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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<head>

<title>matplotlib — Matplotlib 2.2.5 documentation</title>

type="text/css" />

type="text/css" />

var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {

URL_ROOT: '../',

VERSION: '2.2.5',

COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,

FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',

HAS_SOURCE: true,

SOURCELINK_SUFFIX: '.txt'

};

</script>

title="Search within Matplotlib 2.2.5 documentation"

href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>

</head>

<body>

<div id="unreleased-message"> You are reading an old version of the documentation (v2.2.5). For the latest version see <a href="/stable/">https://matplotlib.org/stable/</a> </div>

<div style="float: left; position: absolute; width: 496px; bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 24px">Version 2.2.5</div>

<div id="forkongithub"><a href="https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib">Fork me on GitHub</a></div>

</div>

<h3>Navigation</h3>

<ul>

<a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"

accesskey="I">index</a></li>

<a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"

>modules</a> |</li>

<li><a href="../gallery/index.html">examples</a>| </li>

<li><a href="../tutorials/index.html">tutorials</a>| </li>

<li><a href="../api/pyplot_summary.html">pyplot</a>| </li>

<li><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">Module code</a> »</li>

</ul>

</div>

<h3>Quick search</h3>

</form>

</div>

<h3>Related Topics</h3>

<ul>

<li><a href="../contents.html">Documentation overview</a><ul>

<li><a href="index.html">Module code</a><ul>

</ul></li>

</ul>

</div>

<h1>Source code for matplotlib</h1><div class="highlight"><pre>

"""

This is an object-oriented plotting library.

A procedural interface is provided by the companion pyplot module,

which may be imported directly, e.g.::

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

or using ipython::

ipython

at your terminal, followed by::

In [1]: %matplotlib

In [2]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

at the ipython shell prompt.

For the most part, direct use of the object-oriented library is

encouraged when programming; pyplot is primarily for working

interactively. The

exceptions are the pyplot commands :func:`~matplotlib.pyplot.figure`,

:func:`~matplotlib.pyplot.subplot`,

:func:`~matplotlib.pyplot.subplots`, and

:func:`~pyplot.savefig`, which can greatly simplify scripting.

Modules include:

:mod:`matplotlib.axes`

defines the :class:`~matplotlib.axes.Axes` class. Most pylab

commands are wrappers for :class:`~matplotlib.axes.Axes`

methods. The axes module is the highest level of OO access to

the library.

:mod:`matplotlib.figure`

defines the :class:`~matplotlib.figure.Figure` class.

:mod:`matplotlib.artist`

defines the :class:`~matplotlib.artist.Artist` base class for

all classes that draw things.

:mod:`matplotlib.lines`

defines the :class:`~matplotlib.lines.Line2D` class for

drawing lines and markers

:mod:`matplotlib.patches`

defines classes for drawing polygons

:mod:`matplotlib.text`

defines the :class:`~matplotlib.text.Text`,

:class:`~matplotlib.text.TextWithDash`, and

:class:`~matplotlib.text.Annotate` classes

:mod:`matplotlib.image`

defines the :class:`~matplotlib.image.AxesImage` and

:class:`~matplotlib.image.FigureImage` classes

:mod:`matplotlib.collections`

classes for efficient drawing of groups of lines or polygons

:mod:`matplotlib.colors`

classes for interpreting color specifications and for making

colormaps

:mod:`matplotlib.cm`

colormaps and the :class:`~matplotlib.image.ScalarMappable`

mixin class for providing color mapping functionality to other

classes

:mod:`matplotlib.ticker`

classes for calculating tick mark locations and for formatting

tick labels

:mod:`matplotlib.backends`

a subpackage with modules for various gui libraries and output

formats

The base matplotlib namespace includes:

:data:`~matplotlib.rcParams`

a global dictionary of default configuration settings. It is

initialized by code which may be overridden by a matplotlibrc

file.

:func:`~matplotlib.rc`

a function for setting groups of rcParams values

:func:`~matplotlib.use`

a function for setting the matplotlib backend. If used, this

function must be called immediately after importing matplotlib

for the first time. In particular, it must be called

**before** importing pylab (if pylab is imported).

matplotlib was initially written by John D. Hunter (1968-2012) and is now

developed and maintained by a host of others.

