From 2d41bee490431a75a5d8c5b5815e6cd21c7a3750 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter van Steveninck
 <32810691+deruyter92@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 4 May 2026 22:27:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 01/24] Update `list_video_files_in_folder` only filter
 explicitly provided files if filter `video_type` is set.

- Accept files without extension
- Default folder searching is kept as is (using valid video extensions)
---
 .../pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py     | 29 +++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py
index 8eb47886a..3ea40ea6d 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py
@@ -302,8 +302,10 @@ def list_videos_in_folder(
     Args:
         data_path: Path or list of paths to folders containing videos, or individual
             video files. Can be a mix of directories and files.
-        video_type: The type of video to filter for (e.g., "mp4", ".mp4"). If None,
-            all supported video types are included.
+        video_type: The type of video to filter for (e.g., "mp4", ".mp4").
+            - If set: filter both directory contents and supplied files.
+            - If ``None``, explicitly-supplied files are used as-is. (Directory
+            contents are filtered using ``SUPPORTED_VIDEOS`` by default).
         shuffle: Whether to shuffle the order of videos. If False, videos are returned
             in sorted order for deterministic behavior.
 
@@ -316,20 +318,29 @@ def list_videos_in_folder(
     if isinstance(data_path, (str, Path)):
         data_path = [data_path]
 
-    if not video_type:
-        video_suffixes = {f".{ext.lower()}" for ext in auxfun_videos.SUPPORTED_VIDEOS}
+    if video_type:
+        explicit_suffixes: set[str] | None = {f".{video_type.lstrip('.').lower()}"}
     else:
-        video_suffixes = {f".{video_type.lstrip('.').lower()}"}
+        explicit_suffixes = None
+    implicit_suffixes = {f".{ext.lower()}" for ext in auxfun_videos.SUPPORTED_VIDEOS}
 
-    videos = []
+    videos: list[Path] = []
     for path in map(Path, data_path):
         if not path.exists():
             raise FileNotFoundError(f"Could not find: {path}. Check access rights.")
 
         if path.is_dir():
-            videos.extend(f for f in path.iterdir() if f.is_file() and f.suffix.lower() in video_suffixes)
-        elif path.is_file() and path.suffix.lower() in video_suffixes:
-            videos.append(path)
+            # Discriminate videos from other files; skip prior DLC outputs.
+            allowed = explicit_suffixes if explicit_suffixes else implicit_suffixes
+            videos.extend(
+                f
+                for f in path.iterdir()
+                if f.is_file() and f.suffix.lower() in allowed and "_labeled." not in f.name and "_full." not in f.name
+            )
+        elif path.is_file():
+            # Accept all caller-supplied files; only filter if video_type set.
+            if explicit_suffixes is None or path.suffix.lower() in explicit_suffixes:
+                videos.append(path)
 
     # Resolve video paths and remove duplicates
     unique_videos = list(dict.fromkeys(v.resolve() for v in videos))

From 96e31be134729d5f38a2ac04e3964e0ceeb9b15b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter van Steveninck
 <32810691+deruyter92@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 4 May 2026 22:27:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 02/24] add test for list_videos_in_folder

---
 .../apis/test_list_videos_in_folder.py        | 162 ++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 162 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tests/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/test_list_videos_in_folder.py

diff --git a/tests/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/test_list_videos_in_folder.py b/tests/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/test_list_videos_in_folder.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c72e06b31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/test_list_videos_in_folder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+#
+# DeepLabCut Toolbox (deeplabcut.org)
+# © A. & M.W. Mathis Labs
+# https://github.com/DeepLabCut/DeepLabCut
+#
+# Please see AUTHORS for contributors.
+# https://github.com/DeepLabCut/DeepLabCut/blob/main/AUTHORS
+#
+# Licensed under GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0
+#
+"""Tests for ``list_videos_in_folder``.
+
+These tests pin down the rule:
+
+* When ``video_type`` is not set, directory enumeration filters by
+  ``SUPPORTED_VIDEOS`` but explicitly-supplied files are trusted (returned
+  as-is, even if they have no suffix).
+* When ``video_type`` is set, it is honoured everywhere — both for files
+  pulled from directories and for files supplied by the caller.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pytest
+
+from deeplabcut.pose_estimation_pytorch.apis.utils import list_videos_in_folder
+from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import SUPPORTED_VIDEOS
+
+
+def _touch(path: Path) -> Path:
+    path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    path.write_bytes(b"")
+    return path
+
+
+def test_keeps_suffixless_files_when_explicitly_listed(tmp_path):
+    """Regression test: a caller-supplied file without an extension (e.g.
+    a content-addressed cache entry) must not be silently dropped."""
+    suffixed = _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
+    hashed = _touch(tmp_path / "abcd1234")
+
+    result = list_videos_in_folder([suffixed, hashed], video_type=None)
+
+    assert {p.name for p in result} == {"video.mp4", "abcd1234"}
+
+
+def test_accepts_path_objects_and_strings(tmp_path):
+    suffixed = _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
+    hashed = _touch(tmp_path / "abcd1234")
+
+    result = list_videos_in_folder([str(suffixed), hashed], video_type=None)
+
+    assert {p.name for p in result} == {"video.mp4", "abcd1234"}
+
+
+def test_accepts_single_path_argument(tmp_path):
+    """A single path (not wrapped in a list) is also valid input."""
+    hashed = _touch(tmp_path / "abcd1234")
+
+    result = list_videos_in_folder(hashed, video_type=None)
+
+    assert [p.name for p in result] == ["abcd1234"]
+
+
+def test_explicit_video_type_filters_listed_files(tmp_path):
+    """When ``video_type`` is set, it filters explicitly-supplied files too."""
+    mp4 = _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
+    avi = _touch(tmp_path / "video.avi")
+
+    result = list_videos_in_folder([mp4, avi], video_type="mp4")
+
+    assert [p.name for p in result] == ["video.mp4"]
+
+
+def test_explicit_video_type_accepts_leading_dot(tmp_path):
+    mp4 = _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
+    avi = _touch(tmp_path / "video.avi")
+
+    result = list_videos_in_folder([mp4, avi], video_type=".mp4")
+
+    assert [p.name for p in result] == ["video.mp4"]
+
+
+def test_directory_enumeration_filters_by_supported_videos(tmp_path):
+    """Directory scans must continue to discriminate videos from non-videos."""
+    mp4 = _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
+    _touch(tmp_path / "notes.txt")
+    _touch(tmp_path / "results.h5")
+    _touch(tmp_path / "abcd1234")  # suffix-less file in a directory: not a video
+
+    result = list_videos_in_folder(tmp_path, video_type=None)
+
+    assert [p.name for p in result] == [mp4.name]
+
+
+def test_directory_enumeration_skips_dlc_artifacts(tmp_path):
+    """``*_labeled.*`` and ``*_full.*`` are DLC outputs, not inputs."""
+    mp4 = _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
+    _touch(tmp_path / "video_labeled.mp4")
+    _touch(tmp_path / "video_full.mp4")
+
+    result = list_videos_in_folder(tmp_path, video_type=None)
+
+    assert [p.name for p in result] == [mp4.name]
+
+
+def test_mixed_files_and_directories(tmp_path):
+    """The function handles a mix of explicit files and directories."""
+    folder = tmp_path / "folder"
+    in_folder = _touch(folder / "from_dir.mp4")
+    _touch(folder / "ignored.txt")
+
+    explicit_mp4 = _touch(tmp_path / "explicit.mp4")
+    explicit_hashed = _touch(tmp_path / "abcd1234")
+
+    result = list_videos_in_folder(
+        [folder, explicit_mp4, explicit_hashed],
+        video_type=None,
+    )
+
+    assert {p.name for p in result} == {
+        in_folder.name,
+        explicit_mp4.name,
+        explicit_hashed.name,
+    }
+
+
+def test_duplicates_are_removed(tmp_path):
+    mp4 = _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
+
+    result = list_videos_in_folder([mp4, mp4, str(mp4)], video_type=None)
+
+    assert len(result) == 1
+    assert result[0].name == "video.mp4"
+
+
+def test_missing_path_raises(tmp_path):
+    with pytest.raises(FileNotFoundError):
+        list_videos_in_folder([tmp_path / "does_not_exist.mp4"], video_type=None)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("ext", SUPPORTED_VIDEOS)
+def test_each_supported_extension_picked_up_in_directory(tmp_path, ext):
+    expected = _touch(tmp_path / f"clip.{ext}")
+
+    result = list_videos_in_folder(tmp_path, video_type=None)
+
+    assert [p.name for p in result] == [expected.name]
+
+
+def test_sorted_by_default_when_not_shuffled(tmp_path):
+    a = _touch(tmp_path / "a.mp4")
+    b = _touch(tmp_path / "b.mp4")
+    c = _touch(tmp_path / "c.mp4")
+
+    # The resolution order in the function is dict-insertion-stable; given a
+    # sorted input list we expect a sorted output list.
+    result = list_videos_in_folder([c, a, b], video_type=None, shuffle=False)
+
+    assert [p.name for p in result] == ["c.mp4", "a.mp4", "b.mp4"]

From 3c63e905d933854bb4f86fcd0785e4389aec0aed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter van Steveninck
 <32810691+deruyter92@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 17:54:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 03/24] Add deprecation utils: decorator for deprecated
 functions

---
 deeplabcut/utils/deprecation.py |  78 ++++++++++++++++++
 tests/utils/test_deprecation.py | 137 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 215 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 deeplabcut/utils/deprecation.py
 create mode 100644 tests/utils/test_deprecation.py

diff --git a/deeplabcut/utils/deprecation.py b/deeplabcut/utils/deprecation.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c3d98f222
--- /dev/null
+++ b/deeplabcut/utils/deprecation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+#
+# DeepLabCut Toolbox (deeplabcut.org)
+# © A. & M.W. Mathis Labs
+# https://github.com/DeepLabCut/DeepLabCut
+#
+# Please see AUTHORS for contributors.
+# https://github.com/DeepLabCut/DeepLabCut/blob/master/AUTHORS
+#
+# Licensed under GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0
+#
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import Callable
+
+
+def deprecated(
+    replacement: str | None = None,
+    since: str | None = None,
+    removed_in: str | None = None,
+) -> Callable:
+    """Mark a function as deprecated.
+
+    Args:
+        replacement: Fully-qualified name of the replacement callable, e.g.
+            ``"deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos.list_videos_in_folder"``.
+        since: Version in which the function was deprecated.
+        removed_in: Version in which the function will be removed.
+    """
+
+    def decorator(fn: Callable) -> Callable:
+        parts = [f"{fn.__qualname__} is deprecated"]
+        if since:
+            parts[0] += f" since {since}"
+        if replacement:
+            parts.append(f"Use {replacement} instead.")
+        if removed_in:
+            parts.append(f"It will be removed in {removed_in}.")
+        message = " ".join(parts)
+
+        @functools.wraps(fn)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            warnings.warn(message, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        wrapper.__doc__ = f"Deprecated. {message}\n\n" + (fn.__doc__ or "")
+        return wrapper
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+def renamed_parameter(old: str, new: str, since: str | None = None) -> Callable:
+    """Support a renamed keyword argument while warning callers to update.
+
+    Args:
+        old: The old parameter name that callers may still pass.
+        new: The current parameter name the function actually accepts.
+        since: Version when the rename happened.
+    """
+
+    def decorator(fn: Callable) -> Callable:
+        msg = (
+            f"Parameter '{old}' of {fn.__qualname__} is deprecated"
+            + (f" since {since}" if since else "")
+            + f"; use '{new}' instead."
+        )
+
+        @functools.wraps(fn)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            if old in kwargs:
+                warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+                kwargs[new] = kwargs.pop(old)
+            return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    return decorator
diff --git a/tests/utils/test_deprecation.py b/tests/utils/test_deprecation.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7fbc65064
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/utils/test_deprecation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+#
+# DeepLabCut Toolbox (deeplabcut.org)
+# © A. & M.W. Mathis Labs
+# https://github.com/DeepLabCut/DeepLabCut
+#
+# Please see AUTHORS for contributors.
+# https://github.com/DeepLabCut/DeepLabCut/blob/main/AUTHORS
+#
+# Licensed under GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0
+#
+import warnings
+
+import pytest
+
+from deeplabcut.utils.deprecation import deprecated, renamed_parameter
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# @deprecated
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def test_deprecated_emits_deprecation_warning():
+    @deprecated()
+    def old_fn():
+        return 42
+
+    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+        result = old_fn()
+
+    assert result == 42
+
+
+def test_deprecated_warning_contains_function_name():
+    @deprecated()
+    def my_old_function():
+        pass
+
+    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="my_old_function"):
+        my_old_function()
+
+
+def test_deprecated_warning_contains_replacement():
+    @deprecated(replacement="new_module.new_fn")
+    def old_fn():
+        pass
+
+    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="new_module.new_fn"):
+        old_fn()
+
+
+def test_deprecated_warning_contains_since_and_removed_in():
+    @deprecated(since="3.1", removed_in="4.0")
+    def old_fn():
+        pass
+
+    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="3.1") as record:
+        old_fn()
+
+    assert "4.0" in str(record[0].message)
+
+
+def test_deprecated_preserves_return_value_and_args():
+    @deprecated()
+    def add(a, b):
+        return a + b
+
+    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+        assert add(2, 3) == 5
+
+
+def test_deprecated_preserves_name_and_docstring():
+    @deprecated(replacement="new_fn")
+    def documented_fn():
+        """Original docstring."""
+
+    assert documented_fn.__name__ == "documented_fn"
+    assert "Original docstring." in documented_fn.__doc__
+    assert "Deprecated." in documented_fn.__doc__
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# @renamed_parameter
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def test_renamed_parameter_old_name_emits_warning():
+    @renamed_parameter(old="in_random_order", new="shuffle")
+    def fn(shuffle=False):
+        return shuffle
+
+    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+        fn(in_random_order=True)
+
+
+def test_renamed_parameter_old_name_is_forwarded():
+    @renamed_parameter(old="in_random_order", new="shuffle")
+    def fn(shuffle=False):
+        return shuffle
+
+    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+        result = fn(in_random_order=True)
+
+    assert result is True
+
+
+def test_renamed_parameter_new_name_no_warning():
+    @renamed_parameter(old="in_random_order", new="shuffle")
+    def fn(shuffle=False):
+        return shuffle
+
+    # No warning should be emitted when using the current name.
+    with warnings.catch_warnings():
+        warnings.simplefilter("error", DeprecationWarning)
+        result = fn(shuffle=True)
+
+    assert result is True
+
+
+def test_renamed_parameter_warning_contains_names():
+    @renamed_parameter(old="videotype", new="extensions", since="3.2")
+    def fn(extensions=None):
+        return extensions
+
+    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="videotype") as record:
+        fn(videotype="mp4")
+
+    message = str(record[0].message)
+    assert "extensions" in message
+    assert "3.2" in message
+
+
+def test_renamed_parameter_preserves_name():
+    @renamed_parameter(old="foo", new="bar")
+    def my_fn(bar=None):
+        """Docstring."""
+
+    assert my_fn.__name__ == "my_fn"

From b92103ef66dab2e3607620db2da72df8b3b94f7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter van Steveninck
 <32810691+deruyter92@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 7 May 2026 18:11:13 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 04/24] move `list_videos_in_folder` to `collect_video_paths`
 in auxfun_videos.py

---
 .../apis/tracking_dataset.py                  |  3 +-
 .../pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/tracklets.py |  4 +-
 .../pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py     | 60 +++----------------
 .../pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/videos.py    |  3 +-
 deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py             | 57 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../test_collect_video_paths.py}              | 29 +++++----
 6 files changed, 86 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)
 rename tests/{pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/test_list_videos_in_folder.py => utils/test_collect_video_paths.py} (81%)

diff --git a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/tracking_dataset.py b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/tracking_dataset.py
index 3455105f2..97a1b1702 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/tracking_dataset.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/tracking_dataset.py
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 from deeplabcut.pose_estimation_pytorch.apis.videos import VideoIterator
 from deeplabcut.pose_estimation_pytorch.task import Task
 from deeplabcut.pose_tracking_pytorch import create_triplets_dataset
+from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import collect_video_paths
 
 
 def build_feature_extraction_runner(
@@ -240,7 +241,7 @@ def create_tracking_dataset(
         modelprefix=modelprefix,
     )
 
