# Type Object Structures

Perhaps one of the most important structures of the Python object system is the structure that defines a new type: the `PyTypeObject` structure. Type objects can be handled using any of the `PyObject_*` or `PyType_*` functions, but do not offer much that’s interesting to most Python applications. These objects are fundamental to how objects behave, so they are very important to the interpreter itself and to any extension module that implements new types.

Los objetos de tipo son bastante grandes en comparación con la mayoría de los tipos estándar. La razón del tamaño es que cada objeto de tipo almacena una gran cantidad de valores, principalmente punteros de función C, cada uno de los cuales implementa una pequeña parte de la funcionalidad del tipo. Los campos del objeto tipo se examinan en detalle en esta sección. Los campos se describirán en el orden en que aparecen en la estructura.

Además de la siguiente referencia rápida, la sección Ejemplos proporciona una visión rápida del significado y uso de `PyTypeObject`.

## Referencia rápida

### «ranuras tp» (tp slots)

Ranura `PyTypeObject` [1] | Type | métodos/atributos especiales | Información [2]
--- | --- | --- | ---
O | T | D | I
<R> `tp_name` | const char * | __name__ | X | X |  |
`tp_basicsize` | `Py_ssize_t` |  | X | X |  | X
`tp_itemsize` | `Py_ssize_t` |  |  | X |  | X
`tp_dealloc` | `destructor` |  | X | X |  | X
`tp_vectorcall_offset` | `Py_ssize_t` |  |  | X |  | X
(`tp_getattr`) | `getattrfunc` | __getattribute__, __getattr__ |  |  |  | G
(`tp_setattr`) | `setattrfunc` | __setattr__, __delattr__ |  |  |  | G
`tp_as_async` | `PyAsyncMethods` * | sub-ranuras (sub-slots) |  |  |  | %
`tp_repr` | `reprfunc` | __repr__ | X | X |  | X
`tp_as_number` | `PyNumberMethods` * | sub-ranuras (sub-slots) |  |  |  | %
`tp_as_sequence` | `PySequenceMethods` * | sub-ranuras (sub-slots) |  |  |  | %
`tp_as_mapping` | `PyMappingMethods` * | sub-ranuras (sub-slots) |  |  |  | %
`tp_hash` | `hashfunc` | __hash__ | X |  |  | G
`tp_call` | `ternaryfunc` | __call__ |  | X |  | X
`tp_str` | `reprfunc` | __str__ | X |  |  | X
`tp_getattro` | `getattrofunc` | __getattribute__, __getattr__ | X | X |  | G
`tp_setattro` | `setattrofunc` | __setattr__, __delattr__ | X | X |  | G
`tp_as_buffer` | `PyBufferProcs` * | sub-ranuras (sub-slots) |  |  |  | %
`tp_flags` | unsigned long |  | X | X |  | ?
`tp_doc` | const char * | __doc__ | X | X |  |
`tp_traverse` | `traverseproc` |  |  | X |  | G
`tp_clear` | `inquiry` |  |  | X |  | G
`tp_richcompare` | `richcmpfunc` | __lt__, __le__, __eq__, __ne__, __gt__, __ge__ | X |  |  | G
(`tp_weaklistoffset`) | `Py_ssize_t` |  |  | X |  | ?
`tp_iter` | `getiterfunc` | __iter__ |  |  |  | X
`tp_iternext` | `iternextfunc` | __next__ |  |  |  | X
`tp_methods` | `PyMethodDef` [] |  | X | X |  |
`tp_members` | `PyMemberDef` [] |  |  | X |  |
`tp_getset` | `PyGetSetDef` [] |  | X | X |  |
`tp_base` | `PyTypeObject` * | __base__ |  |  | X |
`tp_dict` | `PyObject` * | __dict__ |  |  | ? |
`tp_descr_get` | `descrgetfunc` | __get__ |  |  |  | X
`tp_descr_set` | `descrsetfunc` | __set__, __delete__ |  |  |  | X
(`tp_dictoffset`) | `Py_ssize_t` |  |  | X |  | ?
`tp_init` | `initproc` | __init__ | X | X |  | X
`tp_alloc` | `allocfunc` |  | X |  | ? | ?
`tp_new` | `newfunc` | __new__ | X | X | ? | ?
`tp_free` | `freefunc` |  | X | X | ? | ?
`tp_is_gc` | `inquiry` |  |  | X |  | X
<`tp_bases`> | `PyObject` * | __bases__ |  |  | ~ |
<`tp_mro`> | `PyObject` * | __mro__ |  |  | ~ |
[`tp_cache`] | `PyObject` * |  |  |  |
[`tp_subclasses`] | void * | __subclasses__ |  |  |
[`tp_weaklist`] | `PyObject` * |  |  |  |
(`tp_del`) | `destructor` |  |  |  |  |
[`tp_version_tag`] | unsigned int |  |  |  |
`tp_finalize` | `destructor` | __del__ |  |  |  | X
`tp_vectorcall` | `vectorcallfunc` |  |  |  |  |
[`tp_watched`] | unsigned char |  |  |  |  |

