from random import *

def qsort(list):

if not list:

return []

else:

pivot = list[0]

less = [x for x in list if x < pivot]

more = [x for x in list[1:] if x >= pivot]

return qsort(less) + [pivot] + qsort(more)

def qSort(a):

if len(a) <= 1:

return a

else:

q = choice(a) #基准的选择不同于前，是从数组中任意选择一个值做为基准

return qSort([elem for elem in a if elem < q]) + [q] * a.count(q) + qSort([elem for elem in a if elem > q])

qs = lambda xs : ( (len(xs) <= 1 and [xs]) or [ qs( [x for x in xs[1:] if x < xs[0]] ) + [xs[0]] + qs( [x for x in xs[1:] if x >= xs[0]] ) ] )[0]

if __name__=="__main__":

a = [4, 65, 2, -31, 0, 99, 83, 782, 1]

print(qs(a))

print(qsort(a))

print(qSort(a))