-    videos = utils.list_videos_in_folder(videos, videotype)
+    videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
     for video_path in videos:
         print(f"Loading {video_path}")
         video = VideoIterator(video_path, cropping=cropping)
diff --git a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/tracklets.py b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/tracklets.py
index d3fea4a22..553a96aad 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/tracklets.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/tracklets.py
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@
 from deeplabcut.core.inferenceutils import Assembly
 from deeplabcut.pose_estimation_pytorch.apis.utils import (
     get_scorer_name,
-    list_videos_in_folder,
     parse_snapshot_index_for_analysis,
 )
 from deeplabcut.pose_estimation_pytorch.data.dlcloader import DLCLoader
+from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import collect_video_paths
 
 
 def convert_detections2tracklets(
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ def convert_detections2tracklets(
         modelprefix=modelprefix,
     )
 
-    videos = list_videos_in_folder(videos, videotype)
+    videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
     if len(videos) == 0:
         print(f"No videos were found in {videos}")
         return
diff --git a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py
index 3ea40ea6d..99cae69f1 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import logging
-import random
 from collections.abc import Callable
 from pathlib import Path
 
@@ -65,7 +64,9 @@
 )
 from deeplabcut.pose_estimation_pytorch.task import Task
 from deeplabcut.pose_estimation_pytorch.utils import resolve_device
-from deeplabcut.utils import auxfun_videos, auxiliaryfunctions
+from deeplabcut.utils import auxiliaryfunctions
+from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import collect_video_paths
+from deeplabcut.utils.deprecation import deprecated
 
 
 def parse_snapshot_index_for_analysis(
@@ -293,60 +294,17 @@ def get_scorer_name(
     return f"DLC_{name}_{task}{date}shuffle{shuffle}_{snapshot_uid}"
 
 
+@deprecated("deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos.collect_video_paths", since="3.0.0")
 def list_videos_in_folder(
     data_path: str | Path | list[str | Path],
     video_type: str | None = None,
     shuffle: bool = False,
 ) -> list[Path]:
-    """
-    Args:
-        data_path: Path or list of paths to folders containing videos, or individual
-            video files. Can be a mix of directories and files.
-        video_type: The type of video to filter for (e.g., "mp4", ".mp4").
-            - If set: filter both directory contents and supplied files.
-            - If ``None``, explicitly-supplied files are used as-is. (Directory
-            contents are filtered using ``SUPPORTED_VIDEOS`` by default).
-        shuffle: Whether to shuffle the order of videos. If False, videos are returned
-            in sorted order for deterministic behavior.
-
-    Returns:
-        The paths of videos to analyze. Duplicate paths are removed.
-
-    Raises:
-        FileNotFoundError: If any path in data_path does not exist.
-    """
-    if isinstance(data_path, (str, Path)):
-        data_path = [data_path]
-
-    if video_type:
-        explicit_suffixes: set[str] | None = {f".{video_type.lstrip('.').lower()}"}
-    else:
-        explicit_suffixes = None
-    implicit_suffixes = {f".{ext.lower()}" for ext in auxfun_videos.SUPPORTED_VIDEOS}
-
-    videos: list[Path] = []
-    for path in map(Path, data_path):
-        if not path.exists():
-            raise FileNotFoundError(f"Could not find: {path}. Check access rights.")
-
-        if path.is_dir():
-            # Discriminate videos from other files; skip prior DLC outputs.
-            allowed = explicit_suffixes if explicit_suffixes else implicit_suffixes
-            videos.extend(
-                f
-                for f in path.iterdir()
-                if f.is_file() and f.suffix.lower() in allowed and "_labeled." not in f.name and "_full." not in f.name
-            )
-        elif path.is_file():
-            # Accept all caller-supplied files; only filter if video_type set.
-            if explicit_suffixes is None or path.suffix.lower() in explicit_suffixes:
-                videos.append(path)
-
-    # Resolve video paths and remove duplicates
-    unique_videos = list(dict.fromkeys(v.resolve() for v in videos))
-    if shuffle:
-        random.shuffle(unique_videos)
-    return unique_videos
+    return collect_video_paths(
+        data_path=data_path,
+        extensions=video_type,
+        shuffle=shuffle,
+    )
 
 
 def ensure_multianimal_df_format(df_predictions: pd.DataFrame) -> pd.DataFrame:
diff --git a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/videos.py b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/videos.py
index 4341fdb2b..7f56b5876 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/videos.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/videos.py
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 from deeplabcut.pose_estimation_pytorch.task import Task
 from deeplabcut.refine_training_dataset.stitch import stitch_tracklets
 from deeplabcut.utils import VideoReader, auxiliaryfunctions
+from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import collect_video_paths
 
 
 class VideoIterator(VideoReader):
@@ -540,7 +541,7 @@ def analyze_videos(
     print(f"Using scorer: {dlc_scorer}")
 
     # Reading video and init variables
-    videos = utils.list_videos_in_folder(videos, videotype, shuffle=in_random_order)
+    videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype, shuffle=in_random_order)
     h5_files_created = False  # Track if any .h5 files were created
 
     for video in videos:
diff --git a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
index 3b873762a..75fa59cc0 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
@@ -21,8 +21,10 @@
 
 import datetime
 import os
+import random
 import subprocess
 import warnings
+from pathlib import Path
 
 import cv2
 import numpy as np
@@ -643,3 +645,58 @@ def display_help(*args):
 
     plt.close(fig)
     return bbox
+
+
+def collect_video_paths(
+    data_path: str | Path | list[str | Path],
+    extensions: str | None = None,
+    shuffle: bool = False,
+) -> list[Path]:
+    """
+    Args:
+        data_path: Path or list of paths to folders containing videos, or individual
+            video files. Can be a mix of directories and files.
+        extensions: The types of videos to filter for (e.g., "mp4", ".mp4", ".avi", ".AVI", etc.).
+            - If set: filter all videos with the given extensions. Both for directory contents and supplied files.
+            - If ``None``, provided files are not filtered, but directory contents are filtered by ``SUPPORTED_VIDEOS``.
+        shuffle: Whether to shuffle the order of videos. If False, videos are returned
+            in sorted order for deterministic behavior.
+
+    Returns:
+        The paths of videos to analyze. Duplicate paths are removed.
+
+    Raises:
+        FileNotFoundError: If any path in data_path does not exist.
+    """
+    if isinstance(data_path, (str, Path)):
+        data_path = [data_path]
+
+    if extensions:
+        explicit_suffixes: set[str] | None = {f".{extensions.lstrip('.').lower()}"}
+    else:
+        explicit_suffixes = None
+    implicit_suffixes = {f".{ext.lower()}" for ext in SUPPORTED_VIDEOS}
+
+    videos: list[Path] = []
+    for path in map(Path, data_path):
+        if not path.exists():
+            raise FileNotFoundError(f"Could not find: {path}. Check access rights.")
+
+        if path.is_dir():
+            # Discriminate videos from other files; skip prior DLC outputs.
+            allowed = explicit_suffixes if explicit_suffixes else implicit_suffixes
+            videos.extend(
+                f
+                for f in path.iterdir()
+                if f.is_file() and f.suffix.lower() in allowed and "_labeled." not in f.name and "_full." not in f.name
+            )
+        elif path.is_file():
+            # Accept all caller-supplied files; only filter if extensions set.
+            if explicit_suffixes is None or path.suffix.lower() in explicit_suffixes:
+                videos.append(path)
+
+    # Resolve video paths and remove duplicates
+    unique_videos = list(dict.fromkeys(v.resolve() for v in videos))
+    if shuffle:
+        random.shuffle(unique_videos)
+    return unique_videos
diff --git a/tests/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/test_list_videos_in_folder.py b/tests/utils/test_collect_video_paths.py
similarity index 81%
rename from tests/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/test_list_videos_in_folder.py
rename to tests/utils/test_collect_video_paths.py
index c72e06b31..39055c402 100644
--- a/tests/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/test_list_videos_in_folder.py
+++ b/tests/utils/test_collect_video_paths.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 #
 # Licensed under GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0
 #
-"""Tests for ``list_videos_in_folder``.
+"""Tests for ``collect_video_paths``.
 
 These tests pin down the rule:
 
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@
 
 import pytest
 
-from deeplabcut.pose_estimation_pytorch.apis.utils import list_videos_in_folder
-from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import SUPPORTED_VIDEOS
+from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import SUPPORTED_VIDEOS, collect_video_paths
 
 
 def _touch(path: Path) -> Path:
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ def test_keeps_suffixless_files_when_explicitly_listed(tmp_path):
     suffixed = _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
     hashed = _touch(tmp_path / "abcd1234")
 
-    result = list_videos_in_folder([suffixed, hashed], video_type=None)
+    result = collect_video_paths([suffixed, hashed], video_type=None)
 
     assert {p.name for p in result} == {"video.mp4", "abcd1234"}
 
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ def test_accepts_path_objects_and_strings(tmp_path):
     suffixed = _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
     hashed = _touch(tmp_path / "abcd1234")
 
-    result = list_videos_in_folder([str(suffixed), hashed], video_type=None)
+    result = collect_video_paths([str(suffixed), hashed], video_type=None)
 
     assert {p.name for p in result} == {"video.mp4", "abcd1234"}
 
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ def test_accepts_single_path_argument(tmp_path):
     """A single path (not wrapped in a list) is also valid input."""
     hashed = _touch(tmp_path / "abcd1234")
 
-    result = list_videos_in_folder(hashed, video_type=None)
+    result = collect_video_paths(hashed, video_type=None)
 
     assert [p.name for p in result] == ["abcd1234"]
 
@@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ def test_explicit_video_type_filters_listed_files(tmp_path):
     mp4 = _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
     avi = _touch(tmp_path / "video.avi")
 
-    result = list_videos_in_folder([mp4, avi], video_type="mp4")
+    result = collect_video_paths([mp4, avi], video_type="mp4")
 
     assert [p.name for p in result] == ["video.mp4"]
 
@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@ def test_explicit_video_type_accepts_leading_dot(tmp_path):
     mp4 = _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
     avi = _touch(tmp_path / "video.avi")
 
-    result = list_videos_in_folder([mp4, avi], video_type=".mp4")
+    result = collect_video_paths([mp4, avi], video_type=".mp4")
 
     assert [p.name for p in result] == ["video.mp4"]
 
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ def test_directory_enumeration_filters_by_supported_videos(tmp_path):
     _touch(tmp_path / "results.h5")
     _touch(tmp_path / "abcd1234")  # suffix-less file in a directory: not a video
 
-    result = list_videos_in_folder(tmp_path, video_type=None)
+    result = collect_video_paths(tmp_path, video_type=None)
 
     assert [p.name for p in result] == [mp4.name]
 
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ def test_directory_enumeration_skips_dlc_artifacts(tmp_path):
     _touch(tmp_path / "video_labeled.mp4")
     _touch(tmp_path / "video_full.mp4")
 
-    result = list_videos_in_folder(tmp_path, video_type=None)
+    result = collect_video_paths(tmp_path, video_type=None)
 
     assert [p.name for p in result] == [mp4.name]
 
@@ -115,7 +114,7 @@ def test_mixed_files_and_directories(tmp_path):
     explicit_mp4 = _touch(tmp_path / "explicit.mp4")
     explicit_hashed = _touch(tmp_path / "abcd1234")
 
-    result = list_videos_in_folder(
+    result = collect_video_paths(
         [folder, explicit_mp4, explicit_hashed],
         video_type=None,
     )
@@ -130,7 +129,7 @@ def test_mixed_files_and_directories(tmp_path):
 def test_duplicates_are_removed(tmp_path):
     mp4 = _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
 
-    result = list_videos_in_folder([mp4, mp4, str(mp4)], video_type=None)
+    result = collect_video_paths([mp4, mp4, str(mp4)], video_type=None)
 
     assert len(result) == 1
     assert result[0].name == "video.mp4"
@@ -138,14 +137,14 @@ def test_duplicates_are_removed(tmp_path):
 
 def test_missing_path_raises(tmp_path):
     with pytest.raises(FileNotFoundError):
-        list_videos_in_folder([tmp_path / "does_not_exist.mp4"], video_type=None)
+        collect_video_paths([tmp_path / "does_not_exist.mp4"], video_type=None)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("ext", SUPPORTED_VIDEOS)
 def test_each_supported_extension_picked_up_in_directory(tmp_path, ext):
     expected = _touch(tmp_path / f"clip.{ext}")
 
-    result = list_videos_in_folder(tmp_path, video_type=None)
+    result = collect_video_paths(tmp_path, video_type=None)
 
     assert [p.name for p in result] == [expected.name]
 
@@ -157,6 +156,6 @@ def test_sorted_by_default_when_not_shuffled(tmp_path):
 
     # The resolution order in the function is dict-insertion-stable; given a
     # sorted input list we expect a sorted output list.
-    result = list_videos_in_folder([c, a, b], video_type=None, shuffle=False)
+    result = collect_video_paths([c, a, b], video_type=None, shuffle=False)
 
     assert [p.name for p in result] == ["c.mp4", "a.mp4", "b.mp4"]

From ee4d9b159a427963d680b242583a71d052f03fa5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter van Steveninck
 <32810691+deruyter92@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 8 May 2026 14:08:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 05/24] export `deeplabcut.collect_video_paths(..)` from
 auxfun_videos.py

---
 deeplabcut/__init__.py                           | 1 +
 deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/deeplabcut/__init__.py b/deeplabcut/__init__.py
index 9bec9ff67..df55aec39 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/__init__.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/__init__.py
@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@
     DownSampleVideo,
     ShortenVideo,
     check_video_integrity,
+    collect_video_paths,
 )
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py
index 99cae69f1..82d2d974d 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ def get_scorer_name(
     return f"DLC_{name}_{task}{date}shuffle{shuffle}_{snapshot_uid}"
 
 
-@deprecated("deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos.collect_video_paths", since="3.0.0")
+@deprecated(replacement="deeplabcut.collect_video_paths", since="3.0.0")
 def list_videos_in_folder(
     data_path: str | Path | list[str | Path],
     video_type: str | None = None,

From 2014a5929b477e84cedcf8a0d025171bfb0516d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter van Steveninck
 <32810691+deruyter92@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 8 May 2026 14:55:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 06/24] update `collect_video_paths`: add exclude patterns

---
 deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py | 25 ++++++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
index 75fa59cc0..13bcac2e1 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
@@ -651,16 +651,25 @@ def collect_video_paths(
     data_path: str | Path | list[str | Path],
     extensions: str | None = None,
     shuffle: bool = False,
+    exclude_patterns: list[str] | None = None,
 ) -> list[Path]:
     """
+    Collects video paths from a given set of data paths: directories, files or mix of both.
+    Optionally filters paths by extension and excludes patterns. Files and directories are treated differently:
+    - Files are not filtered by extension by default. Set ``extensions`` if needed, to filter also supplied files.
+    - Directory contents are filtered by ``SUPPORTED_VIDEOS`` by default. Specify custom ``extensions`` if needed.
+    - exclude patterns are ALWAYS applied for directory contents and supplied files. Set to `[]` to exclude no patterns.
+
     Args:
         data_path: Path or list of paths to folders containing videos, or individual
             video files. Can be a mix of directories and files.
-        extensions: The types of videos to filter for (e.g., "mp4", ".mp4", ".avi", ".AVI", etc.).
+        extensions: The types of videos to filter for (e.g., ".mp4", ".avi", etc.).
             - If set: filter all videos with the given extensions. Both for directory contents and supplied files.
             - If ``None``, provided files are not filtered, but directory contents are filtered by ``SUPPORTED_VIDEOS``.
         shuffle: Whether to shuffle the order of videos. If False, videos are returned
             in sorted order for deterministic behavior.
+        exclude_patterns: Patterns to exclude from the collection. Defaults to ["*_labeled.*", "*_full.*"].
+            Set to [] to exclude no patterns.
 