[1]

(): A slot name in parentheses indicates it is (effectively) deprecated.

<>: Names in angle brackets should be initially set to `NULL` and treated as read-only.

[]: Names in square brackets are for internal use only.

<R> (as a prefix) means the field is required (must be non-`NULL`).

[2]

Columnas:

«O»: set on `PyBaseObject_Type`

«T»: set on `PyType_Type`

«D»: por defecto (si la ranura está establecida como `NULL`)

    X - PyType_Ready sets this value if it is NULL
    ~ - PyType_Ready always sets this value (it should be NULL)
    ? - PyType_Ready may set this value depending on other slots

    Also see the inheritance column ("I").

«I»: herencia

    X - type slot is inherited via *PyType_Ready* if defined with a *NULL* value
    % - the slots of the sub-struct are inherited individually
    G - inherited, but only in combination with other slots; see the slot's description
    ? - it's complicated; see the slot's description

Tenga en cuenta que algunos espacios se heredan efectivamente a través de la cadena de búsqueda de atributos normal.

### sub-ranuras (sub-slots)

Ranuras (Slot) | Type | métodos especiales
--- | --- | ---
`am_await` | `unaryfunc` | __await__
`am_aiter` | `unaryfunc` | __aiter__
`am_anext` | `unaryfunc` | __anext__
`am_send` | `sendfunc` |
`nb_add` | `binaryfunc` | __add__ __radd__
`nb_inplace_add` | `binaryfunc` | __iadd__
`nb_subtract` | `binaryfunc` | __sub__ __rsub__
`nb_inplace_subtract` | `binaryfunc` | __isub__
`nb_multiply` | `binaryfunc` | __mul__ __rmul__
`nb_inplace_multiply` | `binaryfunc` | __imul__
`nb_remainder` | `binaryfunc` | __mod__ __rmod__
`nb_inplace_remainder` | `binaryfunc` | __imod__
`nb_divmod` | `binaryfunc` | __divmod__ __rdivmod__
`nb_power` | `ternaryfunc` | __pow__ __rpow__
`nb_inplace_power` | `ternaryfunc` | __ipow__
`nb_negative` | `unaryfunc` | __neg__
`nb_positive` | `unaryfunc` | __pos__
`nb_absolute` | `unaryfunc` | __abs__
`nb_bool` | `inquiry` | __bool__
`nb_invert` | `unaryfunc` | __invert__
`nb_lshift` | `binaryfunc` | __lshift__ __rlshift__
`nb_inplace_lshift` | `binaryfunc` | __ilshift__
`nb_rshift` | `binaryfunc` | __rshift__ __rrshift__
`nb_inplace_rshift` | `binaryfunc` | __irshift__
`nb_and` | `binaryfunc` | __and__ __rand__
`nb_inplace_and` | `binaryfunc` | __iand__
`nb_xor` | `binaryfunc` | __xor__ __rxor__
`nb_inplace_xor` | `binaryfunc` | __ixor__
`nb_or` | `binaryfunc` | __or__ __ror__
`nb_inplace_or` | `binaryfunc` | __ior__
`nb_int` | `unaryfunc` | __int__
`nb_reserved` | void * |
`nb_float` | `unaryfunc` | __float__
`nb_floor_divide` | `binaryfunc` | __floordiv__
`nb_inplace_floor_divide` | `binaryfunc` | __ifloordiv__
`nb_true_divide` | `binaryfunc` | __truediv__
`nb_inplace_true_divide` | `binaryfunc` | __itruediv__
`nb_index` | `unaryfunc` | __index__
`nb_matrix_multiply` | `binaryfunc` | __matmul__ __rmatmul__
`nb_inplace_matrix_multiply` | `binaryfunc` | __imatmul__
`mp_length` | `lenfunc` | __len__
`mp_subscript` | `binaryfunc` | __getitem__
`mp_ass_subscript` | `objobjargproc` | __setitem__, __delitem__
`sq_length` | `lenfunc` | __len__
`sq_concat` | `binaryfunc` | __add__
`sq_repeat` | `ssizeargfunc` | __mul__
`sq_item` | `ssizeargfunc` | __getitem__
`sq_ass_item` | `ssizeobjargproc` | __setitem__ __delitem__
`sq_contains` | `objobjproc` | __contains__
`sq_inplace_concat` | `binaryfunc` | __iadd__
`sq_inplace_repeat` | `ssizeargfunc` | __imul__
`bf_getbuffer` | `getbufferproc()` | __buffer__
`bf_releasebuffer` | `releasebufferproc()` | __release_buffer__

