#!/usr/bin/env PYTHONHASHSEED=1234 python3

# Copyright 2014-2019 Brett Slatkin, Pearson Education Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

# Reproduce book environment
import random
random.seed(1234)

import logging
from pprint import pprint
from sys import stdout as STDOUT

# Write all output to a temporary directory
import atexit
import gc
import io
import os
import tempfile

TEST_DIR = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
atexit.register(TEST_DIR.cleanup)

# Make sure Windows processes exit cleanly
OLD_CWD = os.getcwd()
atexit.register(lambda: os.chdir(OLD_CWD))
os.chdir(TEST_DIR.name)

def close_open_files():
    everything = gc.get_objects()
    for obj in everything:
        if isinstance(obj, io.IOBase):
            obj.close()

atexit.register(close_open_files)


# Example 1
visits = {
    'Mexico': {'Tulum', 'Puerto Vallarta'},
    'Japan': {'Hakone'},
}


# Example 2
visits.setdefault('France', set()).add('Arles')  # Short

if (japan := visits.get('Japan')) is None:       # Long
    visits['Japan'] = japan = set()
japan.add('Kyoto')
original_print = print
print = pprint

print(visits)
print = original_print


# Example 3
class Visits:
    def __init__(self):
        self.data = {}

    def add(self, country, city):
        city_set = self.data.setdefault(country, set())
        city_set.add(city)


# Example 4
visits = Visits()
visits.add('Russia', 'Yekaterinburg')
visits.add('Tanzania', 'Zanzibar')
print(visits.data)


# Example 5
from collections import defaultdict

class Visits:
    def __init__(self):
        self.data = defaultdict(set)

    def add(self, country, city):
        self.data[country].add(city)

visits = Visits()
visits.add('England', 'Bath')
visits.add('England', 'London')
print(visits.data)