     Returns:
         The paths of videos to analyze. Duplicate paths are removed.
@@ -671,6 +680,9 @@ def collect_video_paths(
     if isinstance(data_path, (str, Path)):
         data_path = [data_path]
 
+    if exclude_patterns is None:
+        exclude_patterns = ["*_labeled.*", "*_full.*"]
+
     if extensions:
         explicit_suffixes: set[str] | None = {f".{extensions.lstrip('.').lower()}"}
     else:
@@ -683,17 +695,20 @@ def collect_video_paths(
             raise FileNotFoundError(f"Could not find: {path}. Check access rights.")
 
         if path.is_dir():
-            # Discriminate videos from other files; skip prior DLC outputs.
+            # Discriminate videos from other files; skip excluded patterns (e.g. prior DLC outputs).
             allowed = explicit_suffixes if explicit_suffixes else implicit_suffixes
             videos.extend(
                 f
                 for f in path.iterdir()
-                if f.is_file() and f.suffix.lower() in allowed and "_labeled." not in f.name and "_full." not in f.name
+                if f.is_file()
+                and f.suffix.lower() in allowed
+                and not any(f.match(pattern) for pattern in exclude_patterns)
             )
         elif path.is_file():
-            # Accept all caller-supplied files; only filter if extensions set.
+            # Accept all caller-supplied files; ONLY filter extensions if set. ALWAYS filter exclude patterns.
             if explicit_suffixes is None or path.suffix.lower() in explicit_suffixes:
-                videos.append(path)
+                if not any(path.match(pattern) for pattern in exclude_patterns):
+                    videos.append(path)
 
     # Resolve video paths and remove duplicates
     unique_videos = list(dict.fromkeys(v.resolve() for v in videos))

From f6f1ee55fba924a367fae643d8c42c7ce4c345ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter van Steveninck
 <32810691+deruyter92@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 8 May 2026 15:01:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 07/24] deprecate auxfun `get_list_of_videos`  in favor of
 `collect_video_paths`

---
 .../modelzoo/api/superanimal_inference.py     |  4 +-
 .../predict_videos.py                         |  7 +-
 .../train_dlctransreid.py                     |  4 +-
 .../post_processing/analyze_skeleton.py       |  3 +-
 deeplabcut/post_processing/filtering.py       |  3 +-
 .../refine_training_dataset/outlier_frames.py |  4 +-
 deeplabcut/refine_training_dataset/stitch.py  |  4 +-
 deeplabcut/utils/auxiliaryfunctions.py        | 65 +++----------------
 deeplabcut/utils/make_labeled_video.py        |  6 +-
 deeplabcut/utils/plotting.py                  |  3 +-
 10 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 73 deletions(-)

diff --git a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_tensorflow/modelzoo/api/superanimal_inference.py b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_tensorflow/modelzoo/api/superanimal_inference.py
index 0b9255dcb..705653807 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_tensorflow/modelzoo/api/superanimal_inference.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_tensorflow/modelzoo/api/superanimal_inference.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 from deeplabcut.pose_estimation_tensorflow.core import predict as single_predict
 from deeplabcut.pose_estimation_tensorflow.core import predict_multianimal as predict
 from deeplabcut.utils import auxiliaryfunctions
-from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import VideoWriter
+from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import VideoWriter, collect_video_paths
 
 warnings.simplefilter("ignore", category=RuntimeWarning)
 
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ def video_inference(
 
     sess, inputs, outputs = single_predict.setup_pose_prediction(test_cfg, allow_growth=allow_growth)
     DLCscorer = "DLC_" + Path(test_cfg["init_weights"]).stem
-    videos = auxiliaryfunctions.get_list_of_videos(videos, videotype)
+    videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
 
     datafiles = []
     for video in videos:
diff --git a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_tensorflow/predict_videos.py b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_tensorflow/predict_videos.py
index 3b9979b25..39607aa8a 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_tensorflow/predict_videos.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_tensorflow/predict_videos.py
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 )
 from deeplabcut.refine_training_dataset.stitch import stitch_tracklets
 from deeplabcut.utils import auxfun_models, auxfun_multianimal, auxiliaryfunctions
+from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import collect_video_paths
 
 ####################################################
 # Loading data, and defining model folder
@@ -198,7 +199,7 @@ def create_tracking_dataset(
     ##################################################
     # Looping over videos
     ##################################################
-    Videos = auxiliaryfunctions.get_list_of_videos(videos, videotype)
+    Videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
     if len(Videos) > 0:
         if "multi-animal" in dlc_cfg["dataset_type"]:
             for video in Videos:
@@ -594,7 +595,7 @@ def analyze_videos(
     ##################################################
     # Looping over videos
     ##################################################
-    Videos = auxiliaryfunctions.get_list_of_videos(videos, videotype, in_random_order)
+    Videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype, in_random_order)
     if len(Videos) > 0:
         if "multi-animal" in dlc_cfg["dataset_type"]:
             from deeplabcut.pose_estimation_tensorflow.predict_multianimal import (
@@ -1651,7 +1652,7 @@ def convert_detections2tracklets(
     ##################################################
     # Looping over videos
     ##################################################
-    Videos = auxiliaryfunctions.get_list_of_videos(videos, videotype)
+    Videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
     if len(Videos) > 0:
         for video in Videos:
             print("Processing... ", video)
diff --git a/deeplabcut/pose_tracking_pytorch/train_dlctransreid.py b/deeplabcut/pose_tracking_pytorch/train_dlctransreid.py
index 404618a33..4d5124766 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/pose_tracking_pytorch/train_dlctransreid.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/pose_tracking_pytorch/train_dlctransreid.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from deeplabcut.utils import auxiliaryfunctions
+from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import collect_video_paths
 
 from .config import cfg
 from .datasets import make_dlc_dataloader
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ def train_tracking_transformer(
     destfolder=None,
 ):
     npy_list = []
-    videos = auxiliaryfunctions.get_list_of_videos(videos, videotype)
+    videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
     for video in videos:
         videofolder = str(Path(video).parents[0])
         if destfolder is None:
diff --git a/deeplabcut/post_processing/analyze_skeleton.py b/deeplabcut/post_processing/analyze_skeleton.py
index d39c3a7b8..54cd9a30a 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/post_processing/analyze_skeleton.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/post_processing/analyze_skeleton.py
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 from scipy.spatial import distance
 
 from deeplabcut.utils import auxfun_multianimal, auxiliaryfunctions
+from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import collect_video_paths
 
 
 # utility functions
@@ -261,7 +262,7 @@ def analyzeskeleton(
         **kwargs,
     )
 
-    Videos = auxiliaryfunctions.get_list_of_videos(videos, videotype)
+    Videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
     for video in Videos:
         print(f"Processing {video}")
         if destfolder is None:
diff --git a/deeplabcut/post_processing/filtering.py b/deeplabcut/post_processing/filtering.py
index cee8ef5ff..cc527754c 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/post_processing/filtering.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/post_processing/filtering.py
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 from deeplabcut.refine_training_dataset.outlier_frames import FitSARIMAXModel
 from deeplabcut.utils import auxfun_multianimal, auxiliaryfunctions
+from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import collect_video_paths
 
 
 def columnwise_spline_interp(data, max_gap=0):
@@ -212,7 +213,7 @@ def filterpredictions(
         modelprefix=modelprefix,
         **kwargs,
     )
-    Videos = auxiliaryfunctions.get_list_of_videos(video, videotype)
+    Videos = collect_video_paths(video, videotype)
 
     video_to_filtered_df = {}
 
diff --git a/deeplabcut/refine_training_dataset/outlier_frames.py b/deeplabcut/refine_training_dataset/outlier_frames.py
index 32b535b1e..5ddb67913 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/refine_training_dataset/outlier_frames.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/refine_training_dataset/outlier_frames.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
     frameselectiontools,
     visualization,
 )
-from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import VideoWriter
+from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import VideoWriter, collect_video_paths
 
 
 def find_outliers_in_raw_data(
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ def extract_outlier_frames(
         **kwargs,
     )
 
-    Videos = auxiliaryfunctions.get_list_of_videos(videos, videotype)
+    Videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
     if len(Videos) == 0:
         print("No suitable videos found in", videos)
 
diff --git a/deeplabcut/refine_training_dataset/stitch.py b/deeplabcut/refine_training_dataset/stitch.py
index 86ce62b50..08d45d95a 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/refine_training_dataset/stitch.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/refine_training_dataset/stitch.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
     calc_iou,
 )
 from deeplabcut.utils import auxfun_multianimal, auxiliaryfunctions
-from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import VideoWriter
+from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import VideoWriter, collect_video_paths
 
 
 class Tracklet:
@@ -1076,7 +1076,7 @@ def stitch_tracklets(
     -------
     A TrackletStitcher object
     """
-    vids = deeplabcut.utils.auxiliaryfunctions.get_list_of_videos(videos, videotype)
+    vids = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
     if not vids:
         print("No video(s) found. Please check your path!")
         return
diff --git a/deeplabcut/utils/auxiliaryfunctions.py b/deeplabcut/utils/auxiliaryfunctions.py
index d3ff79435..763fd7461 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/utils/auxiliaryfunctions.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/utils/auxiliaryfunctions.py
@@ -32,7 +32,9 @@
 
 from deeplabcut.core.engine import Engine
 from deeplabcut.core.trackingutils import TRACK_METHODS
-from deeplabcut.utils import auxfun_multianimal, auxfun_videos
+from deeplabcut.utils import auxfun_multianimal
+from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import collect_video_paths
+from deeplabcut.utils.deprecation import deprecated
 
 
 def create_config_template(multianimal=False):
@@ -387,66 +389,17 @@ def write_pickle(filename, data):
         pickle.dump(data, handle, protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
 
 
+@deprecated(replacement="deeplabcut.collect_video_paths", since="3.0.0")
 def get_list_of_videos(
     videos: list[str] | str,
     videotype: list[str] | str = "",
     in_random_order: bool = True,
 ) -> list[str]:
-    """Returns list of videos of videotype "videotype" in folder videos or for list of
-    videos.
-
-    NOTE: excludes keyword videos of the form:
-
-    *_labeled.videotype
-    *_full.videotype
-
-    Args:
-        videos (list[str], str): List of video paths or a single path string. If string (or len() == 1 list of strings)
-        is a directory,
-            finds all videos whose extension matches  ``videotype`` in the directory
-
-        videotype (list[str], str): File extension used to filter videos. Optional if ``videos`` is a list of video
-        files,
-            and filters with common video extensions if a directory is passed in.
-
-        in_random_order (bool): Whether or not to return a shuffled list of videos.
-    """
-    if isinstance(videos, str):
-        videos = [videos]
-
-    if [os.path.isdir(i) for i in videos] == [True]:  # checks if input is a directory
-        """Returns all the videos in the directory."""
-        if not videotype:
-            videotype = auxfun_videos.SUPPORTED_VIDEOS
-
-        print("Analyzing all the videos in the directory...")
-        videofolder = videos[0]
-
-        # make list of full paths
-        videos = [os.path.join(videofolder, fn) for fn in os.listdir(videofolder)]
-
-        if in_random_order:
-            from random import shuffle
-
-            shuffle(videos)  # this is useful so multiple nets can be used to analyze simultaneously
-        else:
-            videos.sort()
-
-    if isinstance(videotype, str):
-        videotype = [videotype]
-    if not videotype:
-        videotype = auxfun_videos.SUPPORTED_VIDEOS
-    # filter list of videos
-    videos = [
-        v
-        for v in videos
-        if os.path.isfile(v)
-        and any(v.endswith(ext) for ext in videotype)
-        and "_labeled." not in v
-        and "_full." not in v
-    ]
-
-    return videos
+    return collect_video_paths(
+        data_path=videos,
+        extensions=videotype,
+        shuffle=in_random_order,
+    )
 
 
 def save_data(PredicteData, metadata, dataname, pdindex, imagenames, save_as_csv):
diff --git a/deeplabcut/utils/make_labeled_video.py b/deeplabcut/utils/make_labeled_video.py
index da6e1de16..b35d4de41 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/utils/make_labeled_video.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/utils/make_labeled_video.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 
 from deeplabcut.core.engine import Engine
 from deeplabcut.utils import auxfun_multianimal, auxiliaryfunctions, visualization
-from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import VideoWriter
+from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import VideoWriter, collect_video_paths
 from deeplabcut.utils.video_processor import (
     VideoProcessorCV as vp,
 )  # used to CreateVideo
@@ -733,7 +733,7 @@ def create_labeled_video(
         skeleton_color = None
 
     start_path = os.getcwd()
-    Videos = auxiliaryfunctions.get_list_of_videos(videos, videotype)
+    Videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
 
     if not Videos:
         return []
@@ -1225,7 +1225,7 @@ def create_video_with_all_detections(
         **kwargs,
     )
 
-    videos = auxiliaryfunctions.get_list_of_videos(videos, videotype)
+    videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
     if not videos:
         return
 
diff --git a/deeplabcut/utils/plotting.py b/deeplabcut/utils/plotting.py
index 18fb92abd..58983ed98 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/utils/plotting.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/utils/plotting.py
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 
 from deeplabcut.core import crossvalutils
 from deeplabcut.utils import auxfun_multianimal, auxiliaryfunctions, visualization
+from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import collect_video_paths
 
 
 def Histogram(vector, color, bins, ax=None, linewidth=1.0):
@@ -288,7 +289,7 @@ def plot_trajectories(
     )  # automatically loads corresponding model (even training iteration based on snapshot index)
     bodyparts = auxiliaryfunctions.intersection_of_body_parts_and_ones_given_by_user(cfg, displayedbodyparts)
     individuals = auxfun_multianimal.IntersectionofIndividualsandOnesGivenbyUser(cfg, displayedindividuals)
-    Videos = auxiliaryfunctions.get_list_of_videos(videos, videotype)
+    Videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
     if not len(Videos):
         print("No videos found. Make sure you passed a list of videos and that *videotype* is right.")
         return

From f6b33d2c424248f0f3487984cb27f351063bcebc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter van Steveninck
 <32810691+deruyter92@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 8 May 2026 15:37:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 08/24] add pytest deprecation marker `test_get_list_of_videos`

---
 pyproject.toml                   | 1 +
 tests/test_auxiliaryfunctions.py | 2 ++
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index fb72a1b54..ff5500ca1 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -165,4 +165,5 @@ markers = [
   "fmpose3d: tests for fmpose3d integration",
   "unittest: fast unit-level tests",
   "functional: functional/integration-style tests",
+  "deprecated: tests for deprecated APIs kept for backward-compatibility",
 ]
diff --git a/tests/test_auxiliaryfunctions.py b/tests/test_auxiliaryfunctions.py
index 30e334851..ff16dc1c1 100644
--- a/tests/test_auxiliaryfunctions.py
+++ b/tests/test_auxiliaryfunctions.py
@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@ def _create_fake_file(filename):
             auxiliaryfunctions.find_analyzed_data(fake_folder, "video" + str(ind), SCORER, filtered=True)
 
 
+@pytest.mark.deprecated
+@pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore::DeprecationWarning")
 def test_get_list_of_videos(tmpdir_factory):
     fake_folder = tmpdir_factory.mktemp("videos")
     n_ext = len(SUPPORTED_VIDEOS)

From 659bf7dd2c18c8a03bdfb60e7157356570338505 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter van Steveninck
 <32810691+deruyter92@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 8 May 2026 15:44:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 09/24] Mark `get_video_list` as deprecated (keep for now for
 backward compatibility)

---
 deeplabcut/utils/auxiliaryfunctions.py | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/deeplabcut/utils/auxiliaryfunctions.py b/deeplabcut/utils/auxiliaryfunctions.py
index 763fd7461..8a8f2368d 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/utils/auxiliaryfunctions.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/utils/auxiliaryfunctions.py
@@ -484,6 +484,7 @@ def filter_files_by_patterns(
     return matching_files
 
 
+@deprecated(replacement="deeplabcut.collect_video_paths", since="3.0.0")
 def get_video_list(filename, videopath, videtype):
     """Get list of videos in a path (if filetype == all), otherwise just a specific
     file."""