### ranura de typedefs

typedef | Tipos parámetros | Tipo de retorno
--- | --- | ---
`allocfunc` | `PyTypeObject` * `Py_ssize_t` | `PyObject` *
`destructor` | `PyObject` * | void
`freefunc` | void * | void
`traverseproc` | `PyObject` * `visitproc` void * | int
`newfunc` | `PyTypeObject` * `PyObject` * `PyObject` * | `PyObject` *
`initproc` | `PyObject` * `PyObject` * `PyObject` * | int
`reprfunc` | `PyObject` * | `PyObject` *
`getattrfunc` | `PyObject` * const char * | `PyObject` *
`setattrfunc` | `PyObject` * const char * `PyObject` * | int
`getattrofunc` | `PyObject` * `PyObject` * | `PyObject` *
`setattrofunc` | `PyObject` * `PyObject` * `PyObject` * | int
`descrgetfunc` | `PyObject` * `PyObject` * `PyObject` * | `PyObject` *
`descrsetfunc` | `PyObject` * `PyObject` * `PyObject` * | int
`hashfunc` | `PyObject` * | Py_hash_t
`richcmpfunc` | `PyObject` * `PyObject` * int | `PyObject` *
`getiterfunc` | `PyObject` * | `PyObject` *
`iternextfunc` | `PyObject` * | `PyObject` *
`lenfunc` | `PyObject` * | `Py_ssize_t`
`getbufferproc` | `PyObject` * `Py_buffer` * int | int
`releasebufferproc` | `PyObject` * `Py_buffer` * | void
`inquiry` | `PyObject` * | int
`unaryfunc` | `PyObject` * | `PyObject` *
`binaryfunc` | `PyObject` * `PyObject` * | `PyObject` *
`ternaryfunc` | `PyObject` * `PyObject` * `PyObject` * | `PyObject` *
`ssizeargfunc` | `PyObject` * `Py_ssize_t` | `PyObject` *
`ssizeobjargproc` | `PyObject` * `Py_ssize_t` `PyObject` * | int
`objobjproc` | `PyObject` * `PyObject` * | int
`objobjargproc` | `PyObject` * `PyObject` * `PyObject` * | int

Vea Tipo Ranura typedefs abajo para más detalles.

## Definición de `PyTypeObject`

The structure definition for `PyTypeObject` can be found in `Include/cpython/object.h`. For convenience of reference, this repeats the definition found there:

    typedef struct _typeobject {
        PyObject_VAR_HEAD
        const char *tp_name; /* For printing, in format "<module>.<name>" */
        Py_ssize_t tp_basicsize, tp_itemsize; /* For allocation */

        /* Methods to implement standard operations */

        destructor tp_dealloc;
        Py_ssize_t tp_vectorcall_offset;
        getattrfunc tp_getattr;
        setattrfunc tp_setattr;
        PyAsyncMethods *tp_as_async; /* formerly known as tp_compare (Python 2)
                                        or tp_reserved (Python 3) */
        reprfunc tp_repr;

        /* Method suites for standard classes */

        PyNumberMethods *tp_as_number;
        PySequenceMethods *tp_as_sequence;
        PyMappingMethods *tp_as_mapping;

        /* More standard operations (here for binary compatibility) */

        hashfunc tp_hash;
        ternaryfunc tp_call;
        reprfunc tp_str;
        getattrofunc tp_getattro;
        setattrofunc tp_setattro;

        /* Functions to access object as input/output buffer */
        PyBufferProcs *tp_as_buffer;

        /* Flags to define presence of optional/expanded features */
        unsigned long tp_flags;

        const char *tp_doc; /* Documentation string */

        /* Assigned meaning in release 2.0 */
        /* call function for all accessible objects */
        traverseproc tp_traverse;

