arr ** pa.scalar(2, type=pa.int8())
+    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid, match=error_match):
+        arr / (-arr)
diff --git a/python/pyarrow/tests/test_scalars.py b/python/pyarrow/tests/test_scalars.py
@@ -995,3 +995,59 @@ def test_map_scalar_with_empty_values():
     s = pa.scalar(v, type=map_type)
 
     assert s.as_py(maps_as_pydicts="strict") == v
+
+
+def test_arithmetic_dunders():
+    # GH-32007
+    scl1 = pa.scalar(42)
+    scl2 = pa.scalar(-17)
+
+    assert (scl1 + scl2).equals(pc.add_checked(scl1, scl2))
+    assert (scl2 / scl1).equals(pc.divide_checked(scl2, scl1))
+    assert (scl1 * scl2).equals(pc.multiply_checked(scl1, scl2))
+    assert (-scl1).equals(pc.negate_checked(scl1))
+    assert (scl1 ** 2).equals(pc.power_checked(scl1, 2))
+    assert (scl1 - scl2).equals(pc.subtract_checked(scl1, scl2))
+
+
+def test_bitwise_dunders():
+    # GH-32007
+    scl1 = pa.scalar(42)
+    scl2 = pa.scalar(-17)
+
+    assert (scl1 & scl2).equals(pc.bit_wise_and(scl1, scl2))
+    assert (scl1 | scl2).equals(pc.bit_wise_or(scl1, scl2))
+    assert (scl1 ^ scl2).equals(pc.bit_wise_xor(scl1, scl2))
+    assert (scl2 << scl1).equals(pc.shift_left_checked(scl2, scl1))
+    assert (scl2 >> scl1).equals(pc.shift_right_checked(scl2, scl1))
+
+
+def test_dunders_unmatching_types():
+    # GH-32007
+    error_match = r"Function '\w+' has no kernel matching input types"
+    string_scl = pa.scalar("abc")
+    double_scl = pa.scalar(1.23)
+
+    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowNotImplementedError, match=error_match):
+        string_scl + double_scl
+    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowNotImplementedError, match=error_match):
+        string_scl - double_scl
+    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowNotImplementedError, match=error_match):
+        string_scl / double_scl
+    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowNotImplementedError, match=error_match):
+        string_scl * double_scl
+
+
+def test_dunders_checked_overflow():
+    # GH-32007
+    error_match = "overflow"
+    scl = pa.scalar(127, type=pa.int8())
+
+    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid, match=error_match):
+        scl + scl
+    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid, match=error_match):
+        scl - (-scl)
+    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid, match=error_match):
+        scl ** scl
+    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid, match=error_match):
+        scl * scl
