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‎Notes/03_Program_organization/00_Overview.md‎

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# Overview
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# 3. Program Organization
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In this section you will learn:
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So far, we've learned some Python basics and have written some short scripts.
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However, as you start to write larger programs, you'll want to get organized.
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This section dives into greater details on writing functions, handling errors,
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and introduces modules. By the end you should be able to write programs
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that are subdivided into functions across multiple files. We'll also give
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some useful code templates for writing more useful scripts.
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* How to organize larger programs.
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* Defining and working with functions.
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* Exceptions and Error handling.
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* Basic module management.
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* Script writing.
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* [3.1 Functions and Script Writing](01_Script)
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* [3.2 More Detail on Functions](02_More_functions)
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* [3.3 Exception Handling](03_Error_checking)
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* [3.4 Modules](04_Modules)
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* [3.5 Main module](05_Main_module)
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* [3.6 Design Discussion about Embracing Flexibilty](06_Design_discussion)
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Python is great for short scripts, one-off problems, prototyping, testing, etc.
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[Contents](../Contents)

‎Notes/04_Classes_objects/00_Overview.md‎

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# Overview
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## Object Oriented (OO) programming
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A Programming technique where code is organized as a collection of *objects*.
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An *object* consists of:
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* Data. Attributes
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* Behavior. Methods, functions applied to the object.
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You have already been using some OO during this course.
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For example with Lists.
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```python
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>>> nums = [1, 2, 3]
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>>> nums.append(4) # Method
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>>> nums.insert(1,10) # Method
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>>> nums
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[1, 10, 2, 3, 4] # Data
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>>>
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```
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`nums` is an *instance* of a list.
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Methods (`append` and `insert`) are attached to the instance (`nums`).
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## Summary
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This will be a high-level overview of classes.
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Most code involving classes will involve the topics covered in this section.
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If you're merely using existing libraries, the code is typically fairly simple.
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# 4. Classes and Objects
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So far, our programs have only used built-in Python datatypes. In
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this section, we introduce the concept of classes and objects. You'll
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learn about the `class` statement that allows you to make new objects.
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We'll also introduce the concept of inheritance, a tool that is commonly
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use to build extensible programs. Finally, we'll look at a few other
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features of classes including special methods, dynamic attribute lookup,
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and defining new exceptions.
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* [4.1 Introducing Classes](01_Class)
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* [4.2 Inheritance](02_Inheritance)
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* [4.3 Special Methods](03_Special_methods)
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* [4.4 Defining new Exception](04_Defining_exceptions)
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[Contents](../Contents)

‎Notes/04_Classes_objects/01_Class.md‎

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# 4.1 Classes
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### Object Oriented (OO) programming
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A Programming technique where code is organized as a collection of *objects*.
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An *object* consists of:
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* Data. Attributes
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* Behavior. Methods, functions applied to the object.
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You have already been using some OO during this course.
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For example with Lists.
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```python
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>>> nums = [1, 2, 3]
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>>> nums.append(4) # Method
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>>> nums.insert(1,10) # Method
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>>> nums
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[1, 10, 2, 3, 4] # Data
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>>>
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```
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`nums` is an *instance* of a list.
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Methods (`append` and `insert`) are attached to the instance (`nums`).
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### The `class` statement
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Use the `class` statement to define a new object.

‎Notes/05_Object_model/00_Overview.md‎

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# Overview
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# 5. Inner Workings of Python Objects
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The inner workings of Python Objects.
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This section covers some of the inner workings of Python objects.
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Programmers coming from other programming languages often find
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Python's notion of classes lacking in features. For example, there is
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no notion of access-control (e.g., private, protected), the whole
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`self` argument feels weird, and frankly, working with objects
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sometimes feel like a "free for all." Maybe that's true, but we'll
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find out how it all works as well as some common programming idioms to
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better encapsulate the internals of objects.
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In this section we will cover:
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It's not necessary to worry about the inner details to be productive.
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However, most Python coders have a basic awareness of how classes
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work. So, that's why we're covering it.
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* A few more details about how objects work.
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* How objects are represented.
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* Details of attribute access.
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* Data encapsulation techniques.
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* [5.1 Dictionaries Revisited (Object Implementation)](01_Dicts_revisited)
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* [5.2 Encapsulation Techniques](02_Classes_encapsulation)
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[Contents](../Contents)
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‎Notes/06_Generators/00_Overview.md‎