Occasionally the internal documentation (python docstrings) will refer

to MATLAB&reg;, a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc.

"""

from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function

import six

import atexit

try:

from collections.abc import MutableMapping

except ImportError:

from collections import MutableMapping

import contextlib

import distutils.version

import functools

import io

import inspect

import itertools

import locale

import logging

import os

import re

import shutil

import stat

import sys

import tempfile

import warnings

# cbook must import matplotlib only within function

# definitions, so it is safe to import from it here.

from . import cbook

from matplotlib.cbook import (

_backports, mplDeprecation, dedent, get_label, sanitize_sequence)

from matplotlib.compat import subprocess

from matplotlib.rcsetup import defaultParams, validate_backend, cycler

import numpy

from six.moves.urllib.request import urlopen

from six.moves import reload_module as reload

# Get the version from the _version.py versioneer file. For a git checkout,

# this is computed based on the number of commits since the last tag.

from ._version import get_versions

__version__ = str(get_versions()['version'])

del get_versions

_log = logging.getLogger(__name__)

__version__numpy__ = str('1.7.1') # minimum required numpy version

__bibtex__ = r"""@Article{Hunter:2007,

Author = {Hunter, J. D.},

Title = {Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment},

Journal = {Computing In Science \& Engineering},

Volume = {9},

Number = {3},

Pages = {90--95},

abstract = {Matplotlib is a 2D graphics package used for Python

for application development, interactive scripting, and

publication-quality image generation across user

interfaces and operating systems.},

publisher = {IEEE COMPUTER SOC},

year = 2007

}"""

_python27 = (sys.version_info.major == 2 and sys.version_info.minor >= 7)

_python34 = (sys.version_info.major == 3 and sys.version_info.minor >= 4)

if not (_python27 or _python34):

raise ImportError("Matplotlib requires Python 2.7 or 3.4 or later")

if _python27:

_log.addHandler(logging.NullHandler())

def compare_versions(a, b):

"return True if a is greater than or equal to b"

if a:

if six.PY3:

if isinstance(a, bytes):

a = a.decode('ascii')

if isinstance(b, bytes):

b = b.decode('ascii')

a = distutils.version.LooseVersion(a)

b = distutils.version.LooseVersion(b)

return a >= b

else:

return False

try:

import dateutil

except ImportError:

raise ImportError("Matplotlib requires dateutil")

if not compare_versions(six.__version__, '1.10'):

raise ImportError(

"Matplotlib requires six>=1.10; you have %s" % six.__version__)

try:

import pyparsing

except ImportError:

raise ImportError("Matplotlib requires pyparsing")

else:

if not compare_versions(pyparsing.__version__, '2.0.1'):

raise ImportError(

"Matplotlib requires pyparsing>=2.0.1; you have %s"

% pyparsing.__version__)

if not compare_versions(numpy.__version__, __version__numpy__):

raise ImportError(

"Matplotlib requires numpy>=%s; you have %s" % (

__version__numpy__, numpy.__version__))

if not hasattr(sys, 'argv'): # for modpython

sys.argv = [str('modpython')]

def _is_writable_dir(p):

"""

p is a string pointing to a putative writable dir -- return True p

is such a string, else False

"""

return os.access(p, os.W_OK) and os.path.isdir(p)

_verbose_msg = """\

matplotlib.verbose is deprecated;

Command line argument --verbose-LEVEL is deprecated.