From 983951d91fed459993c51ff9113a589bdf2c2820 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter van Steveninck
 <32810691+deruyter92@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 8 May 2026 15:51:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 10/24] fix test_collect_video_paths: rename keyword ->
 extensions

---
 tests/utils/test_collect_video_paths.py | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/utils/test_collect_video_paths.py b/tests/utils/test_collect_video_paths.py
index 39055c402..812c81497 100644
--- a/tests/utils/test_collect_video_paths.py
+++ b/tests/utils/test_collect_video_paths.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def test_keeps_suffixless_files_when_explicitly_listed(tmp_path):
     suffixed = _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
     hashed = _touch(tmp_path / "abcd1234")
 
-    result = collect_video_paths([suffixed, hashed], video_type=None)
+    result = collect_video_paths([suffixed, hashed], extensions=None)
 
     assert {p.name for p in result} == {"video.mp4", "abcd1234"}
 
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ def test_accepts_path_objects_and_strings(tmp_path):
     suffixed = _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
     hashed = _touch(tmp_path / "abcd1234")
 
-    result = collect_video_paths([str(suffixed), hashed], video_type=None)
+    result = collect_video_paths([str(suffixed), hashed], extensions=None)
 
     assert {p.name for p in result} == {"video.mp4", "abcd1234"}
 
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def test_accepts_single_path_argument(tmp_path):
     """A single path (not wrapped in a list) is also valid input."""
     hashed = _touch(tmp_path / "abcd1234")
 
-    result = collect_video_paths(hashed, video_type=None)
+    result = collect_video_paths(hashed, extensions=None)
 
     assert [p.name for p in result] == ["abcd1234"]
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ def test_explicit_video_type_filters_listed_files(tmp_path):
     mp4 = _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
     avi = _touch(tmp_path / "video.avi")
 
-    result = collect_video_paths([mp4, avi], video_type="mp4")
+    result = collect_video_paths([mp4, avi], extensions="mp4")
 
     assert [p.name for p in result] == ["video.mp4"]
 
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ def test_explicit_video_type_accepts_leading_dot(tmp_path):
     mp4 = _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
     avi = _touch(tmp_path / "video.avi")
 
-    result = collect_video_paths([mp4, avi], video_type=".mp4")
+    result = collect_video_paths([mp4, avi], extensions=".mp4")
 
     assert [p.name for p in result] == ["video.mp4"]
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ def test_directory_enumeration_filters_by_supported_videos(tmp_path):
     _touch(tmp_path / "results.h5")
     _touch(tmp_path / "abcd1234")  # suffix-less file in a directory: not a video
 
-    result = collect_video_paths(tmp_path, video_type=None)
+    result = collect_video_paths(tmp_path, extensions=None)
 
     assert [p.name for p in result] == [mp4.name]
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ def test_directory_enumeration_skips_dlc_artifacts(tmp_path):
     _touch(tmp_path / "video_labeled.mp4")
     _touch(tmp_path / "video_full.mp4")
 
-    result = collect_video_paths(tmp_path, video_type=None)
+    result = collect_video_paths(tmp_path, extensions=None)
 
     assert [p.name for p in result] == [mp4.name]
 
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ def test_mixed_files_and_directories(tmp_path):
 
     result = collect_video_paths(
         [folder, explicit_mp4, explicit_hashed],
-        video_type=None,
+        extensions=None,
     )
 
     assert {p.name for p in result} == {
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ def test_mixed_files_and_directories(tmp_path):
 def test_duplicates_are_removed(tmp_path):
     mp4 = _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
 
-    result = collect_video_paths([mp4, mp4, str(mp4)], video_type=None)
+    result = collect_video_paths([mp4, mp4, str(mp4)], extensions=None)
 
     assert len(result) == 1
     assert result[0].name == "video.mp4"
@@ -137,14 +137,14 @@ def test_duplicates_are_removed(tmp_path):
 
 def test_missing_path_raises(tmp_path):
     with pytest.raises(FileNotFoundError):
-        collect_video_paths([tmp_path / "does_not_exist.mp4"], video_type=None)
+        collect_video_paths([tmp_path / "does_not_exist.mp4"], extensions=None)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("ext", SUPPORTED_VIDEOS)
 def test_each_supported_extension_picked_up_in_directory(tmp_path, ext):
     expected = _touch(tmp_path / f"clip.{ext}")
 
-    result = collect_video_paths(tmp_path, video_type=None)
+    result = collect_video_paths(tmp_path, extensions=None)
 
     assert [p.name for p in result] == [expected.name]
 
@@ -156,6 +156,6 @@ def test_sorted_by_default_when_not_shuffled(tmp_path):
 
     # The resolution order in the function is dict-insertion-stable; given a
     # sorted input list we expect a sorted output list.
-    result = collect_video_paths([c, a, b], video_type=None, shuffle=False)
+    result = collect_video_paths([c, a, b], extensions=None, shuffle=False)
 
     assert [p.name for p in result] == ["c.mp4", "a.mp4", "b.mp4"]

From 7d713061086045c118b706b7dd711de9c5dd2d00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter van Steveninck
 <32810691+deruyter92@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 8 May 2026 16:32:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 11/24] Adjust  `extensions` parameter: flexibly coerce str /
 list / tuple -> set of extensions.

---
 .../pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py      |  2 +-
 deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py              | 18 +++++++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py
index 82d2d974d..fc429d552 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ def list_videos_in_folder(
 ) -> list[Path]:
     return collect_video_paths(
         data_path=data_path,
-        extensions=video_type,
+        extensions=video_type or None,
         shuffle=shuffle,
     )
 
diff --git a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
index 13bcac2e1..e8c74d130 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ def display_help(*args):
 
 def collect_video_paths(
     data_path: str | Path | list[str | Path],
-    extensions: str | None = None,
+    extensions: str | list[str] | None = None,
     shuffle: bool = False,
     exclude_patterns: list[str] | None = None,
 ) -> list[Path]:
@@ -683,10 +683,18 @@ def collect_video_paths(
     if exclude_patterns is None:
         exclude_patterns = ["*_labeled.*", "*_full.*"]
 
-    if extensions:
-        explicit_suffixes: set[str] | None = {f".{extensions.lstrip('.').lower()}"}
-    else:
-        explicit_suffixes = None
+    def _coerce_extensions(extensions: str | None) -> set[str]:
+        """Flexible coercion of extensions to a set of suffixes"""
+        # NOTE @deruyter92: support legacy API, which mixed strings and iterables.
+        if isinstance(extensions, (list, tuple)):
+            explicit_suffixes = {f".{e.lstrip('.').lower()}" for e in extensions if e} or None
+        elif extensions:
+            explicit_suffixes = {f".{extensions.lstrip('.').lower()}"}
+        else:
+            explicit_suffixes = None
+        return explicit_suffixes
+
+    explicit_suffixes = _coerce_extensions(extensions)
     implicit_suffixes = {f".{ext.lower()}" for ext in SUPPORTED_VIDEOS}
 
     videos: list[Path] = []

From adadf08e5a0d2f6cd061fb5c3b95d93a9ea737f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter van Steveninck
 <32810691+deruyter92@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 13:34:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 12/24] `collect_video_paths`: sort videos if shuffle=False

---
 deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
index e8c74d130..d411f664a 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
@@ -722,4 +722,6 @@ def _coerce_extensions(extensions: str | None) -> set[str]:
     unique_videos = list(dict.fromkeys(v.resolve() for v in videos))
     if shuffle:
         random.shuffle(unique_videos)
+    else:
+        unique_videos.sort()
     return unique_videos

From ce8bcf534fd0385adb3fdf5ae7f80bd207d29789 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter van Steveninck
 <32810691+deruyter92@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 13:37:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 13/24] update docstring non-recursive directory scanning.

---
 deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
index d411f664a..a7fc18f6c 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
@@ -654,7 +654,9 @@ def collect_video_paths(
     exclude_patterns: list[str] | None = None,
 ) -> list[Path]:
     """
-    Collects video paths from a given set of data paths: directories, files or mix of both.
+    Collects video paths from a given set of data paths: directories, files or mix of both. Directories are
+    only scanned single level, non-recursively.
+
     Optionally filters paths by extension and excludes patterns. Files and directories are treated differently:
     - Files are not filtered by extension by default. Set ``extensions`` if needed, to filter also supplied files.
     - Directory contents are filtered by ``SUPPORTED_VIDEOS`` by default. Specify custom ``extensions`` if needed.

From 75a4d0aac32b7dfba252b3cbef22cf7a63403d1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter van Steveninck
 <32810691+deruyter92@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 14:07:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 14/24] update collect_video_paths: DEFAULT_EXCLUDE_PATTERNS

---
 deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py | 7 ++++---
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
index a7fc18f6c..639714e87 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 
 # more videos are in principle covered, as OpenCV is used and allows many formats.
 SUPPORTED_VIDEOS = "avi", "mp4", "mov", "mpeg", "mpg", "mpv", "mkv", "flv", "qt", "yuv"
+DEFAULT_EXCLUDE_PATTERNS: tuple[str, ...] = "*_labeled.*", "*_full.*"
 
 
 class VideoReader:
@@ -651,7 +652,7 @@ def collect_video_paths(
     data_path: str | Path | list[str | Path],
     extensions: str | list[str] | None = None,
     shuffle: bool = False,
-    exclude_patterns: list[str] | None = None,
+    exclude_patterns: Sequence[str] = DEFAULT_EXCLUDE_PATTERNS,
 ) -> list[Path]:
     """
     Collects video paths from a given set of data paths: directories, files or mix of both. Directories are
@@ -670,8 +671,8 @@ def collect_video_paths(
             - If ``None``, provided files are not filtered, but directory contents are filtered by ``SUPPORTED_VIDEOS``.
         shuffle: Whether to shuffle the order of videos. If False, videos are returned
             in sorted order for deterministic behavior.
-        exclude_patterns: Patterns to exclude from the collection. Defaults to ["*_labeled.*", "*_full.*"].
-            Set to [] to exclude no patterns.
+        exclude_patterns: Patterns to exclude from the collection. Defaults to DEFAULT_EXCLUDE_PATTERNS.
+            Set to an empty sequence e.g. `[]` to exclude no patterns.
 
     Returns:
         The paths of videos to analyze. Duplicate paths are removed.

From 481d3fac786b9db4801ee57d131c35aa6a79e860 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter van Steveninck
 <32810691+deruyter92@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 13:34:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 15/24] update _coerce_extensions: only "" and None normalize
 to None

---
 deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py | 24 ++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
index 639714e87..4b57e3045 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 import random
 import subprocess
 import warnings
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import cv2
@@ -650,7 +651,7 @@ def display_help(*args):
 
 def collect_video_paths(
     data_path: str | Path | list[str | Path],
-    extensions: str | list[str] | None = None,
+    extensions: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     shuffle: bool = False,
     exclude_patterns: Sequence[str] = DEFAULT_EXCLUDE_PATTERNS,
 ) -> list[Path]:
@@ -666,9 +667,11 @@ def collect_video_paths(
     Args:
         data_path: Path or list of paths to folders containing videos, or individual
             video files. Can be a mix of directories and files.
-        extensions: The types of videos to filter for (e.g., ".mp4", ".avi", etc.).
-            - If set: filter all videos with the given extensions. Both for directory contents and supplied files.
+        extensions: The types of videos to select, by filtering the extension (e.g., ".mp4", ".avi", etc.).
+            - If set: select all videos with the given extensions. Both for directory contents and supplied files.
             - If ``None``, provided files are not filtered, but directory contents are filtered by ``SUPPORTED_VIDEOS``.
+            - An empty str "" is equivalent to None (for backwards compatibility).
+            - An empty sequence: select only files without extension.
         shuffle: Whether to shuffle the order of videos. If False, videos are returned
             in sorted order for deterministic behavior.
         exclude_patterns: Patterns to exclude from the collection. Defaults to DEFAULT_EXCLUDE_PATTERNS.
@@ -683,18 +686,19 @@ def collect_video_paths(
     if isinstance(data_path, (str, Path)):
         data_path = [data_path]
 
-    if exclude_patterns is None:
-        exclude_patterns = ["*_labeled.*", "*_full.*"]
-
-    def _coerce_extensions(extensions: str | None) -> set[str]:
+    def _coerce_extensions(extensions: str | Sequence[str] | None) -> set[str] | None:
         """Flexible coercion of extensions to a set of suffixes"""
         # NOTE @deruyter92: support legacy API, which mixed strings and iterables.
-        if isinstance(extensions, (list, tuple)):
-            explicit_suffixes = {f".{e.lstrip('.').lower()}" for e in extensions if e} or None
-        elif extensions:
+        if isinstance(extensions, (Sequence, set)):
+            explicit_suffixes = {f".{e.lstrip('.').lower()}" for e in extensions}
+        elif isinstance(extensions, str):
             explicit_suffixes = {f".{extensions.lstrip('.').lower()}"}
         else:
             explicit_suffixes = None
+
+        # Normalize empty string to None
+        if explicit_suffixes == {""}:
+            explicit_suffixes = None
         return explicit_suffixes
 
     explicit_suffixes = _coerce_extensions(extensions)

From 8ca9b495297e30ca21c103121a5a61675fc0735e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter <deruyter92@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 14:41:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 16/24] fix instance check in _coerce_video_extensions

---
 deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
index 4b57e3045..0a60f3f74 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ def collect_video_paths(
     def _coerce_extensions(extensions: str | Sequence[str] | None) -> set[str] | None:
         """Flexible coercion of extensions to a set of suffixes"""
         # NOTE @deruyter92: support legacy API, which mixed strings and iterables.
-        if isinstance(extensions, (Sequence, set)):
+        if isinstance(extensions, (list, tuple, set)):
             explicit_suffixes = {f".{e.lstrip('.').lower()}" for e in extensions}
         elif isinstance(extensions, str):
             explicit_suffixes = {f".{extensions.lstrip('.').lower()}"}

From 39557ece722a3dc475e3a023ff01c62b8cdc8950 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter <deruyter92@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 14:41:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 17/24] fix pytest: assert alphabetic ordering if shuffle=False

---
 tests/utils/test_collect_video_paths.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/utils/test_collect_video_paths.py b/tests/utils/test_collect_video_paths.py
index 812c81497..c64ce1c67 100644
--- a/tests/utils/test_collect_video_paths.py
+++ b/tests/utils/test_collect_video_paths.py
@@ -158,4 +158,4 @@ def test_sorted_by_default_when_not_shuffled(tmp_path):
     # sorted input list we expect a sorted output list.
     result = collect_video_paths([c, a, b], extensions=None, shuffle=False)
 
-    assert [p.name for p in result] == ["c.mp4", "a.mp4", "b.mp4"]
+    assert [p.name for p in result] == ["a.mp4", "b.mp4", "c.mp4"]

From 39cfd94311191f2327c3789d0b5c85392d1d85e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter <deruyter92@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 15:35:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 18/24] fix empty string case in _coerce_extensions

---
 deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
index 0a60f3f74..8b4ed878a 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ def _coerce_extensions(extensions: str | Sequence[str] | None) -> set[str] | Non
         # NOTE @deruyter92: support legacy API, which mixed strings and iterables.
         if isinstance(extensions, (list, tuple, set)):
             explicit_suffixes = {f".{e.lstrip('.').lower()}" for e in extensions}
-        elif isinstance(extensions, str):
+        elif isinstance(extensions, str) and not extensions == "":
             explicit_suffixes = {f".{extensions.lstrip('.').lower()}"}
         else:
             explicit_suffixes = None

From 77a05dc2a2734499c68a9f608ca002f08b39a818 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cyril Achard <cyril.achard@epfl.ch>
Date: Tue, 12 May 2026 15:36:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 19/24] Add structured deprecation info and warnings (#3326)

* Add structured deprecation info and warnings

Introduce a DLCDeprecationWarning and a DeprecationInfo pydantic model to standardize deprecation metadata (kind, target, replacement, since, removed_in, renamed params) with parsing and validation of versions. Revamp deprecated and renamed_parameter decorators to build messages from DeprecationInfo, emit DLCDeprecationWarning, attach metadata to wrapped callables (__deprecated_info__, __deprecated_params__), use ParamSpec/TypeVar typing for wrappers, and enforce error when both old and new kwargs are passed. Switch to packaging.version for version parsing.

* Use DLCDeprecationWarning and add metadata tests

Replace generic DeprecationWarning checks with DLCDeprecationWarning and import packaging.version.Version. Add tests verifying deprecated decorators attach metadata (including since/removed_in parsed as Version), validate invalid version inputs, and ensure removed_in > since. Also add tests for renamed_parameter behavior (conflicting old+new raises, metadata attachment, and invalid since handling) and small docstring/name preservation assertions.

