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<title>HTTP Custom Types Guide | NpgsqlRest</title>
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data-v-3f215769><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--><nav aria-labelledby="doc-outline-aria-label" class="VPDocAsideOutline" data-v-3f215769 data-v-a5bbad30><div class="content" data-v-a5bbad30><div class="outline-marker" data-v-a5bbad30></div><div aria-level="2" class="outline-title" id="doc-outline-aria-label" role="heading" data-v-a5bbad30>On this page</div><ul class="VPDocOutlineItem root" data-v-a5bbad30 data-v-b933a997><!--[--><!--]--></ul></div></nav><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><div class="comments-outline-link" data-v-6357a5e2><a href="#comments" class="outline-link" data-v-6357a5e2>Comments</a></div><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><!--]--><div class="spacer" data-v-3f215769></div><!--[--><!--]--><!----><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div></div><div class="content" data-v-39a288b8><div class="content-container" data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><main class="main" data-v-39a288b8><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _guide_http-types" data-v-39a288b8><div><h1 id="http-custom-types" tabindex="-1">HTTP Custom Types <a class="header-anchor" href="#http-custom-types" aria-label="Permalink to "HTTP Custom Types""></a></h1><p>HTTP Custom Types let a PostgreSQL routine <strong>make outbound HTTP calls</strong> — to a third-party API, an internal microservice, or even another endpoint of your own app — without any extension or <code>plpython</code>. You define the request in a <strong>composite type's comment</strong>, use that type as a function parameter, and NpgsqlRest performs the call and hands your function the response.</p><p>This guide covers:</p><ol><li><a href="#how-it-works">How HTTP Custom Types work</a></li><li><a href="#enabling-the-http-client">Enabling the HTTP client</a></li><li><a href="#defining-and-using-a-type">Defining and using a type</a></li><li><a href="#reading-the-response">Reading the response</a></li><li><a href="#dynamic-requests-with-placeholders">Dynamic requests with placeholders</a></li><li><a href="#timeouts-retries-and-caching">Timeouts, retries, and caching</a></li><li><a href="#multiple-calls-in-parallel">Multiple calls in parallel</a></li><li><a href="#self-calls-composing-your-own-endpoints">Self-calls: composing your own endpoints</a></li><li><a href="#secrets-and-server-side-values">Secrets and server-side values</a></li><li><a href="#configuration">Configuration</a></li></ol><div class="tip custom-block"><p class="custom-block-title">Reference page</p><p>This is the conceptual walkthrough. For the exact directive grammar and every option see <a href="./../annotations/http-type.html"><code>@http</code> custom types</a> and <a href="./../config/http-client.html">HTTP Client configuration</a>.</p></div><h2 id="how-it-works" tabindex="-1">How it works <a class="header-anchor" href="#how-it-works" aria-label="Permalink to "How it works""></a></h2><p>A composite <strong>type</strong> whose comment starts with (or contains) an HTTP request line becomes an HTTP Custom Type. When a routine declares a parameter of that type, NpgsqlRest performs the request <strong>before</strong> the routine runs and fills the type's fields with the response:</p><div class="language-mermaid vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">mermaid</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">flowchart TD</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> C["Client</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> GET /api/average-book-price"] --> NR["NpgsqlRest"]</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> NR -->|"1 — outbound call, before the function runs"| EXT["https://books.toscrape.com/"]</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> EXT -->|"response fills the _response fields"| NR</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> NR -->|"2 — run the function with _response populated"| FN["average_book_price(_response)"]</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> FN -->|"3 — return result"| C</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br></div></div><p>So from your function's point of view, the HTTP response is just <strong>another input parameter</strong> that's already populated. There are no callbacks and no blocking I/O in your SQL — NpgsqlRest does the call on the app tier.</p><h2 id="enabling-the-http-client" tabindex="-1">Enabling the HTTP client <a class="header-anchor" href="#enabling-the-http-client" aria-label="Permalink to "Enabling the HTTP client""></a></h2><p>HTTP Custom Types require the client to be switched on:</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>json</summary><div class="language-json vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">json</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">NpgsqlRest</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> {</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">HttpClientOptions</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> {</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">Enabled</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;"> true</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> }</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> }</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">}</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br></div></div></details><h2 id="defining-and-using-a-type" tabindex="-1">Defining and using a type <a class="header-anchor" href="#defining-and-using-a-type" aria-label="Permalink to "Defining and using a type""></a></h2><p>Two steps: define the composite type with a request in its comment, then declare it as a parameter.</p><div class="vp-code-group vp-adaptive-theme"><div class="tabs"><input type="radio" name="group-trxbQ" id="tab-ayq-U0n" checked><label data-title="Function" for="tab-ayq-U0n">Function</label><input type="radio" name="group-trxbQ" id="tab-I542lcm"><label data-title="SQL file" for="tab-I542lcm">SQL file</label></div><div class="blocks"><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>sql</summary><div class="language-sql vp-adaptive-theme active line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sql</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">-- 1. The type's comment defines the outbound request.</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> books_api</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> body </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> status_code </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> success </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">boolean</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> error_message </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on type books_api is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'GET https://books.toscrape.com/</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">Accept: text/html</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@timeout 30s'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">-- 2. Use the type as a parameter; NpgsqlRest fills it before the function runs.