From a8ca5dfc0181169d429f0a26e6c0edc26a566495 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Amit Kumar <akumar@indeed.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Oct 2021 12:46:59 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 1/2] Fixes: #2620: Affine Cipher

---
 Ciphers/Affine.java | 92 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 92 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Ciphers/Affine.java

diff --git a/Ciphers/Affine.java b/Ciphers/Affine.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..341eb9a9be30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ciphers/Affine.java
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+package Ciphers;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+public class Affine {
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        test("javaalgorithms", 3, 7, 26);
+        test("hacktoberfest", 11, 17, 26);
+        test("opensourcecontribution", 23, 73, 26);
+        test("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz", 37, 73, 26);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test function which do encryption and decryption.
+     * @param plainText: The text to encrypt
+     * @param a: key for encryption
+     * @param b: key for encryption; a & b should be coprime
+     * @param m: size of alphabet set
+     */
+    private static void test(final String plainText,
+                             final int a,
+                             final int b,
+                             final int m) {
+        System.out.println("Input plain text: " + plainText);
+        final String cipherText = encrypt(plainText, a, b, m);
+        System.out.println("Encrypted plain text: " + cipherText);
+        final String decryptedText = decrypt(cipherText, a, b, m);
+        System.out.println("Decrypted cipher text: " + decryptedText);
+        assert decryptedText.equals(plainText): "Encryption/Decryption didn't work correctly";
+    }
+    /**
+     *
+     * @param plainText: The text to encrypt
+     * @param a: key for encryption
+     * @param b: key for encryption; a & b should be coprime
+     * @param m: size of alphabet set
+     * @return cipherText
+     *
+     * Encryption Formula used: {E(x)=(ax+b) mod (m)}
+     */
+    private static String encrypt(final String plainText,
+                                  final int a,
+                                  final int b,
+                                  final int m) {
+        final char[] cipherText = new char[plainText.length()];
+        final Map<Integer, Integer> lookup = new HashMap<>();
+        for(int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
+            final int encodedValue = (a * i + b) % m;
+            lookup.put(i, encodedValue);
+        }
+        for(int i = 0; i < plainText.length(); i++) {
+            cipherText[i] = (char) ('a' + lookup.get(plainText.charAt(i) - 'a'));
+        }
+        return new String(cipherText);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @param cipherText: text to decrypt
+     * @param a: key for encryption
+     * @param b: key for encryption; a & b should be coprime
+     * @param m: size of alphabet set
+     * @return plaintext
+     *
+     * Decryption Formula used: {D(x)=a^(-1)(x-b) mod (m)}
+     * where a^(-1) is the modular multiplicative inverse of a modulo m. I.e., it satisfies the equation
+     * { 1=aa^(-1) mod (m)}
+     *
+     * Since calculating inverse might be tricky a smart approach is to create a reverse lookup. Every
+     * language set has a limited number of character. So, we can calculate encoded character for each character
+     * and put in a map where encoded character is the key and original character is its value. Later use this
+     * reverse lookup map to decrypt.
+     */
+    private static String decrypt(final String cipherText,
+                                  final int a,
+                                  final int b,
+                                  final int m) {
+        final char[] plainText = new char[cipherText.length()];
+        final Map<Integer, Integer> reverseLookup = new HashMap<>();
+        for(int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
+            final int encodedValue = (a * i + b) % m;
+            reverseLookup.put(encodedValue, i);
+        }
+        for(int i = 0; i < cipherText.length(); i++) {
+            plainText[i] = (char) ('a' + reverseLookup.get(cipherText.charAt(i) - 'a'));
+        }
+
+        return new String(plainText);
+    }
+}

From 28bc9a27d69446896dcbeb0f2c95893d33511588 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Amit Kumar <akumar@indeed.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Oct 2021 12:56:33 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 2/2] Fixes: #2620: Add wikipedia link for Affine Cipher

---
 Ciphers/Affine.java | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Ciphers/Affine.java b/Ciphers/Affine.java
index 341eb9a9be30..a254f0e3059c 100644
--- a/Ciphers/Affine.java
+++ b/Ciphers/Affine.java
@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
 
+/**
+ * Wikipedia link for Affine Cipher: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_cipher
+ */
 public class Affine {
 
     public static void main(String[] args) {