* Add packaging as core dep
---
 deeplabcut/utils/deprecation.py | 118 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 pyproject.toml                  |   2 +-
 tests/utils/test_deprecation.py |  96 +++++++++++++++++++++++---
 uv.lock                         |  60 ++++++++--------
 4 files changed, 213 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-)

diff --git a/deeplabcut/utils/deprecation.py b/deeplabcut/utils/deprecation.py
index c3d98f222..8551929c5 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/utils/deprecation.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/utils/deprecation.py
@@ -13,13 +13,78 @@
 import functools
 import warnings
 from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Literal, ParamSpec, TypeVar
+
+from packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, field_validator, model_validator
+
+P = ParamSpec("P")
+R = TypeVar("R")
+
+
+class DLCDeprecationWarning(DeprecationWarning):
+    """Project-specific deprecation warning. Helps with filtering."""
+
+
+class DeprecationInfo(BaseModel):
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        frozen=True,
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    kind: Literal["callable", "parameter"]
+    target: str
+    replacement: str | None = None
+
+    since: Version | None = None
+    removed_in: Version | None = None
+
+    old_parameter: str | None = None
+    new_parameter: str | None = None
+
+    @field_validator("since", "removed_in", mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def _parse_version(cls, value):
+        if value is None or isinstance(value, Version):
+            return value
+        try:
+            return Version(value)
+        except InvalidVersion as e:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid version: {value!r}") from e
+
+    @model_validator(mode="after")
+    def _validate_version_order(self) -> DeprecationInfo:
+        if self.since and self.removed_in and self.removed_in <= self.since:
+            raise ValueError(f"'removed_in' ({self.removed_in}) must be greater than 'since' ({self.since}).")
+        return self
+
+    def format_message(self) -> str:
+        if self.kind == "callable":
+            parts = [f"{self.target} is deprecated"]
+            if self.since:
+                parts[0] += f" since {self.since}"
+            if self.replacement:
+                parts.append(f"Use {self.replacement} instead.")
+            if self.removed_in:
+                parts.append(f"It will be removed in {self.removed_in}.")
+            return " ".join(parts)
+
+        if self.kind == "parameter":
+            return (
+                f"Parameter '{self.old_parameter}' of {self.target} is deprecated"
+                + (f" since {self.since}" if self.since else "")
+                + f"; use '{self.new_parameter}' instead."
+            )
+
+        raise ValueError(f"Unknown deprecation kind: {self.kind}")
 
 
 def deprecated(
+    *,
     replacement: str | None = None,
     since: str | None = None,
     removed_in: str | None = None,
-) -> Callable:
+) -> Callable[[Callable[P, R]], Callable[P, R]]:
     """Mark a function as deprecated.
 
     Args:
@@ -29,28 +94,34 @@ def deprecated(
         removed_in: Version in which the function will be removed.
     """
 
-    def decorator(fn: Callable) -> Callable:
-        parts = [f"{fn.__qualname__} is deprecated"]
-        if since:
-            parts[0] += f" since {since}"
-        if replacement:
-            parts.append(f"Use {replacement} instead.")
-        if removed_in:
-            parts.append(f"It will be removed in {removed_in}.")
-        message = " ".join(parts)
+    def decorator(fn: Callable[P, R]) -> Callable[P, R]:
+        info = DeprecationInfo(
+            kind="callable",
+            target=fn.__qualname__,
+            replacement=replacement,
+            since=since,
+            removed_in=removed_in,
+        )
+        message = info.format_message()
 
         @functools.wraps(fn)
-        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
-            warnings.warn(message, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        def wrapper(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:
+            warnings.warn(message, DLCDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
             return fn(*args, **kwargs)
 
         wrapper.__doc__ = f"Deprecated. {message}\n\n" + (fn.__doc__ or "")
+        wrapper.__deprecated_info__ = info
         return wrapper
 
     return decorator
 
 
-def renamed_parameter(old: str, new: str, since: str | None = None) -> Callable:
+def renamed_parameter(
+    *,
+    old: str,
+    new: str,
+    since: str | None = None,
+) -> Callable[[Callable[P, R]], Callable[P, R]]:
     """Support a renamed keyword argument while warning callers to update.
 
     Args:
@@ -59,20 +130,27 @@ def renamed_parameter(old: str, new: str, since: str | None = None) -> Callable:
         since: Version when the rename happened.
     """
 
-    def decorator(fn: Callable) -> Callable:
-        msg = (
-            f"Parameter '{old}' of {fn.__qualname__} is deprecated"
-            + (f" since {since}" if since else "")
-            + f"; use '{new}' instead."
+    def decorator(fn: Callable[P, R]) -> Callable[P, R]:
+        info = DeprecationInfo(
+            kind="parameter",
+            target=fn.__qualname__,
+            since=since,
+            old_parameter=old,
+            new_parameter=new,
         )
+        message = info.format_message()
 
         @functools.wraps(fn)
-        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        def wrapper(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:
             if old in kwargs:
-                warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+                if new in kwargs:
+                    raise TypeError(f"{fn.__qualname__} received both '{old}' and '{new}'. Use only '{new}'.")
+                warnings.warn(message, DLCDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
                 kwargs[new] = kwargs.pop(old)
             return fn(*args, **kwargs)
 
+        existing = getattr(fn, "__deprecated_params__", ())
+        wrapper.__deprecated_params__ = (*existing, info)
         return wrapper
 
     return decorator
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index f6272056a..17b761a51 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ dependencies = [
   "networkx>=2.6",
   "numba>=0.54",
   "numpy>=1.18.5,<2",
+  "packaging>=26",
   "pandas[hdf5,performance]>=2.2,<3",
   "pillow>=7.1",
   "pycocotools",
@@ -67,7 +68,6 @@ email = "alexander@deeplabcut.org"
 [project.optional-dependencies]
 gui = [
   "napari-deeplabcut>=0.2.1.6",
-  "packaging>=26",
   "pyside6; platform_system!='Linux' or platform_machine!='x86_64'",
   # Avoid 6.10.0 only on Linux x86_64 (fails for older glib versions)
   "pyside6<6.10; platform_system=='Linux' and platform_machine=='x86_64'",
diff --git a/tests/utils/test_deprecation.py b/tests/utils/test_deprecation.py
index 7fbc65064..5938619f7 100644
--- a/tests/utils/test_deprecation.py
+++ b/tests/utils/test_deprecation.py
@@ -11,8 +11,13 @@
 import warnings
 
 import pytest
+from packaging.version import Version
 
-from deeplabcut.utils.deprecation import deprecated, renamed_parameter
+from deeplabcut.utils.deprecation import (
+    DLCDeprecationWarning,
+    deprecated,
+    renamed_parameter,
+)
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # @deprecated
@@ -24,7 +29,7 @@ def test_deprecated_emits_deprecation_warning():
     def old_fn():
         return 42
 
-    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+    with pytest.warns(DLCDeprecationWarning):
         result = old_fn()
 
     assert result == 42
@@ -35,7 +40,7 @@ def test_deprecated_warning_contains_function_name():
     def my_old_function():
         pass
 
-    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="my_old_function"):
+    with pytest.warns(DLCDeprecationWarning, match="my_old_function"):
         my_old_function()
 
 
@@ -44,7 +49,7 @@ def test_deprecated_warning_contains_replacement():
     def old_fn():
         pass
 
-    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="new_module.new_fn"):
+    with pytest.warns(DLCDeprecationWarning, match="new_module.new_fn"):
         old_fn()
 
 
@@ -53,7 +58,7 @@ def test_deprecated_warning_contains_since_and_removed_in():
     def old_fn():
         pass
 
-    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="3.1") as record:
+    with pytest.warns(DLCDeprecationWarning, match="3.1") as record:
         old_fn()
 
     assert "4.0" in str(record[0].message)
@@ -64,7 +69,7 @@ def test_deprecated_preserves_return_value_and_args():
     def add(a, b):
         return a + b
 
-    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+    with pytest.warns(DLCDeprecationWarning):
         assert add(2, 3) == 5
 
 
@@ -76,6 +81,44 @@ def documented_fn():
     assert documented_fn.__name__ == "documented_fn"
     assert "Original docstring." in documented_fn.__doc__
     assert "Deprecated." in documented_fn.__doc__
+    assert "new_fn" in documented_fn.__doc__
+
+
+def test_deprecated_attaches_metadata():
+    @deprecated(replacement="new_fn", since="3.1", removed_in="4.0")
+    def old_fn():
+        pass
+
+    info = old_fn.__deprecated_info__
+    assert info.kind == "callable"
+    assert info.target.endswith("old_fn")
+    assert info.replacement == "new_fn"
+    assert info.since == Version("3.1")
+    assert info.removed_in == Version("4.0")
+
+
+def test_deprecated_invalid_since_raises():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid version"):
+
+        @deprecated(since="not-a-version")
+        def old_fn():
+            pass
+
+
+def test_deprecated_invalid_removed_in_raises():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid version"):
+
+        @deprecated(removed_in="definitely-not-a-version")
+        def old_fn():
+            pass
+
+
+def test_deprecated_removed_in_must_be_greater_than_since():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="must be greater than"):
+
+        @deprecated(since="4.0", removed_in="4.0")
+        def old_fn():
+            pass
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -88,7 +131,7 @@ def test_renamed_parameter_old_name_emits_warning():
     def fn(shuffle=False):
         return shuffle
 
-    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+    with pytest.warns(DLCDeprecationWarning):
         fn(in_random_order=True)
 
 
@@ -97,7 +140,7 @@ def test_renamed_parameter_old_name_is_forwarded():
     def fn(shuffle=False):
         return shuffle
 
-    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning):
+    with pytest.warns(DLCDeprecationWarning):
         result = fn(in_random_order=True)
 
     assert result is True
@@ -110,7 +153,7 @@ def fn(shuffle=False):
 
     # No warning should be emitted when using the current name.
     with warnings.catch_warnings():
-        warnings.simplefilter("error", DeprecationWarning)
+        warnings.simplefilter("error", DLCDeprecationWarning)
         result = fn(shuffle=True)
 
     assert result is True
@@ -121,7 +164,7 @@ def test_renamed_parameter_warning_contains_names():
     def fn(extensions=None):
         return extensions
 
-    with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="videotype") as record:
+    with pytest.warns(DLCDeprecationWarning, match="videotype") as record:
         fn(videotype="mp4")
 
     message = str(record[0].message)
@@ -135,3 +178,36 @@ def my_fn(bar=None):
         """Docstring."""
 
     assert my_fn.__name__ == "my_fn"
+
+
+def test_renamed_parameter_old_and_new_together_raise():
+    @renamed_parameter(old="videotype", new="extensions")
+    def fn(extensions=None):
+        return extensions
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="both 'videotype' and 'extensions'"):
+        fn(videotype="mp4", extensions="avi")
+
+
+def test_renamed_parameter_attaches_metadata():
+    @renamed_parameter(old="videotype", new="extensions", since="3.2")
+    def fn(extensions=None):
+        return extensions
+
+    params = fn.__deprecated_params__
+    assert len(params) == 1
+
+    info = params[0]
+    assert info.kind == "parameter"
+    assert info.target.endswith("fn")
+    assert info.old_parameter == "videotype"
+    assert info.new_parameter == "extensions"
+    assert info.since == Version("3.2")
+
+
+def test_renamed_parameter_invalid_since_raises():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid version"):
+
+        @renamed_parameter(old="videotype", new="extensions", since="invalid-version")
+        def fn(extensions=None):
+            return extensions
diff --git a/uv.lock b/uv.lock
index 5925becbc..4b72057a1 100644
--- a/uv.lock
+++ b/uv.lock
@@ -1013,7 +1013,7 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "(python_full_version < '3.11' and platform_machine != 'aarch64' and platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux') or (python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux')",
 ]
 dependencies = [
-    { name = "cuda-pathfinder", marker = "(sys_platform != 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips') or (sys_platform != 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-fmpose3d') or (sys_platform != 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (extra != 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-fmpose3d' and extra != 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf') or (extra != 'extra-10-deeplabcut-fmpose3d' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (extra != 'extra-10-deeplabcut-fmpose3d' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (extra != 'extra-10-deeplabcut-fmpose3d' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (extra != 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra != 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf' and extra != 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11' and extra != 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12')" },
+    { name = "cuda-pathfinder", marker = "(sys_platform != 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips') or (sys_platform != 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-fmpose3d') or (sys_platform != 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf') or (sys_platform != 'darwin' and extra != 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11' and extra != 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-fmpose3d' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-fmpose3d' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest')" },
 ]
 wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/1a/fe/7351d7e586a8b4c9f89731bfe4cf0148223e8f9903ff09571f78b3fb0682/cuda_bindings-13.2.0-cp310-cp310-manylinux_2_24_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:08b395f79cb89ce0cd8effff07c4a1e20101b873c256a1aeb286e8fd7bd0f556", size = 5744254, upload-time = "2026-03-11T00:12:29.798Z" },
@@ -1201,6 +1201,7 @@ dependencies = [
     { name = "networkx", version = "3.6.1", source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }, marker = "python_full_version >= '3.11' or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-fmpose3d' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-fmpose3d' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest')" },
     { name = "numba" },
     { name = "numpy" },
+    { name = "packaging" },
     { name = "pandas", extra = ["hdf5", "performance"] },
     { name = "pillow" },
     { name = "pycocotools" },
@@ -1247,7 +1248,6 @@ fmpose3d = [
 ]
 gui = [
     { name = "napari-deeplabcut" },
-    { name = "packaging" },
     { name = "pyside6" },
     { name = "qdarkstyle" },
 ]
@@ -1335,7 +1335,7 @@ requires-dist = [
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     { name = "numpydoc", marker = "extra == 'docs'" },
     { name = "openvino-dev", marker = "extra == 'openvino'", specifier = "==2022.1" },
-    { name = "packaging", marker = "extra == 'gui'", specifier = ">=26" },
+    { name = "packaging", specifier = ">=26" },
     { name = "pandas", extras = ["hdf5", "performance"], specifier = ">=2.2,<3" },
     { name = "pillow", specifier = ">=7.1" },
     { name = "protobuf", marker = "sys_platform == 'darwin' and extra == 'apple-mchips'", specifier = "<7" },
@@ -1861,7 +1861,7 @@ name = "h5py"
 version = "3.16.0"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
-    { name = "numpy" },
+    { name = "numpy", marker = "sys_platform == 'darwin' or extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf' or extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11' or extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12' or extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest'" },
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@@ -2929,14 +2929,14 @@ version = "0.4.1"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
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-    "python_full_version >= '3.13' and sys_platform == 'darwin'",
-    "python_full_version >= '3.13' and platform_machine == 'aarch64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
-    "(python_full_version >= '3.13' and platform_machine != 'aarch64' and platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux') or (python_full_version >= '3.13' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux')",
     "python_full_version == '3.12.*' and platform_machine == 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
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     "python_full_version < '3.11' and platform_machine == 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.13' and sys_platform == 'darwin'",
     "python_full_version == '3.12.*' and sys_platform == 'darwin'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.13' and platform_machine == 'aarch64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
     "python_full_version == '3.12.*' and platform_machine == 'aarch64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
+    "(python_full_version >= '3.13' and platform_machine != 'aarch64' and platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux') or (python_full_version >= '3.13' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux')",
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     "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and platform_machine == 'aarch64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
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@@ -3773,7 +3773,7 @@ name = "nvidia-cufft"
 version = "12.0.0.61"
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@@ -3861,9 +3861,9 @@ name = "nvidia-cusolver"
 version = "12.0.4.66"
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 ]
 wheels = [
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@@ -4600,14 +4600,14 @@ version = "5.29.6"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 resolution-markers = [
     "python_full_version >= '3.13' and platform_machine == 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
-    "python_full_version >= '3.13' and sys_platform == 'darwin'",
-    "python_full_version >= '3.13' and platform_machine == 'aarch64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
-    "(python_full_version >= '3.13' and platform_machine != 'aarch64' and platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux') or (python_full_version >= '3.13' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux')",
     "python_full_version == '3.12.*' and platform_machine == 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
     "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and platform_machine == 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
     "python_full_version < '3.11' and platform_machine == 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.13' and sys_platform == 'darwin'",
     "python_full_version == '3.12.*' and sys_platform == 'darwin'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.13' and platform_machine == 'aarch64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
     "python_full_version == '3.12.*' and platform_machine == 'aarch64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
+    "(python_full_version >= '3.13' and platform_machine != 'aarch64' and platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux') or (python_full_version >= '3.13' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux')",
     "(python_full_version == '3.12.*' and platform_machine != 'aarch64' and platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux') or (python_full_version == '3.12.*' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux')",
     "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and sys_platform == 'darwin'",
     "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and platform_machine == 'aarch64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
@@ -6863,14 +6863,14 @@ version = "2.18.0"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 resolution-markers = [
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-    "python_full_version >= '3.13' and sys_platform == 'darwin'",
-    "python_full_version >= '3.13' and platform_machine == 'aarch64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
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     "python_full_version == '3.12.*' and platform_machine == 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
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     "python_full_version < '3.11' and platform_machine == 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.13' and sys_platform == 'darwin'",
     "python_full_version == '3.12.*' and sys_platform == 'darwin'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.13' and platform_machine == 'aarch64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
     "python_full_version == '3.12.*' and platform_machine == 'aarch64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
+    "(python_full_version >= '3.13' and platform_machine != 'aarch64' and platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux') or (python_full_version >= '3.13' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux')",
     "(python_full_version == '3.12.*' and platform_machine != 'aarch64' and platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux') or (python_full_version == '3.12.*' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux')",
     "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and sys_platform == 'darwin'",
     "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and platform_machine == 'aarch64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
@@ -6980,8 +6980,8 @@ dependencies = [
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     { name = "wrapt", version = "1.14.2", source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }, marker = "(python_full_version < '3.12' and sys_platform == 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips') or (python_full_version < '3.12' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf') or extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11' or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-fmpose3d' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest')" },
@@ -7241,11 +7241,7 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_full_version == '3.12.*' and platform_machine == 'aarch64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
     "(python_full_version >= '3.13' and platform_machine != 'aarch64' and platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux') or (python_full_version >= '3.13' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux')",
     "(python_full_version == '3.12.*' and platform_machine != 'aarch64' and platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux') or (python_full_version == '3.12.*' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux')",
-    "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and sys_platform == 'darwin'",
-    "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and platform_machine == 'aarch64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
     "(python_full_version == '3.11.*' and platform_machine != 'aarch64' and platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux') or (python_full_version == '3.11.*' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux')",
-    "python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform == 'darwin'",
-    "python_full_version < '3.11' and platform_machine == 'aarch64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
     "(python_full_version < '3.11' and platform_machine != 'aarch64' and platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux') or (python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux')",
 ]
 wheels = [
@@ -7264,6 +7260,8 @@ name = "tensorflow-io-gcs-filesystem"
 version = "0.37.1"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 resolution-markers = [
+    "python_full_version >= '3.13' and platform_machine == 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
+    "python_full_version == '3.12.*' and platform_machine == 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
     "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and platform_machine == 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
     "python_full_version < '3.11' and platform_machine == 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
     "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and sys_platform == 'darwin'",
@@ -7272,8 +7270,6 @@ resolution-markers = [
     "python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform == 'darwin'",
     "python_full_version < '3.11' and platform_machine == 'aarch64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
     "(python_full_version < '3.11' and platform_machine != 'aarch64' and platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux') or (python_full_version < '3.11' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux')",
-    "python_full_version >= '3.13' and platform_machine == 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
-    "python_full_version == '3.12.*' and platform_machine == 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
 ]
 wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/e9/a3/12d7e7326a707919b321e2d6e4c88eb61596457940fd2b8ff3e9b7fac8a7/tensorflow_io_gcs_filesystem-0.37.1-cp310-cp310-macosx_10_14_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:249c12b830165841411ba71e08215d0e94277a49c551e6dd5d72aab54fe5491b", size = 2470224, upload-time = "2024-07-01T23:44:15.341Z" },
@@ -7295,8 +7291,8 @@ name = "tensorflow-metal"
 version = "1.2.0"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
-    { name = "six", marker = "(platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11') or (platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11') or (sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (sys_platform == 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips') or (sys_platform == 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf') or (sys_platform == 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11') or (sys_platform == 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (sys_platform == 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-fmpose3d' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11') or (sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-fmpose3d' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11') or (sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest')" },
-    { name = "wheel", marker = "(platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11') or (platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11') or (sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (sys_platform == 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips') or (sys_platform == 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf') or (sys_platform == 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11') or (sys_platform == 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (sys_platform == 'darwin' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-fmpose3d' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11') or (sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-fmpose3d' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11') or (sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (sys_platform == 'linux' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu11') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-cu12') or (extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-apple-mchips' and extra == 'extra-10-deeplabcut-tf-latest')" },
+    { name = "six", marker = "sys_platform == 'darwin'" },
+    { name = "wheel", marker = "sys_platform == 'darwin'" },
 ]
 wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/39/da/463240cc8ff13a57119db62a676e2edca86fb93905a13527872dadf1926e/tensorflow_metal-1.2.0-cp310-cp310-macosx_12_0_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:bc735e36c97874e41f77ec2e7421ff745d2ec36ee641141c8091e4cc2dbcc819", size = 1357400, upload-time = "2025-01-31T00:52:54.577Z" },
@@ -7388,14 +7384,14 @@ version = "2.18.0"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 resolution-markers = [
     "python_full_version >= '3.13' and platform_machine == 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
-    "python_full_version >= '3.13' and sys_platform == 'darwin'",
-    "python_full_version >= '3.13' and platform_machine == 'aarch64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
-    "(python_full_version >= '3.13' and platform_machine != 'aarch64' and platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux') or (python_full_version >= '3.13' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux')",
     "python_full_version == '3.12.*' and platform_machine == 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
     "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and platform_machine == 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
     "python_full_version < '3.11' and platform_machine == 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.13' and sys_platform == 'darwin'",
     "python_full_version == '3.12.*' and sys_platform == 'darwin'",
+    "python_full_version >= '3.13' and platform_machine == 'aarch64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
     "python_full_version == '3.12.*' and platform_machine == 'aarch64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",
+    "(python_full_version >= '3.13' and platform_machine != 'aarch64' and platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux') or (python_full_version >= '3.13' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux')",
     "(python_full_version == '3.12.*' and platform_machine != 'aarch64' and platform_machine != 'x86_64' and sys_platform == 'linux') or (python_full_version == '3.12.*' and sys_platform != 'darwin' and sys_platform != 'linux')",
     "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and sys_platform == 'darwin'",
     "python_full_version == '3.11.*' and platform_machine == 'aarch64' and sys_platform == 'linux'",