</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> function</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> average_book_price</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(_response books_api </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">default</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> null</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">returns</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> numeric</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">language</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> plpgsql</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> $$</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">begin</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> if</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> not</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (_response).success </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">then</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> raise exception </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'fetch failed: %'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> coalesce</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">((_response).error_message, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'status '</span><span style="--shiki-light:#179299;--shiki-dark:#94E2D5;"> ||</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (_response).status_code);</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> end</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> if</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> -- parse (_response).body … (XPath/regex) and compute the average</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> round</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">avg</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">substring</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(p::</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> from</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;"> '([0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)?)'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">)::</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">numeric</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">), </span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> from</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> unnest(</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> xpath(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'//p[@class="price_color"]/text()'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> xmlparse(document (_response).body))</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> ) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> p;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">end</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">$$;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on function average_book_price(books_api) is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">HTTP GET /average-book-price</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@allow_anonymous</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@single'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br><span class="line-number">27</span><br><span class="line-number">28</span><br><span class="line-number">29</span><br><span class="line-number">30</span><br><span class="line-number">31</span><br><span class="line-number">32</span><br><span class="line-number">33</span><br><span class="line-number">34</span><br><span class="line-number">35</span><br></div></div></details><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>sql</summary><div class="language-sql vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sql</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">-- The type is created once (in a migration or schema file):</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">-- create type books_api as (body text, status_code int, success boolean, error_message text);</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">-- comment on type books_api is 'GET https://books.toscrape.com/</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">-- Accept: text/html</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">-- @timeout 30s';</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">-- sql/average-book-price.sql</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">/*</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">HTTP GET /average-book-price</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">@allow_anonymous</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">@single</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">@param $1 _response books_api</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">*/</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">select</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> round</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">avg</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">substring</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(p::</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> from</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;"> '([0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)?)'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">)::</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">numeric</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">), </span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> avg_price</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">from</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> unnest(</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> xpath(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'//p[@class="price_color"]/text()'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> xmlparse(document ($</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">).body))</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> p;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br></div></div></details></div></div><p>The request spec lives entirely in the type comment:</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>code</summary><div class="language- vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang"></span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>GET https://books.toscrape.com/ ← method + URL (GET/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>Accept: text/html ← request headers, one per line</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>@timeout 30s ← optional directives (before the request line or after the headers)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span></span></span>
<span class="line"><span>… request body … ← optional, after a blank line</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div></details><blockquote><p>This is the <a href="/examples/">web-scraping example</a> (<code>17_scrap_demo_2</code>): fetch HTML server-side, then parse it with PostgreSQL's native XPath.</p></blockquote><h2 id="reading-the-response" tabindex="-1">Reading the response <a class="header-anchor" href="#reading-the-response" aria-label="Permalink to "Reading the response""></a></h2><p>Your function reads the response through the type's fields with the <code>(_param).field</code> syntax. The standard fields (names are <a href="#configuration">configurable</a>):</p><div class="table-container"><div class="table-wrapper"><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>Field</th><th>Type</th><th>Meaning</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>body</code></td><td><code>text</code> (or <code>jsonb</code>)</td><td>Response body. Declare it <code>jsonb</code> to parse JSON automatically.</td></tr><tr><td><code>status_code</code></td><td><code>int</code></td><td>HTTP status code.</td></tr><tr><td><code>success</code></td><td><code>boolean</code></td><td><code>true</code> for any <code>2xx</code> status.</td></tr><tr><td><code>content_type</code></td><td><code>text</code></td><td>The <code>Content-Type</code> header value.</td></tr><tr><td><code>headers</code></td><td><code>json</code></td><td>All response headers as a JSON object.