This functionality is now provided by the standard

python logging library. To get more (or less) logging output:

import logging

logger = logging.getLogger('matplotlib')

logger.set_level(logging.INFO)"""

def _set_logger_verbose_level(level_str='silent', file_str='sys.stdout'):

"""

Use a --verbose-LEVEL level to set the logging level:

"""

levelmap = {'silent': logging.WARNING, 'helpful': logging.INFO,

'debug': logging.DEBUG, 'debug-annoying': logging.DEBUG,

'info': logging.INFO, 'warning': logging.WARNING}

# Check that current state of logger isn't already more verbose

# than the requested level. If it is more verbose, then leave more

# verbose.

newlev = levelmap[level_str]

oldlev = _log.getEffectiveLevel()

if newlev < oldlev:

_log.setLevel(newlev)

std = {

'sys.stdout': sys.stdout,

'sys.stderr': sys.stderr,

}

if file_str in std:

fileo = std[file_str]

else:

fileo = sys.stdout

try:

fileo = open(file_str, 'w')

# if this fails, we will just write to stdout

except IOError:

warnings.warn('could not open log file "{0}"'

'for writing. Check your '

'matplotlibrc'.format(file_str))

console = logging.StreamHandler(fileo)

console.setLevel(newlev)

_log.addHandler(console)

def _parse_commandline():

"""

Check for --verbose-LEVEL type command line arguments and

set logging level appropriately.

"""

levels = ('silent', 'helpful', 'debug', 'debug-annoying',

'info', 'warning')

for arg in sys.argv[1:]:

if arg.startswith('--verbose-'):

level_str = arg[10:]

# If it doesn't match one of ours, then don't even

# bother noting it, we are just a 3rd-party library

# to somebody else's script.

if level_str in levels:

_set_logger_verbose_level(level_str)

_parse_commandline()

class Verbose(object):

"""

A class to handle reporting. Set the fileo attribute to any file

instance to handle the output. Default is sys.stdout

"""

vald = {level: i for i, level in enumerate(levels)}

# parse the verbosity from the command line; flags look like

# --verbose-silent or --verbose-helpful

_commandLineVerbose = None

if not arg.startswith('--verbose-'):

continue

level_str = arg[10:]

# If it doesn't match one of ours, then don't even

# bother noting it, we are just a 3rd-party library

# to somebody else's script.

if level_str in levels:

_commandLineVerbose = level_str

@cbook.deprecated("2.2", message=_verbose_msg)

def __init__(self):

self.set_level('silent')

self.fileo = sys.stdout

def set_level(self, level):

'set the verbosity to one of the Verbose.levels strings'

if self._commandLineVerbose is not None:

level = self._commandLineVerbose

if level not in self.levels:

warnings.warn('matplotlib: unrecognized --verbose-* string "%s".'

' Legal values are %s' % (level, self.levels))

else:

self.level = level

def set_fileo(self, fname):

std = {

'sys.stdout': sys.stdout,

'sys.stderr': sys.stderr,

}

if fname in std:

self.fileo = std[fname]

else:

try:

fileo = open(fname, 'w')

except IOError:

raise ValueError('Verbose object could not open log file "{0}"'

' for writing.\nCheck your matplotlibrc '

'verbose.fileo setting'.format(fname))

else:

self.fileo = fileo

def report(self, s, level='helpful'):

"""

print message s to self.fileo if self.level>=level. Return

value indicates whether a message was issued

"""

if self.ge(level):

print(s, file=self.fileo)

return True

return False

def wrap(self, fmt, func, level='helpful', always=True):

"""

return a callable function that wraps func and reports it

output through the verbose handler if current verbosity level

is higher than level

if always is True, the report will occur on every function

call; otherwise only on the first time the function is called

"""

assert callable(func)

def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):

ret = func(*args, **kwargs)

if (always or not wrapper._spoke):

spoke = self.report(fmt % ret, level)

if not wrapper._spoke:

wrapper._spoke = spoke

return ret

wrapper._spoke = False

wrapper.__doc__ = func.__doc__

return wrapper

def ge(self, level):

'return true if self.level is >= level'

return self.vald[self.level] >= self.vald[level]

with warnings.catch_warnings():

warnings.simplefilter("ignore")

verbose = Verbose()

def _wrap(fmt, func, level=logging.DEBUG, always=True):

"""

return a callable function that wraps func and reports its

output through logger

if always is True, the report will occur on every function

call; otherwise only on the first time the function is called

"""

assert callable(func)