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# Overview
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# 6. Generators
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A simple definition of *Iteration*: Looping over items.
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Iteration (the `for`-loop) is one of the most common programming
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patterns in Python. Programs do a lot of iteration to process lists,
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read files, query databases, and more. One of the most powerful
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features of Python is the ability to customize and redefine iteration
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in the form of a so-called "generator function." This section
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introduces this topic. By the end, you'll write some programs that
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process some real-time streaming data in an interesting way.
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```python
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a = [2,4,10,37,62]
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# Iterate over a
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for x in a:
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...
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```
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* [6.1 Iteration Protocol](01_Iteration_protocol)
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* [6.2 Customizing Iteration with Generators](02_Customizing_iteration)
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* [6.3 Producer/Consumer Problems and Workflows](03_Producers_consumers)
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* [6.4 Generator Expressions](04_More_generators)
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This is a very common pattern. Loops, list comprehensions, etc.
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Most programs do a huge amount of iteration.
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[Contents](../Contents)

‎Notes/07_Advanced_Topics/00_Overview.md‎

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# Overview
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# 7. Advanced Topics
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In this section we will take a look at more Python features you may encounter.
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In this section, we look at a small set of somewhat more advanced
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Python features that you might encounter in your day-to-day coding.
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Many of these topics could have been covered in earlier course
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sections, but weren't in order to spare you further head-explosion at
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the time.
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* Variable argument functions
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* Anonymous functions and lambda
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* Returning function and closures
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* Function decorators
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* Static and class methods
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It should be emphasized that the topics in this section are only meant
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to serve as a very basic introduction to these ideas. You will need
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to seek more advanced material to fill out details.
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* [7.1 Variable argument functions](01_Variable_arguments)
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* [7.2 Anonymous functions and lambda](02_Anonymous_function)
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* [7.3 Returning function and closures](03_Retuning_functions)
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* [7.4 Function decorators](04_Function_decorators)
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* [7.5 Static and class methods](05_Decorated_methods)
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[Contents](../Contents)

‎Notes/08_Testing_debugging/00_Overview.md‎

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# Overview
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# 8. Overview
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In this section we will cover the basics of:
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This section introduces a few basic topics related to testing,
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logging, and debugging.
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* Testing
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* Logging, error handling and diagnostics
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* Debugging
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* [8.1 Testing](01_Testing)
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* [8.2 Logging, error handling and diagnostics](02_Logging)
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* [8.3 Debugging](03_Debugging)
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[Contents](../Contents)
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Using Python.

‎Notes/09_Packages/00_Overview.md‎

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# Overview
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# 9 Packages
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In this section we will cover more details on:
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We conclude the course with a few details on how to organize your code
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into a package structure. We'll also discuss the installation of
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third party packages and preparing to give your own code away to others.
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* Packages.
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* Third Party Modules.
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* How to structure an application.
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The subject of packaging is an ever-evolving, overly complex part of
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Python development. Rather than focus on specific tools, the main
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focus of this section is on some general code organization principles
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that will prove useful no matter what tools you later use to give code
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away or manage dependencies.
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* [9.1 Packages](01_Packages)
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* [9.2 Third Party Modules](02_Third_party)
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* [9.3 Giving your code to others](03_Distribution)
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[Contents](../Contents)