</td></tr><tr><td><code>error_message</code></td><td><code>text</code></td><td>Set when the call itself failed (timeout, DNS, connection) — otherwise <code>null</code>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p>Errors are reported through <code>success</code>/<code>error_message</code>, <strong>not</strong> raised as exceptions — so always branch on <code>(_response).success</code> before using the body. You only need to declare the fields you actually use:</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>sql</summary><div class="language-sql vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sql</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> weather_api</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (body jsonb, success </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">boolean</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, error_message </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">);</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div></details><h2 id="dynamic-requests-with-placeholders" tabindex="-1">Dynamic requests with placeholders <a class="header-anchor" href="#dynamic-requests-with-placeholders" aria-label="Permalink to "Dynamic requests with placeholders""></a></h2><p>Any <code>{name}</code> in the URL, a header, or the body is replaced at request time with the value of the parameter <code>name</code> (the shared <a href="./../annotations/parameter-substitution.html">parameter-substitution</a> mechanism). Matching is case-insensitive; a <code>NULL</code> becomes an empty string.</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>sql</summary><div class="language-sql vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sql</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> exchange_rate_api</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (body jsonb, status_code </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, success </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">boolean</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, error_message </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on type exchange_rate_api is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'GET https://open.er-api.com/v6/latest/{_base_currency}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">Accept: application/json</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@timeout 10s'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> function</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> get_rates</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(_base_currency </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, _response exchange_rate_api </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">default</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> null</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">returns</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> jsonb </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">language</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> sql</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> $$</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> select</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> case</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> when</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (_response).success </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">then</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (_response).body</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> else</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> jsonb_build_object(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'error'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, (_response).error_message) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">end</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">$$;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on function get_rates(text, exchange_rate_api) is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">HTTP GET /rates</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@allow_anonymous'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br></div></div></details><p>A call to <code>GET /api/rates?baseCurrency=EUR</code> fetches <code>https://open.er-api.com/v6/latest/EUR</code>. Placeholders can also resolve to an <strong>allowlisted environment variable</strong> (for API keys — see <a href="#secrets-and-server-side-values">secrets</a>) or a <strong>resolved-parameter expression</strong>.</p><h2 id="timeouts-retries-and-caching" tabindex="-1">Timeouts, retries, and caching <a class="header-anchor" href="#timeouts-retries-and-caching" aria-label="Permalink to "Timeouts, retries, and caching""></a></h2><p>Three optional directives shape the call. They may appear <strong>before</strong> the request line or <strong>after</strong> the headers:</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>sql</summary><div class="language-sql vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sql</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on type my_api is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'@timeout 10s</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@retry_delay 1s, 2s, 5s on 429, 503</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@cache 5m</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">GET https://api.example.com/data</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">Accept: application/json'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div></details><div class="table-container"><div class="table-wrapper"><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>Directive</th><th>What it does</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>@timeout 10s</code></td><td>Per-request timeout. Interval format (<code>30</code>, <code>30s</code>, <code>2min</code>, <code>00:00:30</code>).</td></tr><tr><td><code>@retry_delay 1s, 2s, 5s</code></td><td>Retry on failure. The list sets <strong>both</strong> the number of retries and the delay before each (here: 3 retries). Add <code>on 429, 503</code> to retry only those status codes.</td></tr><tr><td><code>@cache 5m</code></td><td>Cache the response for the given TTL. <strong>GET only, <code>2xx</code> only.</strong> Concurrent requests for the same key coalesce into one outbound call (stampede protection).</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p><code>@cache</code> is opt-in per type and can be turned off globally with <code>HttpClientOptions.CacheEnabled: false</code>. The cache key is the fully-resolved method + URL + headers + body, so two calls with different <code>{placeholders}</code> cache separately.