from __future__ import print_function
# Time:  O(n + k)
# Space: O(k)
#
# Implement strStr().
#
# Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of needle in haystack,
#  or null if needle is not part of haystack.
#

# Wiki of KMP algorithm:
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuth-Morris-Pratt_algorithm
class Solution(object):
    def strStr(self, haystack, needle):
        """
        :type haystack: str
        :type needle: str
        :rtype: int
        """
        if not needle:
            return 0

        return self.KMP(haystack, needle)

    def KMP(self, text, pattern):
        prefix = self.getPrefix(pattern)
        j = -1
        for i in xrange(len(text)):
            while j > -1 and pattern[j + 1] != text[i]:
                j = prefix[j]
            if pattern[j + 1] == text[i]:
                j += 1
            if j == len(pattern) - 1:
                return i - j
        return -1

    def getPrefix(self, pattern):
        prefix = [-1] * len(pattern)
        j = -1
        for i in xrange(1, len(pattern)):
            while j > -1 and pattern[j + 1] != pattern[i]:
                j = prefix[j]
            if pattern[j + 1] == pattern[i]:
                j += 1
            prefix[i] = j
        return prefix


# Time:  O(n * k)
# Space: O(k)
class Solution2(object):
    def strStr(self, haystack, needle):
        """
        :type haystack: str
        :type needle: str
        :rtype: int
        """
        for i in xrange(len(haystack) - len(needle) + 1):
            if haystack[i : i + len(needle)] == needle:
                return i
        return -1


if __name__ == "__main__":
    print(Solution().strStr("a", ""))
    print(Solution().strStr("abababcdab", "ababcdx"))