‎Notes/Contents.md‎

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# Table of Contents
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# Practical Python Programming
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## [1. Introduction to Python](01_Introduction/00_Overview)
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* [1.1 Introducing Python](01_Introduction/01_Python)
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* [1.2 A First Program](01_Introduction/02_Hello_world)
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* [1.3 Numbers](01_Introduction/03_Numbers)
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* [1.4 Strings](01_Introduction/04_Strings)
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* [1.5 Lists](01_Introduction/05_Lists)
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* [1.6 Files](01_Introduction/06_Files)
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* [1.7 Functions](01_Introduction/07_Functions)
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## [2. Working with Data](02_Working_with_data/00_Overview)
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* [2.1 Datatypes and Data Structures](02_Working_with_data/01_Datatypes)
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* [2.2 Containers](02_Working_with_data/02_Containers)
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* [2.3 Formatted Output](02_Working_with_data/03_Formatting)
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* [2.4 Sequences](02_Working_with_data/04_Sequences)
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* [2.5 Collections module](02_Working_with_data/05_Collections)
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* [2.6 List comprehensions](02_Working_with_data/06_List_comprehension)
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* [2.7 Object model](02_Working_with_data/07_Objects)
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## [3. Program Organization)(03_Program_organization/00_Overview)
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* [3.1 Functions and Script Writing](03_Program_organization/01_Script)
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* [3.2 More Detail on Functions](03_Program_organization/02_More_functions)
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* [3.3 Exception Handling](03_Program_organization/03_Error_checking)
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* [3.4 Modules](03_Program_organization/04_Modules)
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* [3.5 Main module](03_Program_organization/05_Main_module)
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* [3.6 Design Discussion about Embracing Flexibilty](03_Program_organization/06_Design_discussion)
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## [4. Classes and Objects)(04_Classes_objects/00_Overview)
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* [4.1 Introducing Classes](04_Classes_objects/01_Class)
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* [4.2 Inheritance](04_Classes_objects/02_Inheritance)
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* [4.3 Special Methods](04_Classes_objects/03_Special_methods)
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* [4.4 Defining new Exception](04_Classes_objects/04_Defining_exceptions)
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## [5. The Inner Workings of Python Objects)(05_Object_model/00_Overview)
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* [5.1 Dictionaries Revisited (Object Implementation)](05_Object_model/01_Dicts_revisited)
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* [5.2 Encapsulation Techniques](05_Object_model/02_Classes_encapsulation)
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## [6. Generators](06_Generators/00_Overview)
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* [6.1 Iteration Protocol](06_Generators/01_Iteration_protocol)
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* [6.2 Customizing Iteration with Generators](06_Generators/02_Customizing_iteration)
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* [6.3 Producer/Consumer Problems and Workflows](06_Generators/03_Producers_consumers)
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* [6.4 Generator Expressions](06_Generators/04_More_generators)
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## [7. A Few Advanced Topics](07_Advanced_Topics/00_Overview)
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* [7.1 Variable argument functions](07_Advanced_Topics/01_Variable_arguments)
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* [7.2 Anonymous functions and lambda](07_Advanced_Topics/02_Anonymous_function)
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* [7.3 Returning function and closures](07_Advanced_Topics/03_Retuning_functions)
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* [7.4 Function decorators](07_Advanced_Topics/04_Function_decorators)
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* [7.5 Static and class methods](07_Advanced_Topics/05_Decorated_methods)
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## [8. Testing, Logging, and Debugging](08_Testing_debugging/00_Overview)
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* [8.1 Testing](08_Testing_debugging/01_Testing)
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* [8.2 Logging, error handling and diagnostics](08_Testing_debugging/02_Logging)
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* [8.3 Debugging](08_Testing_debugging/03_Debugging)
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## [9. Packages](09_Packages/00_Overview)
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* [9.1 Packages](09_Packages/01_Packages)
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* [9.2 Third Party Modules](09_Packages/02_Third_party)
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* [9.3 Giving your code to others](09_Packages/03_Distribution)
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