</p><h2 id="multiple-calls-in-parallel" tabindex="-1">Multiple calls in parallel <a class="header-anchor" href="#multiple-calls-in-parallel" aria-label="Permalink to "Multiple calls in parallel""></a></h2><p>Give a function <strong>several</strong> HTTP Custom Type parameters and NpgsqlRest fires them <strong>concurrently</strong>, then runs your function once all have completed. This turns the database function into an API aggregator:</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>sql</summary><div class="language-sql vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sql</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> exchange_rate_api</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (body jsonb, status_code </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, success </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">boolean</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, error_message </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> crypto_price_api</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (body jsonb, status_code </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, success </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">boolean</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, error_message </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on type exchange_rate_api is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'GET https://open.er-api.com/v6/latest/{_base_currency}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">Accept: application/json</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@timeout 10s'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on type crypto_price_api is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'GET https://api.coingecko.com/api/v3/simple/price?ids={_crypto_ids_csv}&vs_currencies={_vs_currencies_csv}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">Accept: application/json</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@timeout 10s'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> function</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> get_financial_dashboard</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> _base_currency </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> _crypto_ids_csv </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> _vs_currencies_csv </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">text</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> _exchange_rate_response exchange_rate_api, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">-- both HTTP calls</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> _crypto_response crypto_price_api </span><span style="--shiki-light:#9CA0B0;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#6C7086;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;">-- run in parallel</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">returns</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> json</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> language</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> plpgsql </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> $$</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">begin</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> json_build_object(</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;"> 'rates'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">case</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> when</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (_exchange_rate_response).success </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">then</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (_exchange_rate_response).body </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">end</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;"> 'crypto'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">case</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> when</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (_crypto_response).success </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">then</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (_crypto_response).body </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">end</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> );</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">end</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">$$;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on function get_financial_dashboard(text, text, text, exchange_rate_api, crypto_price_api) is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">HTTP GET /financial-dashboard</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@authorize'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br><span class="line-number">27</span><br><span class="line-number">28</span><br><span class="line-number">29</span><br><span class="line-number">30</span><br></div></div></details><blockquote><p>This is the <a href="/examples/">external-API example</a> (<code>9_http_calls</code>): two upstreams fetched in parallel and merged into one response.</p></blockquote><h2 id="self-calls-composing-your-own-endpoints" tabindex="-1">Self-calls: composing your own endpoints <a class="header-anchor" href="#self-calls-composing-your-own-endpoints" aria-label="Permalink to "Self-calls: composing your own endpoints""></a></h2><p>If the request URL is <strong>relative</strong> (e.g. <code>GET /api/users</code>), NpgsqlRest treats it as a <strong>self-call</strong> to another of your own endpoints — handled in-process, with <strong>no HTTP round trip</strong>. Combined with parallel execution, this lets one endpoint compose several others cheaply:</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>sql</summary><div class="language-sql vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sql</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> api_users</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (body </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">json</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> type</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> api_orders</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> (body </span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">json</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">);</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on type api_users is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'GET /api/users'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on type api_orders is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'GET /api/orders'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">create</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> function</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic;"> dashboard</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">(_users api_users, _orders api_orders)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">returns</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> json</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> language</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> sql</span><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> as</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> $$</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;"> select</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;"> json_build_object(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'users'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, ($</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;">1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">).body, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'orders'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">, ($</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;">2</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">).body);</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">$$;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on function dashboard(api_users, api_orders) is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">HTTP GET /dashboard</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@authorize'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br></div></div></details><p>One request to <code>/api/dashboard</code> triggers two parallel internal calls and returns the combined result — microseconds per call instead of milliseconds, since the HTTP stack is bypassed.