        /* delete references to contained objects */
        inquiry tp_clear;

        /* Assigned meaning in release 2.1 */
        /* rich comparisons */
        richcmpfunc tp_richcompare;

        /* weak reference enabler */
        Py_ssize_t tp_weaklistoffset;

        /* Iterators */
        getiterfunc tp_iter;
        iternextfunc tp_iternext;

        /* Attribute descriptor and subclassing stuff */
        PyMethodDef *tp_methods;
        PyMemberDef *tp_members;
        PyGetSetDef *tp_getset;
        // Strong reference on a heap type, borrowed reference on a static type
        PyTypeObject *tp_base;
        PyObject *tp_dict;
        descrgetfunc tp_descr_get;
        descrsetfunc tp_descr_set;
        Py_ssize_t tp_dictoffset;
        initproc tp_init;
        allocfunc tp_alloc;
        newfunc tp_new;
        freefunc tp_free; /* Low-level free-memory routine */
        inquiry tp_is_gc; /* For PyObject_IS_GC */
        PyObject *tp_bases;
        PyObject *tp_mro; /* method resolution order */
        PyObject *tp_cache; /* no longer used */
        void *tp_subclasses;  /* for static builtin types this is an index */
        PyObject *tp_weaklist; /* not used for static builtin types */
        destructor tp_del;

        /* Type attribute cache version tag. Added in version 2.6.
         * If zero, the cache is invalid and must be initialized.
         */
        unsigned int tp_version_tag;

        destructor tp_finalize;
        vectorcallfunc tp_vectorcall;

        /* bitset of which type-watchers care about this type */
        unsigned char tp_watched;

        /* Number of tp_version_tag values used.
         * Set to _Py_ATTR_CACHE_UNUSED if the attribute cache is
         * disabled for this type (e.g. due to custom MRO entries).
         * Otherwise, limited to MAX_VERSIONS_PER_CLASS (defined elsewhere).
         */
        uint16_t tp_versions_used;
    } PyTypeObject;

## Ranuras (Slots) `PyObject`

The type object structure extends the `PyVarObject` structure. The `ob_size` field is used for dynamic types (created by `type_new()`, usually called from a class statement). Note that `PyType_Type` (the metatype) initializes `tp_itemsize`, which means that its instances (i.e. type objects) must have the `ob_size` field.

`PyObject.ob_refcnt`

> The type object’s reference count is initialized to `1` by the `PyObject_HEAD_INIT` macro. Note that for statically allocated type objects, the type’s instances (objects whose `ob_type` points back to the type) do not count as references. But for dynamically allocated type objects, the instances do count as references.

> Herencia:

> Este campo no es heredado por los subtipos.

`PyObject.ob_type`

> Este es el tipo del tipo, en otras palabras, su metatipo. Se inicializa mediante el argumento de la macro `PyObject_HEAD_INIT`, y su valor normalmente debería ser `&PyType_Type`. Sin embargo, para los módulos de extensión cargables dinámicamente que deben ser utilizables en Windows (al menos), el compilador se queja de que este no es un inicializador válido. Por lo tanto, la convención es pasar `NULL` al macro `PyObject_HEAD_INIT` e inicializar este campo explícitamente al comienzo de la función de inicialización del módulo, antes de hacer cualquier otra cosa. Esto normalmente se hace así:

>     Foo_Type.ob_type = &PyType_Type;

> This should be done before any instances of the type are created. `PyType_Ready()` checks if `ob_type` is `NULL`, and if so, initializes it to the `ob_type` field of the base class. `PyType_Ready()` will not change this field if it is non-zero.

> Herencia:

> Este campo es heredado por subtipos.

## Ranuras `PyVarObject`

`PyVarObject.ob_size`

> Para objetos de tipo estáticamente asignados, debe inicializarse a cero. Para objetos de tipo dinámicamente asignados, este campo tiene un significado interno especial.

> This field should be accessed using the `Py_SIZE()` macro.

> Herencia:

> Este campo no es heredado por los subtipos.

## Ranuras `PyTypeObject`

Each slot has a section describing inheritance. If `PyType_Ready()` may set a value when the field is set to `NULL` then there will also be a «Default» section. (Note that many fields set on `PyBaseObject_Type` and `PyType_Type` effectively act as defaults.)

const char *PyTypeObject.tp_name

  See `Py_tp_name` for the corresponding `Slot ID`.