_log.log(level, fmt % ret)

spoke = True

if not wrapper._spoke:

wrapper._spoke = spoke

return ret

wrapper._spoke = False

wrapper.__doc__ = func.__doc__

return wrapper

def checkdep_dvipng():

try:

stdout=subprocess.PIPE,

stderr=subprocess.PIPE)

stdout, stderr = s.communicate()

line = stdout.decode('ascii').split('\n')[1]

v = line.split()[-1]

return v

except (IndexError, ValueError, OSError):

return None

def checkdep_ghostscript():

if checkdep_ghostscript.executable is None:

if sys.platform == 'win32':

# mgs is the name in miktex

gs_execs = ['gswin32c', 'gswin64c', 'mgs', 'gs']

else:

gs_execs = ['gs']

for gs_exec in gs_execs:

try:

s = subprocess.Popen(

[str(gs_exec), '--version'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE,

stderr=subprocess.PIPE)

if s.returncode == 0:

v = stdout[:-1].decode('ascii')

checkdep_ghostscript.executable = gs_exec

checkdep_ghostscript.version = v

pass

return checkdep_ghostscript.executable, checkdep_ghostscript.version

checkdep_ghostscript.executable = None

checkdep_ghostscript.version = None

# Deprecated, as it is unneeded and some distributions (e.g. MiKTeX 2.9.6350)

# do not actually report the TeX version.

@cbook.deprecated("2.1")

def checkdep_tex():

try:

s = subprocess.Popen([str('tex'), '-version'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE,

stderr=subprocess.PIPE)

pattern = r'3\.1\d+'

match = re.search(pattern, line)

v = match.group(0)

return v

return None

def checkdep_pdftops():

try:

s = subprocess.Popen([str('pdftops'), '-v'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE,

stderr=subprocess.PIPE)

lines = stderr.decode('ascii').split('\n')

for line in lines:

if 'version' in line:

return v

return None

def checkdep_inkscape():

if checkdep_inkscape.version is None:

try:

stdout=subprocess.PIPE,

stderr=subprocess.PIPE)

lines = stdout.decode('ascii').split('\n')

for line in lines:

if 'Inkscape' in line:

break

checkdep_inkscape.version = v

pass

return checkdep_inkscape.version

checkdep_inkscape.version = None

@cbook.deprecated("2.1")

def checkdep_xmllint():

try:

stdout=subprocess.PIPE,

stderr=subprocess.PIPE)

for line in lines:

if 'version' in line:

break

return v

return None

def checkdep_ps_distiller(s):

if not s:

return False

flag = True

gs_req = '8.60'

gs_exec, gs_v = checkdep_ghostscript()

if not compare_versions(gs_v, gs_req):

flag = False

warnings.warn(('matplotlibrc ps.usedistiller option can not be used '

'unless ghostscript-%s or later is installed on your '

'system') % gs_req)

if s == 'xpdf':

pdftops_req = '3.0'

pdftops_req_alt = '0.9' # poppler version numbers, ugh

pdftops_v = checkdep_pdftops()

if compare_versions(pdftops_v, pdftops_req):

pass

elif (compare_versions(pdftops_v, pdftops_req_alt) and not

compare_versions(pdftops_v, '1.0')):

pass

else:

flag = False

warnings.warn(('matplotlibrc ps.usedistiller can not be set to '

'xpdf unless xpdf-%s or later is installed on '

'your system') % pdftops_req)

if flag:

return s

else:

return False

def checkdep_usetex(s):

if not s:

return False

gs_req = '8.60'

dvipng_req = '1.6'

flag = True

if _backports.which("tex") is None:

flag = False

warnings.warn('matplotlibrc text.usetex option can not be used unless '

'TeX is installed on your system')

dvipng_v = checkdep_dvipng()

if not compare_versions(dvipng_v, dvipng_req):

flag = False

warnings.warn('matplotlibrc text.usetex can not be used with *Agg '

'backend unless dvipng-%s or later is installed on '

'your system' % dvipng_req)

gs_exec, gs_v = checkdep_ghostscript()

flag = False

warnings.warn('matplotlibrc text.usetex can not be used unless '

'ghostscript-%s or later is installed on your system'

% gs_req)

return flag

def _get_home():

"""Find user's home directory if possible.