</p><h2 id="secrets-and-server-side-values" tabindex="-1">Secrets and server-side values <a class="header-anchor" href="#secrets-and-server-side-values" aria-label="Permalink to "Secrets and server-side values""></a></h2><p>Never make the client send an API key. Two server-side ways to supply one:</p><p><strong>Allowlisted environment variable</strong> — reference <code>{API_KEY}</code> in the type and allowlist it:</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>jsonc</summary><div class="language-jsonc vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">jsonc</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">"NpgsqlRest"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">{</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">AvailableEnvVars</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> [</span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;"> "WEATHER_API_KEY"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> ]</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> }</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div></details><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>sql</summary><div class="language-sql vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sql</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on type weather_api is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'GET https://api.example.com/v1/current?city={_city}</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">Authorization: Bearer {WEATHER_API_KEY}'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div></details><p><strong>Resolved-parameter expression</strong> — compute the value with SQL (e.g. a per-user token from a table). The client can't override it:</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>sql</summary><div class="language-sql vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">sql</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on type my_api is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'GET https://api.example.com/data</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">Authorization: Bearer {_token}'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#8839EF;--shiki-dark:#CBA6F7;">comment on function get_secure_data(_user_id int, _req my_api, _token text) is </span><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">'</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">HTTP GET /secure-data</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">@authorize</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#40A02B;--shiki-dark:#A6E3A1;">_token = select api_token from user_tokens where user_id = {_user_id}'</span><span style="--shiki-light:#4C4F69;--shiki-dark:#CDD6F4;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br></div></div></details><p>NpgsqlRest resolves <code>_token</code> server-side, substitutes it into the <code>Authorization</code> header, and makes the call — the token never reaches the browser.</p><h2 id="configuration" tabindex="-1">Configuration <a class="header-anchor" href="#configuration" aria-label="Permalink to "Configuration""></a></h2><p>All under <code>NpgsqlRest.HttpClientOptions</code>:</p><div class="table-container"><div class="table-wrapper"><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>Setting</th><th>Default</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>Enabled</code></td><td><code>false</code></td><td><strong>Must be <code>true</code></strong> for HTTP Custom Types to work.</td></tr><tr><td><code>CacheEnabled</code></td><td><code>true</code></td><td>Global kill switch for the <a href="#timeouts-retries-and-caching"><code>@cache</code></a> directive. When <code>false</code>, every call is fresh.</td></tr><tr><td><code>MaxCacheEntries</code></td><td><code>10000</code></td><td>Max distinct cached responses held in memory.</td></tr><tr><td><code>CachePruneIntervalSeconds</code></td><td><code>60</code></td><td>How often expired cache entries are pruned.</td></tr><tr><td><code>ResponseBodyField</code></td><td><code>"body"</code></td><td>Field name for the response body.</td></tr><tr><td><code>ResponseStatusCodeField</code></td><td><code>"status_code"</code></td><td>Field name for the status code.</td></tr><tr><td><code>ResponseSuccessField</code></td><td><code>"success"</code></td><td>Field name for the success flag.</td></tr><tr><td><code>ResponseContentTypeField</code></td><td><code>"content_type"</code></td><td>Field name for the content type.</td></tr><tr><td><code>ResponseHeadersField</code></td><td><code>"headers"</code></td><td>Field name for the headers JSON.</td></tr><tr><td><code>ResponseErrorMessageField</code></td><td><code>"error_message"</code></td><td>Field name for the error message.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p>The <code>Response*Field</code> settings let you rename the composite fields to whatever you prefer; the defaults are the names used throughout this guide.</p><details class="code-collapsible" open><summary>json</summary><div class="language-json vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">json</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes catppuccin-latte catppuccin-mocha vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">{</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">NpgsqlRest</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> {</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">HttpClientOptions</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> {</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">Enabled</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;"> true</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">CacheEnabled</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;"> true</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">MaxCacheEntries</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;"> 10000</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">,</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> "</span><span style="--shiki-light:#1E66F5;--shiki-dark:#89B4FA;">CachePruneIntervalSeconds</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">"</span><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#FE640B;--shiki-dark:#FAB387;"> 60</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> }</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;"> }</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#7C7F93;--shiki-dark:#9399B2;">}</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br></div></div></details><h2 id="see-it-in-the-examples" tabindex="-1">See it in the examples <a class="header-anchor" href="#see-it-in-the-examples" aria-label="Permalink to "See it in the examples""></a></h2><ul><li><a href="/examples/"><strong>External API Calls</strong></a> (<code>9_http_calls</code>) — a financial dashboard aggregating two upstream APIs in parallel. Tutorial: <a href="/blog/external-api-calls-postgresql-http-types.html">Call External APIs from PostgreSQL</a>.</li><li><a href="/examples/"><strong>Web Scraping</strong></a> (<code>16_scrap_demo</code>, <code>17_scrap_demo_2</code>) — fetch HTML and parse it with PostgreSQL XPath. Tutorial: <a href="/blog/web-scraping-postgresql-http-types-xml.html">Web Scraping with HTTP Types</a>.</li></ul><h2 id="related" tabindex="-1">Related <a class="header-anchor" href="#related" aria-label="Permalink to "Related""></a></h2><ul><li><a href="./../annotations/http-type.html"><code>@http</code> custom types</a> — full directive grammar and behavior</li><li><a href="./../config/http-client.html">HTTP Client configuration</a> — every <code>HttpClientOptions</code> setting</li><li><a href="./../annotations/parameter-substitution.html">Parameter Value Substitution</a> — how <code>{name}</code> placeholders resolve</li><li><a href="./../annotations/resolved-parameters.html">Resolved Parameters</a> — compute a value server-side from SQL</li><li><a href="./proxy.html">Proxy guide</a> — when you want to forward/stream the upstream response instead of consuming it in SQL</li></ul></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><div 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