From 792d35d1d38234d6095fc3d66a0b08d42690290c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter <deruyter92@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 May 2026 16:57:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 20/24] guarantee unchanged behavior for deprecated
 `get_list_of_videos` and `list_videos_in_folder`

---
 deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py | 8 ++++----
 deeplabcut/utils/auxiliaryfunctions.py           | 8 +++++---
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py
index fc429d552..879e449e3 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/utils.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import logging
-from collections.abc import Callable
+from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import albumentations as A
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
 from deeplabcut.pose_estimation_pytorch.task import Task
 from deeplabcut.pose_estimation_pytorch.utils import resolve_device
 from deeplabcut.utils import auxiliaryfunctions
-from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import collect_video_paths
+from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import SUPPORTED_VIDEOS, collect_video_paths
 from deeplabcut.utils.deprecation import deprecated
 
 
@@ -297,12 +297,12 @@ def get_scorer_name(
 @deprecated(replacement="deeplabcut.collect_video_paths", since="3.0.0")
 def list_videos_in_folder(
     data_path: str | Path | list[str | Path],
-    video_type: str | None = None,
+    video_type: str | Sequence[str] | None = SUPPORTED_VIDEOS,
     shuffle: bool = False,
 ) -> list[Path]:
     return collect_video_paths(
         data_path=data_path,
-        extensions=video_type or None,
+        extensions=video_type,
         shuffle=shuffle,
     )
 
diff --git a/deeplabcut/utils/auxiliaryfunctions.py b/deeplabcut/utils/auxiliaryfunctions.py
index 8a8f2368d..73b0c97cd 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/utils/auxiliaryfunctions.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/utils/auxiliaryfunctions.py
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 import os
 import pickle
 import warnings
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import pandas as pd
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@
 from deeplabcut.core.engine import Engine
 from deeplabcut.core.trackingutils import TRACK_METHODS
 from deeplabcut.utils import auxfun_multianimal
-from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import collect_video_paths
+from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import SUPPORTED_VIDEOS, collect_video_paths
 from deeplabcut.utils.deprecation import deprecated
 
 
@@ -392,14 +393,15 @@ def write_pickle(filename, data):
 @deprecated(replacement="deeplabcut.collect_video_paths", since="3.0.0")
 def get_list_of_videos(
     videos: list[str] | str,
-    videotype: list[str] | str = "",
+    videotype: str | Sequence[str] | None = SUPPORTED_VIDEOS,
     in_random_order: bool = True,
 ) -> list[str]:
-    return collect_video_paths(
+    video_paths = collect_video_paths(
         data_path=videos,
         extensions=videotype,
         shuffle=in_random_order,
     )
+    return [str(path) for path in video_paths]
 
 
 def save_data(PredicteData, metadata, dataname, pdindex, imagenames, save_as_csv):

From fe3815211d7665cead336bf5471569f14f154c93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter <deruyter92@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 May 2026 17:07:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 21/24] add warning if still unsupported extensions encountered

---
 deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
index 8b4ed878a..14d024c70 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
@@ -731,4 +731,10 @@ def _coerce_extensions(extensions: str | Sequence[str] | None) -> set[str] | Non
         random.shuffle(unique_videos)
     else:
         unique_videos.sort()
+
+    if any([fn.suffix not in SUPPORTED_VIDEOS for fn in unique_videos]):
+        warnings.warn(
+            f"Some videos have unsupported extensions: {unique_videos} \nSupported extensions are: {SUPPORTED_VIDEOS}",
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
     return unique_videos

From 69981f11ad239c00852555c38e0d1959d2019344 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter <deruyter92@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 May 2026 09:33:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 22/24] Consequently adjust `videotype` signatures of
 collect_video_path callers

---
 deeplabcut/compat.py                          | 44 ++++++++++++-------
 .../apis/tracking_dataset.py                  | 16 ++++---
 .../pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/tracklets.py |  8 ++--
 .../pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/videos.py    | 15 ++++---
 .../modelzoo/api/superanimal_inference.py     |  5 ++-
 .../predict_videos.py                         | 39 +++++++++-------
 deeplabcut/pose_tracking_pytorch/apis.py      | 17 ++++---
 .../train_dlctransreid.py                     |  5 ++-
 .../post_processing/analyze_skeleton.py       | 18 +++++---
 deeplabcut/post_processing/filtering.py       | 14 +++++-
 .../refine_training_dataset/outlier_frames.py | 18 +++++---
 deeplabcut/refine_training_dataset/stitch.py  | 17 ++++---
 deeplabcut/utils/make_labeled_video.py        | 35 +++++++++------
 deeplabcut/utils/plotting.py                  | 18 +++++---
 14 files changed, 171 insertions(+), 98 deletions(-)

diff --git a/deeplabcut/compat.py b/deeplabcut/compat.py
index 7b8cbfeda..ab0920a11 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/compat.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/compat.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from collections.abc import Iterable
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
@@ -664,7 +664,7 @@ def return_evaluate_network_data(
 def analyze_videos(
     config: str,
     videos: list[str],
-    videotype: str = "",
+    videotype: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     shuffle: int = 1,
     trainingsetindex: int = 0,
     gputouse: str | None = None,
@@ -710,10 +710,14 @@ def analyze_videos(
         A list of strings containing the full paths to videos for analysis or a path to
         the directory, where all the videos with same extension are stored.
 
-    videotype: str, optional, default=""
-        Checks for the extension of the video in case the input to the video is a
-        directory. Only videos with this extension are analyzed. If left unspecified,
-        videos with common extensions ('avi', 'mp4', 'mov', 'mpeg', 'mkv') are kept.
+    videotype : str | Sequence[str] | None, optional, default=None
+        Controls how ``videos`` are filtered, based on file extension.
+        File paths and directory contents are treated differently:
+        - ``None`` (default): file paths are accepted as-is; directories are
+          scanned for files with a recognized video extension.
+        - ``str`` or ``Sequence[str]`` (e.g. ``"mp4"`` or ``["mp4", "avi"]``):
+          both file paths and directory contents are filtered by the given
+          extension(s).
 
     shuffle: int, optional, default=1
         An integer specifying the shuffle index of the training dataset used for
@@ -986,7 +990,7 @@ def create_tracking_dataset(
     config: str,
     videos: list[str],
     track_method: str,
-    videotype: str = "",
+    videotype: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     shuffle: int = 1,
     trainingsetindex: int = 0,
     gputouse: int | None = None,
@@ -1015,10 +1019,14 @@ def create_tracking_dataset(
         Specifies the tracker used to generate the pose estimation data. Must be either
         'box', 'skeleton', or 'ellipse'.
 
-    videotype: str, optional, default=""
-        Checks for the extension of the video in case the input to the video is a
-        directory. Only videos with this extension are analyzed. If left unspecified,
-        videos with common extensions ('avi', 'mp4', 'mov', 'mpeg', 'mkv') are kept.
+    videotype : str | Sequence[str] | None, optional, default=None
+        Controls how ``videos`` are filtered, based on file extension.
+        File paths and directory contents are treated differently:
+        - ``None`` (default): file paths are accepted as-is; directories are
+          scanned for files with a recognized video extension.
+        - ``str`` or ``Sequence[str]`` (e.g. ``"mp4"`` or ``["mp4", "avi"]``):
+          both file paths and directory contents are filtered by the given
+          extension(s).
 
     shuffle: int, optional, default=1
         An integer specifying the shuffle index of the training dataset used for
@@ -1408,7 +1416,7 @@ def analyze_time_lapse_frames(
 def convert_detections2tracklets(
     config: str,
     videos: list[str],
-    videotype: str = "",
+    videotype: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     shuffle: int = 1,
     trainingsetindex: int = 0,
     overwrite: bool = False,
@@ -1435,10 +1443,14 @@ def convert_detections2tracklets(
         A list of strings containing the full paths to videos for analysis or a path to the directory,
         where all the videos with same extension are stored.
 
-    videotype: string, optional
-        Checks for the extension of the video in case the input to the video is a directory.\n
-        Only videos with this extension are analyzed.
-        If left unspecified, videos with common extensions ('avi', 'mp4', 'mov', 'mpeg', 'mkv') are kept.
+    videotype : str | Sequence[str] | None, optional, default=None
+        Controls how ``videos`` are filtered, based on file extension.
+        File paths and directory contents are treated differently:
+        - ``None`` (default): file paths are accepted as-is; directories are
+          scanned for files with a recognized video extension.
+        - ``str`` or ``Sequence[str]`` (e.g. ``"mp4"`` or ``["mp4", "avi"]``):
+          both file paths and directory contents are filtered by the given
+          extension(s).
 
     shuffle: int, optional
         An integer specifying the shuffle index of the training dataset used for training the network. T
diff --git a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/tracking_dataset.py b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/tracking_dataset.py
index 97a1b1702..b031e8618 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/tracking_dataset.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/tracking_dataset.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #
 """Code to create tracking datasets for ReID model training."""
 