Otherwise, returns None.

:see:

http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2005-February/325395.html

"""

if six.PY2 and sys.platform == 'win32':

path = os.path.expanduser(b"~").decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())

else:

if os.path.isdir(path):

return path

for evar in ('HOME', 'USERPROFILE', 'TMP'):

path = os.environ.get(evar)

if path is not None and os.path.isdir(path):

return path

return None

def _create_tmp_config_dir():

"""

If the config directory can not be created, create a temporary

directory.

"""

configdir = os.environ['MPLCONFIGDIR'] = (

tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='matplotlib-'))

atexit.register(shutil.rmtree, configdir)

return configdir

get_home = _wrap('$HOME=%s', _get_home, always=False)

def _get_xdg_config_dir():

"""

Returns the XDG configuration directory, according to the `XDG

base directory spec

<http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html>`_.

"""

if path is None:

path = get_home()

if path is not None:

return path

def _get_xdg_cache_dir():

"""

Returns the XDG cache directory, according to the `XDG

base directory spec

<http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html>`_.

"""

if path is None:

path = get_home()

if path is not None:

return path

def _get_config_or_cache_dir(xdg_base):

from matplotlib.cbook import mkdirs

configdir = os.environ.get('MPLCONFIGDIR')

if configdir is not None:

configdir = os.path.abspath(configdir)

if not os.path.exists(configdir):

mkdirs(configdir)

if not _is_writable_dir(configdir):

return _create_tmp_config_dir()

return configdir

p = None

h = get_home()

if h is not None:

p = os.path.join(h, '.matplotlib')

if sys.platform.startswith(('linux', 'freebsd')):

p = None

if xdg_base is not None:

p = os.path.join(xdg_base, 'matplotlib')

if p is not None:

if os.path.exists(p):

if _is_writable_dir(p):

return p

else:

try:

mkdirs(p)

except OSError:

pass

else:

return p

return _create_tmp_config_dir()

def _get_configdir():

"""

Return the string representing the configuration directory.

The directory is chosen as follows:

1. If the MPLCONFIGDIR environment variable is supplied, choose that.

2a. On Linux, follow the XDG specification and look first in

`$XDG_CONFIG_HOME`, if defined, or `$HOME/.config`.

2b. On other platforms, choose `$HOME/.matplotlib`.

3. If the chosen directory exists and is writable, use that as the

configuration directory.

4. If possible, create a temporary directory, and use it as the

configuration directory.

5. A writable directory could not be found or created; return None.

"""

return _get_config_or_cache_dir(_get_xdg_config_dir())

get_configdir = _wrap('CONFIGDIR=%s', _get_configdir, always=False)

def _get_cachedir():

"""

Return the location of the cache directory.

The procedure used to find the directory is the same as for

_get_config_dir, except using `$XDG_CACHE_HOME`/`~/.cache` instead.

"""

return _get_config_or_cache_dir(_get_xdg_cache_dir())

get_cachedir = _wrap('CACHEDIR=%s', _get_cachedir, always=False)

def _decode_filesystem_path(path):

if not isinstance(path, str):

return path.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())

else:

return path

def _get_data_path():

'get the path to matplotlib data'

if 'MATPLOTLIBDATA' in os.environ:

path = os.environ['MATPLOTLIBDATA']

if not os.path.isdir(path):

raise RuntimeError('Path in environment MATPLOTLIBDATA not a '

