Describe your change:

Changes made:

• Added detailed docstrings for binary_search()
• Added detailed docstrings for insertion_sort()
• Added detailed docstrings for merge()
• Added parameter and return value documentation
• Added doctest examples for helper functions
• Added type annotations to improve readability and maintainability

These changes make the implementation easier to understand and follow, especially for new contributors and learners.

Fixes #14773

• Add an algorithm?
• Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
• Add or change doctests?
• Documentation change?

Checklist:

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
• All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
• All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
• All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
• [v] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints.
• All functions have doctests that pass the automated testing.
• All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.
• If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the description above includes the issue number(s) with a closing keyword: "Fixes Add missing docstrings to helper functions in sorts/tim_sort.py #14773 ".