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from tqdm import tqdm
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ def create_tracking_dataset(
     config: str,
     videos: list[str] | list[Path],
     track_method: str,
-    videotype: str = "",
+    videotype: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     shuffle: int = 1,
     trainingsetindex: int = 0,
     destfolder: str | None = None,
@@ -148,10 +149,13 @@ def create_tracking_dataset(
             the videos with same extension are stored.
         track_method: Specifies the tracker used to generate the pose estimation data.
             Must be either 'box', 'skeleton', or 'ellipse'.
-        videotype: Checks for the extension of the video in case the input to the video
-            is a directory. Only videos with this extension are analyzed. If left
-            unspecified, keeps videos with extensions ('avi', 'mp4', 'mov', 'mpeg',
-            'mkv').
+        videotype: Controls how ``videos`` are filtered, based on file extension.
+            File paths and directory contents are treated differently:
+            - ``None`` (default): file paths are accepted as-is; directories are
+              scanned for files with a recognized video extension.
+            - ``str`` or ``Sequence[str]`` (e.g. ``"mp4"`` or ``["mp4", "avi"]``):
+              both file paths and directory contents are filtered by the given
+              extension(s).
         shuffle: An integer specifying the shuffle index of the training dataset used
             for training the network.
         trainingsetindex: Integer specifying which TrainingsetFraction to use.
@@ -241,7 +245,7 @@ def create_tracking_dataset(
         modelprefix=modelprefix,
     )
 
-    videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
+    videos = collect_video_paths(videos, extensions=videotype)
     for video_path in videos:
         print(f"Loading {video_path}")
         video = VideoIterator(video_path, cropping=cropping)
diff --git a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/tracklets.py b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/tracklets.py
index 553a96aad..121a11e1e 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/tracklets.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/tracklets.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 import os
 import pickle
 import warnings
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@
 def convert_detections2tracklets(
     config: str,
     videos: str | list[str],
-    videotype: str | None = None,
+    videotype: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     shuffle: int = 1,
     trainingsetindex: int = 0,
     overwrite: bool = False,
@@ -124,9 +125,10 @@ def convert_detections2tracklets(
         modelprefix=modelprefix,
     )
 
-    videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
+    paths_input = videos
+    videos = collect_video_paths(videos, extensions=videotype)
     if len(videos) == 0:
-        print(f"No videos were found in {videos}")
+        print(f"No videos were found in {paths_input}")
         return
 
     for video in videos:
diff --git a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/videos.py b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/videos.py
index 7f56b5876..c41f7c775 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/videos.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_pytorch/apis/videos.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 import logging
 import pickle
 import time
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
 
@@ -243,7 +244,7 @@ def video_inference(
 def analyze_videos(
     config: str,
     videos: str | list[str],
-    videotype: str | None = None,
+    videotype: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     shuffle: int = 1,
     trainingsetindex: int = 0,
     save_as_csv: bool = False,
@@ -283,9 +284,13 @@ def analyze_videos(
         videos: a str (or list of strings) containing the full paths to videos for
             analysis or a path to the directory, where all the videos with same
             extension are stored.
-        videotype: checks for the extension of the video in case the input to the video
-            is a directory. Only videos with this extension are analyzed. If left
-            unspecified, keeps videos with extensions ('avi', 'mp4', 'mov', 'mpeg', 'mkv').
+        videotype: Controls how ``videos`` are filtered, based on file extension.
+            File paths and directory contents are treated differently:
+            - ``None`` (default): file paths are accepted as-is; directories are
+              scanned for files with a recognized video extension.
+            - ``str`` or ``Sequence[str]`` (e.g. ``"mp4"`` or ``["mp4", "avi"]``):
+              both file paths and directory contents are filtered by the given
+              extension(s).
         shuffle: An integer specifying the shuffle index of the training dataset used for
             training the network.
         trainingsetindex: Integer specifying which TrainingsetFraction to use.
@@ -541,7 +546,7 @@ def analyze_videos(
     print(f"Using scorer: {dlc_scorer}")
 
     # Reading video and init variables
-    videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype, shuffle=in_random_order)
+    videos = collect_video_paths(videos, extensions=videotype, shuffle=in_random_order)
     h5_files_created = False  # Track if any .h5 files were created
 
     for video in videos:
diff --git a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_tensorflow/modelzoo/api/superanimal_inference.py b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_tensorflow/modelzoo/api/superanimal_inference.py
index 705653807..9d0386490 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_tensorflow/modelzoo/api/superanimal_inference.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_tensorflow/modelzoo/api/superanimal_inference.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 import pickle
 import time
 import warnings
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import imgaug.augmenters as iaa
@@ -247,7 +248,7 @@ def video_inference(
     project_name,
     model_name,
     scale_list=None,
-    videotype="avi",
+    videotype: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     destfolder=None,
     batchsize=1,
     robust_nframes=False,
@@ -306,7 +307,7 @@ def video_inference(
 
     sess, inputs, outputs = single_predict.setup_pose_prediction(test_cfg, allow_growth=allow_growth)
     DLCscorer = "DLC_" + Path(test_cfg["init_weights"]).stem
-    videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
+    videos = collect_video_paths(videos, extensions=videotype)
 
     datafiles = []
     for video in videos:
diff --git a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_tensorflow/predict_videos.py b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_tensorflow/predict_videos.py
index 39607aa8a..d40fa68d1 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_tensorflow/predict_videos.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/pose_estimation_tensorflow/predict_videos.py
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import re
 import time
 import warnings
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import cv2
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ def create_tracking_dataset(
     config,
     videos,
     track_method,
-    videotype="",
+    videotype: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     shuffle=1,
     trainingsetindex=0,
     gputouse=None,
@@ -199,7 +200,7 @@ def create_tracking_dataset(
     ##################################################
     # Looping over videos
     ##################################################
-    Videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
+    Videos = collect_video_paths(videos, extensions=videotype)
     if len(Videos) > 0:
         if "multi-animal" in dlc_cfg["dataset_type"]:
             for video in Videos:
@@ -255,7 +256,7 @@ def create_tracking_dataset(
 def analyze_videos(
     config,
     videos,
-    videotype="",
+    videotype: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     shuffle=1,
     trainingsetindex=0,
     gputouse=None,
@@ -299,10 +300,14 @@ def analyze_videos(
         A list of strings containing the full paths to videos for analysis or a path to
         the directory, where all the videos with same extension are stored.
 
-    videotype: str, optional, default=""
-        Checks for the extension of the video in case the input to the video is a
-        directory. Only videos with this extension are analyzed. If left unspecified,
-        videos with common extensions ('avi', 'mp4', 'mov', 'mpeg', 'mkv') are kept.
+    videotype : str | Sequence[str] | None, optional, default=None
+        Controls how ``videos`` are filtered, based on file extension.
+        File paths and directory contents are treated differently:
+        - ``None`` (default): file paths are accepted as-is; directories are
+          scanned for files with a recognized video extension.
+        - ``str`` or ``Sequence[str]`` (e.g. ``"mp4"`` or ``["mp4", "avi"]``):
+          both file paths and directory contents are filtered by the given
+          extension(s).
 
     shuffle: int, optional, default=1
         An integer specifying the shuffle index of the training dataset used for
@@ -595,7 +600,7 @@ def analyze_videos(
     ##################################################
     # Looping over videos
     ##################################################
-    Videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype, in_random_order)
+    Videos = collect_video_paths(videos, extensions=videotype, shuffle=in_random_order)
     if len(Videos) > 0:
         if "multi-animal" in dlc_cfg["dataset_type"]:
             from deeplabcut.pose_estimation_tensorflow.predict_multianimal import (
@@ -681,7 +686,7 @@ def analyze_videos(
             )
         return DLCscorer  # note: this is either DLCscorer or DLCscorerlegacy depending on what was used!
     else:
-        print("No video(s) were found. Please check your paths and/or 'video_type'.")
+        print("No video(s) were found. Please check your paths and/or 'videotype'.")
         return DLCscorer
 
 
@@ -1479,7 +1484,7 @@ def _convert_detections_to_tracklets(
 def convert_detections2tracklets(
     config,
     videos,
-    videotype="",
+    videotype: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     shuffle=1,
     trainingsetindex=0,
     overwrite=False,
@@ -1505,10 +1510,14 @@ def convert_detections2tracklets(
         A list of strings containing the full paths to videos for analysis
         or a path to the directory, where all the videos with same extension are stored.
 
-    videotype: string, optional
-        Checks for the extension of the video in case the input to the video is a directory.\n
-        Only videos with this extension are analyzed.
-        If left unspecified, videos with common extensions ('avi', 'mp4', 'mov', 'mpeg', 'mkv') are kept.
+    videotype : str | Sequence[str] | None, optional, default=None
+        Controls how ``videos`` are filtered, based on file extension.
+        File paths and directory contents are treated differently:
+        - ``None`` (default): file paths are accepted as-is; directories are
+          scanned for files with a recognized video extension.
+        - ``str`` or ``Sequence[str]`` (e.g. ``"mp4"`` or ``["mp4", "avi"]``):
+          both file paths and directory contents are filtered by the given
+          extension(s).
 
     shuffle: int, optional
         An integer specifying the shuffle index of the training dataset used for training the network.
@@ -1652,7 +1661,7 @@ def convert_detections2tracklets(
     ##################################################
     # Looping over videos
     ##################################################
-    Videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
+    Videos = collect_video_paths(videos, extensions=videotype)
     if len(Videos) > 0:
         for video in Videos:
             print("Processing... ", video)
diff --git a/deeplabcut/pose_tracking_pytorch/apis.py b/deeplabcut/pose_tracking_pytorch/apis.py
index 627eaf7d1..166e0509c 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/pose_tracking_pytorch/apis.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/pose_tracking_pytorch/apis.py
@@ -9,11 +9,13 @@
 # Licensed under GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0
 #
 
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+
 
 def transformer_reID(
     config: str,
     videos: list[str],
-    videotype: str = "",
+    videotype: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     shuffle: int = 1,
     trainingsetindex: int = 0,
     track_method: str = "ellipse",
@@ -44,11 +46,14 @@ def transformer_reID(
         A list of strings containing the full paths to videos for analysis or a path to
         the directory, where all the videos with same extension are stored.
 
-    videotype: string, optional
-        Checks for the extension of the video in case the input to the video is a
-        directory. Only videos with this extension are analyzed.
-        If left unspecified, videos with common extensions ('avi', 'mp4', 'mov', 'mpeg',
-        'mkv') are kept.
+    videotype : str | Sequence[str] | None, optional, default=None
+        Controls how ``videos`` are filtered, based on file extension.
+        File paths and directory contents are treated differently:
+        - ``None`` (default): file paths are accepted as-is; directories are
+          scanned for files with a recognized video extension.
+        - ``str`` or ``Sequence[str]`` (e.g. ``"mp4"`` or ``["mp4", "avi"]``):
+          both file paths and directory contents are filtered by the given
+          extension(s).
 
     shuffle : int, optional
         which shuffle to use
diff --git a/deeplabcut/pose_tracking_pytorch/train_dlctransreid.py b/deeplabcut/pose_tracking_pytorch/train_dlctransreid.py
index 4d5124766..b1145dc93 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/pose_tracking_pytorch/train_dlctransreid.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/pose_tracking_pytorch/train_dlctransreid.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
     raise ModuleNotFoundError("Unsupervised identity learning requires PyTorch. Please run `pip install torch`.") from e
 import glob
 import os
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ def train_tracking_transformer(
     path_config_file,
     dlcscorer,
     videos,
-    videotype="",
+    videotype: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     train_frac=0.8,
     modelprefix="",
     train_epochs=100,
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ def train_tracking_transformer(
     destfolder=None,
 ):
     npy_list = []
-    videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
+    videos = collect_video_paths(videos, extensions=videotype)
     for video in videos:
         videofolder = str(Path(video).parents[0])
         if destfolder is None:
diff --git a/deeplabcut/post_processing/analyze_skeleton.py b/deeplabcut/post_processing/analyze_skeleton.py
index 54cd9a30a..14d5ab50d 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/post_processing/analyze_skeleton.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/post_processing/analyze_skeleton.py
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 
 import argparse
 import os
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from math import atan2, degrees
 from pathlib import Path
 
@@ -168,7 +169,7 @@ def analyzebone(bp1, bp2):
 def analyzeskeleton(
     config,
     videos,
-    videotype="",
+    videotype: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     shuffle=1,
     trainingsetindex=0,
     filtered=False,
@@ -192,11 +193,14 @@ def analyzeskeleton(
         The full paths to videos for analysis or a path to the directory, where all the
         videos with same extension are stored.
 
-    videotype: str, optional, default=""
-        Checks for the extension of the video in case the input to the video is a
-        directory. Only videos with this extension are analyzed.
-        If left unspecified, videos with common extensions
-        ('avi', 'mp4', 'mov', 'mpeg', 'mkv') are kept.
+    videotype : str | Sequence[str] | None, optional, default=None
+        Controls how ``videos`` are filtered, based on file extension.
+        File paths and directory contents are treated differently:
+        - ``None`` (default): file paths are accepted as-is; directories are
+          scanned for files with a recognized video extension.
+        - ``str`` or ``Sequence[str]`` (e.g. ``"mp4"`` or ``["mp4", "avi"]``):
+          both file paths and directory contents are filtered by the given
+          extension(s).
 
     shuffle : int, optional, default=1
         The shuffle index of training dataset. The extracted frames will be stored in
@@ -262,7 +266,7 @@ def analyzeskeleton(
         **kwargs,
     )
 
-    Videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
+    Videos = collect_video_paths(videos, extensions=videotype)
     for video in Videos:
         print(f"Processing {video}")
         if destfolder is None:
diff --git a/deeplabcut/post_processing/filtering.py b/deeplabcut/post_processing/filtering.py
index cc527754c..f0ed95595 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/post_processing/filtering.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/post_processing/filtering.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #
 
 import argparse
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ def columnwise_spline_interp(data, max_gap=0):
 def filterpredictions(
     config,
     video,
-    videotype="",
+    videotype: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     shuffle=1,
     trainingsetindex=0,
     filtertype="median",
@@ -96,6 +97,15 @@ def filterpredictions(
         Full path of the video to extract the frame from. Make sure that this video is
         already analyzed.
 
+    videotype : str | Sequence[str] | None, optional, default=None
+        Controls how ``videos`` are filtered, based on file extension.
+        File paths and directory contents are treated differently:
+        - ``None`` (default): file paths are accepted as-is; directories are
+          scanned for files with a recognized video extension.
+        - ``str`` or ``Sequence[str]`` (e.g. ``"mp4"`` or ``["mp4", "avi"]``):
+          both file paths and directory contents are filtered by the given
+          extension(s).
+
     shuffle : int, optional, default=1
         The shuffle index of training dataset. The extracted frames will be stored in
         the labeled-dataset for the corresponding shuffle of training dataset.
@@ -213,7 +223,7 @@ def filterpredictions(
         modelprefix=modelprefix,
         **kwargs,
     )
-    Videos = collect_video_paths(video, videotype)
+    Videos = collect_video_paths(video, extensions=videotype)
 
     video_to_filtered_df = {}
 
diff --git a/deeplabcut/refine_training_dataset/outlier_frames.py b/deeplabcut/refine_training_dataset/outlier_frames.py
index a360ae9bf..fbaa7d663 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/refine_training_dataset/outlier_frames.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/refine_training_dataset/outlier_frames.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 import os
 import pickle
 import re
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
@@ -199,7 +200,7 @@ def _read_video_specific_cropping_margins(config: str | Path | dict, video_path:
 def extract_outlier_frames(
     config,
     videos,
-    videotype="",
+    videotype: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     shuffle=1,
     trainingsetindex=0,
     outlieralgorithm="jump",
@@ -239,11 +240,14 @@ def extract_outlier_frames(
         The full paths to videos for analysis or a path to the directory, where all the
         videos with same extension are stored.
 
-    videotype: str, optional, default=""
-        Checks for the extension of the video in case the input to the video is a
-        directory. Only videos with this extension are analyzed.
-        If left unspecified, videos with common extensions
-        ('avi', 'mp4', 'mov', 'mpeg', 'mkv') are kept.
+    videotype : str | Sequence[str] | None, optional, default=None
+        Controls how ``videos`` are filtered, based on file extension.
+        File paths and directory contents are treated differently:
+        - ``None`` (default): file paths are accepted as-is; directories are
+          scanned for files with a recognized video extension.
+        - ``str`` or ``Sequence[str]`` (e.g. ``"mp4"`` or ``["mp4", "avi"]``):
+          both file paths and directory contents are filtered by the given
+          extension(s).
 
     shuffle : int, optional, default=1
         The shuffle index of training dataset. The extracted frames will be stored in
@@ -402,7 +406,7 @@ def extract_outlier_frames(
         **kwargs,
     )
 
-    Videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
+    Videos = collect_video_paths(videos, extensions=videotype)
     if len(Videos) == 0:
         print("No suitable videos found in", videos)
 
diff --git a/deeplabcut/refine_training_dataset/stitch.py b/deeplabcut/refine_training_dataset/stitch.py
index 08d45d95a..049c72d2b 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/refine_training_dataset/stitch.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/refine_training_dataset/stitch.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 import shelve
 import warnings
 from collections import defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from functools import partial
 from itertools import combinations, cycle
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -960,7 +961,7 @@ def reconstruct_path(self, source):
 def stitch_tracklets(
     config_path,
     videos,
-    videotype="",
+    videotype: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     shuffle=1,
     trainingsetindex=0,
     n_tracks=None,
@@ -990,10 +991,14 @@ def stitch_tracklets(
         A list of strings containing the full paths to videos for analysis or a path to the directory, where all the
         videos with same extension are stored.
 