'directory')

return path

_file = _decode_filesystem_path(__file__)

path = os.sep.join([os.path.dirname(_file), 'mpl-data'])

return path

# setuptools' namespace_packages may highjack this init file

# so need to try something known to be in matplotlib, not basemap

import matplotlib.afm

_file = _decode_filesystem_path(matplotlib.afm.__file__)

return path

# py2exe zips pure python, so still need special check

if getattr(sys, 'frozen', None):

exe_path = os.path.dirname(_decode_filesystem_path(sys.executable))

return path

# Try again assuming we need to step up one more directory

path = os.path.join(os.path.split(exe_path)[0], 'mpl-data')

return path

# Try again assuming sys.path[0] is a dir not a exe

path = os.path.join(sys.path[0], 'mpl-data')

return path

raise RuntimeError('Could not find the matplotlib data files')

def _get_data_path_cached():

if defaultParams['datapath'][0] is None:

defaultParams['datapath'][0] = _get_data_path()

return defaultParams['datapath'][0]

get_data_path = _wrap('matplotlib data path %s', _get_data_path_cached,

always=False)

def get_py2exe_datafiles():

datapath = get_data_path()

_, tail = os.path.split(datapath)

d = {}

for root, _, files in os.walk(datapath):

# Need to explicitly remove cocoa_agg files or py2exe complains

# NOTE I don't know why, but do as previous version

if 'Matplotlib.nib' in files:

files.remove('Matplotlib.nib')

files = [os.path.join(root, filename) for filename in files]

root = root.replace(tail, 'mpl-data')

root = root[root.index('mpl-data'):]

d[root] = files

return list(d.items())

<div class="viewcode-block" id="matplotlib_fname"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../api/matplotlib_configuration_api.html#matplotlib.matplotlib_fname">[docs]</a>def matplotlib_fname():

"""

Get the location of the config file.

The file location is determined in the following order

- `$PWD/matplotlibrc`

- `$MATPLOTLIBRC` if it is a file (or a named pipe, which can be created

e.g. by process substitution)

- `$MATPLOTLIBRC/matplotlibrc`

- `$MPLCONFIGDIR/matplotlibrc`

- On Linux,

- `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/matplotlib/matplotlibrc` (if

$XDG_CONFIG_HOME is defined)

- or `$HOME/.config/matplotlib/matplotlibrc` (if

$XDG_CONFIG_HOME is not defined)

- On other platforms,

- `$HOME/.matplotlib/matplotlibrc` if `$HOME` is defined.

- Lastly, it looks in `$MATPLOTLIBDATA/matplotlibrc` for a

system-defined copy.

"""

def gen_candidates():

yield os.path.join(six.moves.getcwd(), 'matplotlibrc')

try:

matplotlibrc = os.environ['MATPLOTLIBRC']

except KeyError:

pass

else:

yield matplotlibrc

yield os.path.join(matplotlibrc, 'matplotlibrc')

yield os.path.join(_get_configdir(), 'matplotlibrc')

yield os.path.join(get_data_path(), 'matplotlibrc')

for fname in gen_candidates():

st_mode = os.stat(fname).st_mode

if stat.S_ISREG(st_mode) or stat.S_ISFIFO(st_mode):

break

# Return first candidate that is a file, or last candidate if none is

# valid (in that case, a warning is raised at startup by `rc_params`).

return fname</div>

# names of keys to deprecate

# the values are a tuple of (new_name, f_old_2_new, f_new_2_old)

# the inverse function may be `None`

_deprecated_map = {}

_deprecated_ignore_map = {'nbagg.transparent': 'figure.facecolor'}

_obsolete_set = {'plugins.directory', 'text.dvipnghack'}

# The following may use a value of None to suppress the warning.

# do NOT include in _all_deprecated

_deprecated_set = {'axes.hold',

'backend.qt4',

'backend.qt5'}

_all_deprecated = set(itertools.chain(

_deprecated_ignore_map, _deprecated_map, _obsolete_set))

<div class="viewcode-block" id="RcParams"><a class="viewcode-back" href="../api/matplotlib_configuration_api.html#matplotlib.RcParams">[docs]</a>class RcParams(MutableMapping, dict):

"""

A dictionary object including validation

validating functions are defined and associated with rc parameters in

:mod:`matplotlib.rcsetup`

"""

validate = dict((key, converter) for key, (default, converter) in

six.iteritems(defaultParams)

if key not in _all_deprecated)

msg_depr = "%s is deprecated and replaced with %s; please use the latter."

msg_depr_set = ("%s is deprecated. Please remove it from your "

"matplotlibrc and/or style files.")

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