x = 20          # int
print(x)
# Output: 20

x = 20.897      # float
print(x)
# Output: 20.897

x = 20 + 8j     # complex number
print(x)
# Output: (20+8j)

print(False == 0)       # True
print(True == 1)        # True
print(True == 1)        # True

print(bool([]))         # False
print(bool({}))         # False
print(bool(set()))      # False
print(bool(0))          # False
print(bool(1))          # True
print(bool(-1))         # True
print(True)             # True
print(False)            # False

# Binary to decimal
x = 0b110100    # binary (accepts only 0 and 1 after 0b)
print(x)        # Output: 52

# Decimal to binary
print(bin(x))   # Output: 0b110100

# Using format
number = 52
print(f"{number: b}")   # 110100 

# Octal to decimal
x = 0o710       # Octal (accepts only 0-7)
print(x)        # Output: 456

# Decimal to octal
print(oct(x))   # Output: 0o710

# Using format
number = 456
print(f"{number: o}")   # 710

# Hexadecimal to decimal
x = 0xef10    # Hexadecimal (accepts only 0-9, and a-f)
print(x)        # Output: 61200

# Decimal to Hexadecimal
print(hex(x))   # Output: 0xef10

# Using format
number = 61200
print(f"{number: x}")       # ef10

>>> 3 + 2       # addition
5

>>> 3 - 2       # subtraction
1

>>> 3 * 2       # multiplication
6

>>> 3 / 2       # float division
1.5

# Even 2 divided by 2 returns float(1.0)
>>> 2 / 2
1.0

>>> 3 // 2      # floor division (discards the fractional part)
1

>>> 3 * 2 / 2 + 2   # mathematical expression calculation
5.0

>>> 3 ** 2      # `**` denotes power by the following number
9

>>> 3 ** 3      # 3 raised to the power of 3
27

# modulus of the number
>>> 3 % 2       # remainder of the 3 divided by 2       
1

>>> 10 % 4      # remainder of the 10 divided by 4       
2

# abs()
x = -20.155
print(abs(x))           # Return the absolute value of the argument.
# Output: 20.155

# --------------------------------------------------------------- #
# int()
x = "20"            # x is string here
print(id(x))        # 140168494222512
print(type(x))      # <class 'str'>

x = int(x)          # converting to int(check note below)
print(id(x))        # 9801856
print(type(x))      # <class 'int'>

# note: Initially 'string 20' was assigned to x. The type function has not changed the type of that string 20. But created another int object 20 at some different location and assigned that 20 to the variable x. The string object is immutable in Python(more on this discussed later), it can not be changed. You can check the id() This is the reason both of both the x are different.

# --------------------------------------------------------------- #
# round()
>>> round(4.402)    # round a number to the nearest decimal point
4

>>> round(4.602)   
5

# first argument, second argument up to which the given number to be rounded.
>>> round(4.0987654, 3)  
4.099

x = 20
# Same as (x = x + 2)
x += 2
print(x)
# Output: 22

x = 20
# Same as (x = x - 2)
x -= 2
print(x)
# Output: 18

# Similarly we can use
x *=2       # Output: 40

x/2= 2      # Output: 10.0

x %= 2      # Output: 0

x **= 2     # # Output: 400

print([method for method in dir(int) if not method.startswith('_')])

# Output:
['as_integer_ratio', 'bit_length', 'conjugate', 'denominator',
    'from_bytes', 'imag', 'numerator', 'real', 'to_bytes']

print([method for method in dir(float) if not method.startswith('_')])
# Output:
['as_integer_ratio', 'conjugate', 'fromhex', 'hex', 'imag', 'is_integer', 'real']

print([method for method in dir(complex) if not method.startswith('_')])
# Output:
['conjugate', 'imag', 'real']

x = 56000/100
print(x.as_integer_ratio())

# Output: (560, 1)
#--------------------------#

y = 56
print(y.denominator)
# Output: 1
print(y.numerator)
# Output: 56
print(y.bit_length())
# Output: 6


z = 56 + 5j
a = 7
b = b'\x07\x00'
print(z.conjugate())
print(z.imag)


print(a.to_bytes(2, 'little'))
print(int.from_bytes(b, 'little'))