-    videotype: string, optional
-        Checks for the extension of the video in case the input to the video is a directory.\n Only videos with this
-        extension are analyzed.
-        If left unspecified, videos with common extensions ('avi', 'mp4', 'mov', 'mpeg', 'mkv') are kept.
+    videotype : str | Sequence[str] | None, optional, default=None
+        Controls how ``videos`` are filtered, based on file extension.
+        File paths and directory contents are treated differently:
+        - ``None`` (default): file paths are accepted as-is; directories are
+          scanned for files with a recognized video extension.
+        - ``str`` or ``Sequence[str]`` (e.g. ``"mp4"`` or ``["mp4", "avi"]``):
+          both file paths and directory contents are filtered by the given
+          extension(s).
 
     shuffle: int, optional
         An integer specifying the shuffle index of the training dataset used for training the network. The default is 1.
@@ -1076,7 +1081,7 @@ def stitch_tracklets(
     -------
     A TrackletStitcher object
     """
-    vids = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
+    vids = collect_video_paths(videos, extensions=videotype)
     if not vids:
         print("No video(s) found. Please check your path!")
         return
diff --git a/deeplabcut/utils/make_labeled_video.py b/deeplabcut/utils/make_labeled_video.py
index b35d4de41..c83778ba0 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/utils/make_labeled_video.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/utils/make_labeled_video.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 # Dependencies
 ####################################################
 import os.path
-from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Sequence
 from functools import partial
 from multiprocessing import Pool, get_start_method
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ def CreateVideoSlow(
 def create_labeled_video(
     config: str,
     videos: list[str],
-    videotype: str = "",
+    videotype: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     shuffle: int = 1,
     trainingsetindex: int = 0,
     filtered: bool = False,
@@ -441,11 +441,14 @@ def create_labeled_video(
         A list of strings containing the full paths to videos for analysis or a path
         to the directory, where all the videos with same extension are stored.
 
-    videotype: str, optional, default=""
-        Checks for the extension of the video in case the input to the video is a
-        directory. Only videos with this extension are analyzed.
-        If left unspecified, videos with common extensions
-        ('avi', 'mp4', 'mov', 'mpeg', 'mkv') are kept.
+    videotype : str | Sequence[str] | None, optional, default=None
+        Controls how ``videos`` are filtered, based on file extension.
+        File paths and directory contents are treated differently:
+        - ``None`` (default): file paths are accepted as-is; directories are
+          scanned for files with a recognized video extension.
+        - ``str`` or ``Sequence[str]`` (e.g. ``"mp4"`` or ``["mp4", "avi"]``):
+          both file paths and directory contents are filtered by the given
+          extension(s).
 
     shuffle : int, optional, default=1
         Number of shuffles of training dataset.
@@ -733,7 +736,7 @@ def create_labeled_video(
         skeleton_color = None
 
     start_path = os.getcwd()
-    Videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
+    Videos = collect_video_paths(videos, extensions=videotype)
 
     if not Videos:
         return []
@@ -1147,7 +1150,7 @@ def create_video_with_keypoints_only(
 def create_video_with_all_detections(
     config,
     videos,
-    videotype="",
+    videotype: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     shuffle=1,
     trainingsetindex=0,
     displayedbodyparts="all",
@@ -1169,10 +1172,14 @@ def create_video_with_all_detections(
         A list of strings containing the full paths to videos for analysis or a path to the directory,
         where all the videos with same extension are stored.
 
-    videotype: string, optional
-        Checks for the extension of the video in case the input to the video is a directory.\n
-        Only videos with this extension are analyzed.
-        If left unspecified, videos with common extensions ('avi', 'mp4', 'mov', 'mpeg', 'mkv') are kept.
+    videotype : str | Sequence[str] | None, optional, default=None
+        Controls how ``videos`` are filtered, based on file extension.
+        File paths and directory contents are treated differently:
+        - ``None`` (default): file paths are accepted as-is; directories are
+          scanned for files with a recognized video extension.
+        - ``str`` or ``Sequence[str]`` (e.g. ``"mp4"`` or ``["mp4", "avi"]``):
+          both file paths and directory contents are filtered by the given
+          extension(s).
 
     shuffle : int, optional
         Number of shuffles of training dataset. Default is set to 1.
@@ -1225,7 +1232,7 @@ def create_video_with_all_detections(
         **kwargs,
     )
 
-    videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
+    videos = collect_video_paths(videos, extensions=videotype)
     if not videos:
         return
 
diff --git a/deeplabcut/utils/plotting.py b/deeplabcut/utils/plotting.py
index 58983ed98..51a8b575e 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/utils/plotting.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/utils/plotting.py
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 ####################################################
 import os.path
 import pickle
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
@@ -171,7 +172,7 @@ def PlottingResults(
 def plot_trajectories(
     config,
     videos,
-    videotype="",
+    videotype: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     shuffle=1,
     trainingsetindex=0,
     filtered=False,
@@ -198,11 +199,14 @@ def plot_trajectories(
         Full paths to videos for analysis or a path to the directory, where all the
         videos with same extension are stored.
 
-    videotype: str, optional, default=""
-        Checks for the extension of the video in case the input to the video is a
-        directory. Only videos with this extension are analyzed.
-        If left unspecified, videos with common extensions
-        ('avi', 'mp4', 'mov', 'mpeg', 'mkv') are kept.
+    videotype : str | Sequence[str] | None, optional, default=None
+        Controls how ``videos`` are filtered, based on file extension.
+        File paths and directory contents are treated differently:
+        - ``None`` (default): file paths are accepted as-is; directories are
+          scanned for files with a recognized video extension.
+        - ``str`` or ``Sequence[str]`` (e.g. ``"mp4"`` or ``["mp4", "avi"]``):
+          both file paths and directory contents are filtered by the given
+          extension(s).
 
     shuffle: int, optional, default=1
         Integer specifying the shuffle index of the training dataset.
@@ -289,7 +293,7 @@ def plot_trajectories(
     )  # automatically loads corresponding model (even training iteration based on snapshot index)
     bodyparts = auxiliaryfunctions.intersection_of_body_parts_and_ones_given_by_user(cfg, displayedbodyparts)
     individuals = auxfun_multianimal.IntersectionofIndividualsandOnesGivenbyUser(cfg, displayedindividuals)
-    Videos = collect_video_paths(videos, videotype)
+    Videos = collect_video_paths(videos, extensions=videotype)
     if not len(Videos):
         print("No videos found. Make sure you passed a list of videos and that *videotype* is right.")
         return

From 096973ebdbac1f8b4df3a710ceb97df8568e6ada Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter <deruyter92@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 May 2026 10:16:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 23/24] refactor collect_video_paths: add warnings, raise for
 empty sequence.

---
 deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py | 74 +++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 45 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
index 14d024c70..a0089226b 100644
--- a/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
+++ b/deeplabcut/utils/auxfun_videos.py
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@
 from skimage import io
 from skimage.util import img_as_ubyte
 
+from deeplabcut.utils.deprecation import DLCDeprecationWarning
+
 # more videos are in principle covered, as OpenCV is used and allows many formats.
 SUPPORTED_VIDEOS = "avi", "mp4", "mov", "mpeg", "mpg", "mpv", "mkv", "flv", "qt", "yuv"
 DEFAULT_EXCLUDE_PATTERNS: tuple[str, ...] = "*_labeled.*", "*_full.*"
@@ -656,50 +658,64 @@ def collect_video_paths(
     exclude_patterns: Sequence[str] = DEFAULT_EXCLUDE_PATTERNS,
 ) -> list[Path]:
     """
-    Collects video paths from a given set of data paths: directories, files or mix of both. Directories are
-    only scanned single level, non-recursively.
+    Collects video paths from a given set of data paths: directories, files, or a mix
+    of both. Directories are scanned one level deep (non-recursively).
 
-    Optionally filters paths by extension and excludes patterns. Files and directories are treated differently:
-    - Files are not filtered by extension by default. Set ``extensions`` if needed, to filter also supplied files.
-    - Directory contents are filtered by ``SUPPORTED_VIDEOS`` by default. Specify custom ``extensions`` if needed.
-    - exclude patterns are ALWAYS applied for directory contents and supplied files. Set to `[]` to exclude no patterns.
+    Files and directories are treated differently with respect to extension filtering:
+    - File paths are accepted as-is when ``extensions`` is ``None``; only filtered when
+      ``extensions`` is explicitly set.
+    - Directory contents are always filtered by extension: by ``SUPPORTED_VIDEOS`` when
+      ``extensions`` is ``None``, or by the given value(s) otherwise.
+    - ``exclude_patterns`` are always applied to both files and directory contents.
 
     Args:
         data_path: Path or list of paths to folders containing videos, or individual
             video files. Can be a mix of directories and files.
-        extensions: The types of videos to select, by filtering the extension (e.g., ".mp4", ".avi", etc.).
-            - If set: select all videos with the given extensions. Both for directory contents and supplied files.
-            - If ``None``, provided files are not filtered, but directory contents are filtered by ``SUPPORTED_VIDEOS``.
-            - An empty str "" is equivalent to None (for backwards compatibility).
-            - An empty sequence: select only files without extension.
-        shuffle: Whether to shuffle the order of videos. If False, videos are returned
-            in sorted order for deterministic behavior.
-        exclude_patterns: Patterns to exclude from the collection. Defaults to DEFAULT_EXCLUDE_PATTERNS.
-            Set to an empty sequence e.g. `[]` to exclude no patterns.
+        extensions: Controls extension filtering for collected video files.
+            - ``None`` (default): file paths are accepted without extension filtering;
+              directories are scanned for files with a recognized video extension.
+            - ``str`` or ``Sequence[str]`` (e.g. ``"mp4"`` or ``["mp4", "avi"]``):
+              both file paths and directory contents are filtered to only include files
+              matching the given extension(s).
+            - Empty ``str`` ``""`` is treated as ``None`` (deprecated, keep for backwards
+              compatibility).
+        shuffle: Whether to shuffle the order of videos. If ``False``, videos are
+            returned in sorted order for deterministic behavior.
+        exclude_patterns: Patterns to exclude from the collection. Defaults to
+            ``DEFAULT_EXCLUDE_PATTERNS``. Set to ``[]`` to disable pattern exclusion.
 
     Returns:
         The paths of videos to analyze. Duplicate paths are removed.
 
     Raises:
-        FileNotFoundError: If any path in data_path does not exist.
+        FileNotFoundError: If any path in ``data_path`` does not exist.
+        ValueError: If ``extensions`` is an empty sequence.
     """
     if isinstance(data_path, (str, Path)):
         data_path = [data_path]
 
     def _coerce_extensions(extensions: str | Sequence[str] | None) -> set[str] | None:
-        """Flexible coercion of extensions to a set of suffixes"""
-        # NOTE @deruyter92: support legacy API, which mixed strings and iterables.
-        if isinstance(extensions, (list, tuple, set)):
-            explicit_suffixes = {f".{e.lstrip('.').lower()}" for e in extensions}
-        elif isinstance(extensions, str) and not extensions == "":
-            explicit_suffixes = {f".{extensions.lstrip('.').lower()}"}
-        else:
-            explicit_suffixes = None
+        """Coerce the extensions argument to a set of dot-prefixed suffixes, or None."""
+        if extensions is None:
+            return None
+
+        if extensions in ["", ("",), [""], {""}]:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Passing an empty string for filtering video type extensions is deprecated; pass None instead.",
+                DLCDeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=3,
+            )
+            return None
+
+        if isinstance(extensions, str):
+            return {f".{extensions.lstrip('.').lower()}"}
+
+        if not isinstance(extensions, Sequence):
+            raise TypeError(f"extensions must be a string, a sequence or None, got {type(extensions)}")
 
-        # Normalize empty string to None
-        if explicit_suffixes == {""}:
-            explicit_suffixes = None
-        return explicit_suffixes
+        if len(extensions) == 0:
+            raise ValueError("Video type extensions filter needs to be an non-empty sequence.")
+        return {f".{e.lstrip('.').lower()}" for e in extensions}
 
     explicit_suffixes = _coerce_extensions(extensions)
     implicit_suffixes = {f".{ext.lower()}" for ext in SUPPORTED_VIDEOS}
@@ -732,7 +748,7 @@ def _coerce_extensions(extensions: str | Sequence[str] | None) -> set[str] | Non
     else:
         unique_videos.sort()
 
-    if any([fn.suffix not in SUPPORTED_VIDEOS for fn in unique_videos]):
+    if any(fn.suffix.lower().lstrip(".") not in SUPPORTED_VIDEOS for fn in unique_videos if fn.suffix):
         warnings.warn(
             f"Some videos have unsupported extensions: {unique_videos} \nSupported extensions are: {SUPPORTED_VIDEOS}",
             stacklevel=2,

From 0929e7b803019fe25b22067500800aafb10f24ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jaap de Ruyter <deruyter92@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 May 2026 11:04:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 24/24] update tests for collect_video_paths

---
 tests/utils/test_collect_video_paths.py | 58 ++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 52 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/utils/test_collect_video_paths.py b/tests/utils/test_collect_video_paths.py
index c64ce1c67..251778c14 100644
--- a/tests/utils/test_collect_video_paths.py
+++ b/tests/utils/test_collect_video_paths.py
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 import pytest
 
 from deeplabcut.utils.auxfun_videos import SUPPORTED_VIDEOS, collect_video_paths
+from deeplabcut.utils.deprecation import DLCDeprecationWarning
 
 
 def _touch(path: Path) -> Path:
@@ -64,13 +65,13 @@ def test_accepts_single_path_argument(tmp_path):
 
 
 def test_explicit_video_type_filters_listed_files(tmp_path):
-    """When ``video_type`` is set, it filters explicitly-supplied files too."""
+    """When ``extensions`` is set, it filters explicitly-supplied files too."""
     mp4 = _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
     avi = _touch(tmp_path / "video.avi")
 
     result = collect_video_paths([mp4, avi], extensions="mp4")
 
-    assert [p.name for p in result] == ["video.mp4"]
+    assert {p.name for p in result} == {"video.mp4"}
 
 
 def test_explicit_video_type_accepts_leading_dot(tmp_path):
@@ -79,7 +80,28 @@ def test_explicit_video_type_accepts_leading_dot(tmp_path):
 
     result = collect_video_paths([mp4, avi], extensions=".mp4")
 
-    assert [p.name for p in result] == ["video.mp4"]
+    assert {p.name for p in result} == {"video.mp4"}
+
+
+def test_explicit_video_type_case_insensitive(tmp_path):
+    """Extension matching must be case-insensitive."""
+    mp4 = _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
+    avi = _touch(tmp_path / "video.avi")
+
+    result = collect_video_paths([mp4, avi], extensions="MP4")
+
+    assert {p.name for p in result} == {"video.mp4"}
+
+
+def test_multiple_extensions_filter_directory(tmp_path):
+    """A sequence of extensions filters directory contents to only matching files."""
+    mp4 = _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
+    avi = _touch(tmp_path / "video.avi")
+    _touch(tmp_path / "video.mkv")
+
+    result = collect_video_paths(tmp_path, extensions=["mp4", "avi"])
+
+    assert {p.name for p in result} == {mp4.name, avi.name}
 
 
 def test_directory_enumeration_filters_by_supported_videos(tmp_path):
@@ -102,7 +124,18 @@ def test_directory_enumeration_skips_dlc_artifacts(tmp_path):
 
     result = collect_video_paths(tmp_path, extensions=None)
 
-    assert [p.name for p in result] == [mp4.name]
+    assert {p.name for p in result} == {mp4.name}
+
+
+def test_disable_exclude_patterns_includes_dlc_artifacts(tmp_path):
+    """Setting ``exclude_patterns=[]`` disables all pattern exclusion."""
+    mp4 = _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
+    labeled = _touch(tmp_path / "video_labeled.mp4")
+    full = _touch(tmp_path / "video_full.mp4")
+
+    result = collect_video_paths(tmp_path, extensions=None, exclude_patterns=[])
+
+    assert {p.name for p in result} == {mp4.name, labeled.name, full.name}
 
 
 def test_mixed_files_and_directories(tmp_path):
@@ -154,8 +187,21 @@ def test_sorted_by_default_when_not_shuffled(tmp_path):
     b = _touch(tmp_path / "b.mp4")
     c = _touch(tmp_path / "c.mp4")
 
-    # The resolution order in the function is dict-insertion-stable; given a
-    # sorted input list we expect a sorted output list.
     result = collect_video_paths([c, a, b], extensions=None, shuffle=False)
 
     assert [p.name for p in result] == ["a.mp4", "b.mp4", "c.mp4"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("deprecated_value", ["", [""], ("",), {""}])
+def test_deprecated_empty_extensions_warns(tmp_path, deprecated_value):
+    """Empty / blank extension values are deprecated and should emit a warning."""
+    _touch(tmp_path / "video.mp4")
+
+    with pytest.warns(DLCDeprecationWarning):
+        collect_video_paths(tmp_path, extensions=deprecated_value)
+
+
+def test_empty_sequence_raises(tmp_path):
+    """An empty sequence is not a valid filter; callers must pass None instead."""
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        collect_video_paths(tmp_path, extensions=[])