  Pointer to a NUL-terminated string containing the name of the type. For types that are accessible as module globals, the string should be the full module name, followed by a dot, followed by the type name; for built-in types, it should be just the type name. If the module is a submodule of a package, the full package name is part of the full module name. For example, a type named `T` defined in module `M` in subpackage `Q` in package `P` should have the `tp_name` initializer `"P.Q.M.T"`.

  Para objetos de tipo dinámicamente asignados, éste debe ser sólo el nombre del tipo, y el nombre del módulo almacenado explícitamente en el dict tipo que el valor de `'__module__'` clave.

  For statically allocated type objects, the tp_name field should contain a dot. Everything before the last dot is made accessible as the `__module__` attribute, and everything after the last dot is made accessible as the `__name__` attribute.

  If no dot is present, the entire `tp_name` field is made accessible as the `__name__` attribute, and the `__module__` attribute is undefined (unless explicitly set in the dictionary, as explained above). This means your type will be impossible to pickle. Additionally, it will not be listed in module documentations created with pydoc.

  Este campo no debe ser `NULL`. Es el único campo obligatorio en `PyTypeObject()` (que no sea potencialmente `tp_itemsize`).

  Herencia:

  Este campo no es heredado por los subtipos.

Py_ssize_t PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize
Py_ssize_t PyTypeObject.tp_itemsize

  Estos campos permiten calcular el tamaño en bytes de instancias del tipo.

  See `Py_tp_basicsize`, `Py_tp_extra_basicsize` and `Py_tp_itemsize` for the corresponding `Slot IDs`.

  There are two kinds of types: types with fixed-length instances have a zero `tp_itemsize` field, types with variable-length instances have a non-zero `tp_itemsize` field. For a type with fixed-length instances, all instances have the same size, given in `tp_basicsize`. (Exceptions to this rule can be made using `PyUnstable_Object_GC_NewWithExtraData()`.)

  For a type with variable-length instances, the instances must have an `ob_size` field, and the instance size is `tp_basicsize` plus N times `tp_itemsize`, where N is the «length» of the object.

  Functions like `PyObject_NewVar()` will take the value of N as an argument, and store in the instance’s `ob_size` field. Note that the `ob_size` field may later be used for other purposes. For example, `int` instances use the bits of `ob_size` in an implementation-defined way; the underlying storage and its size should be accessed using `PyLong_Export()`.

  Nota

  The `ob_size` field should be accessed using the `Py_SIZE()` and `Py_SET_SIZE()` macros.

  Also, the presence of an `ob_size` field in the instance layout doesn’t mean that the instance structure is variable-length. For example, the `list` type has fixed-length instances, yet those instances have a `ob_size` field. (As with `int`, avoid reading lists” `ob_size` directly. Call `PyList_Size()` instead.)

  The `tp_basicsize` includes size needed for data of the type’s `tp_base`, plus any extra data needed by each instance.

  The correct way to set `tp_basicsize` is to use the `sizeof` operator on the struct used to declare the instance layout. This struct must include the struct used to declare the base type. In other words, `tp_basicsize` must be greater than or equal to the base’s `tp_basicsize`.

  Since every type is a subtype of `object`, this struct must include `PyObject` or `PyVarObject` (depending on whether `ob_size` should be included). These are usually defined by the macro `PyObject_HEAD` or `PyObject_VAR_HEAD`, respectively.

  The basic size does not include the GC header size, as that header is not part of `PyObject_HEAD`.

  For cases where struct used to declare the base type is unknown, see `PyType_Spec.basicsize` and `PyType_FromMetaclass()`.

  Notes about alignment:

  - `tp_basicsize` must be a multiple of `_Alignof(PyObject)`. When using `sizeof` on a `struct` that includes `PyObject_HEAD`, as recommended, the compiler ensures this. When not using a C `struct`, or when using compiler extensions like `__attribute__((packed))`, it is up to you.

  - If the variable items require a particular alignment, `tp_basicsize` and `tp_itemsize` must each be a multiple of that alignment. For example, if a type’s variable part stores a `double`, it is your responsibility that both fields are a multiple of `_Alignof(double)`.

  Herencia:

  These fields are inherited separately by subtypes. (That is, if the field is set to zero, `PyType_Ready()` will copy the value from the base type, indicating that the instances do not need additional storage.)

  If the base type has a non-zero `tp_itemsize`, it is generally not safe to set `tp_itemsize` to a different non-zero value in a subtype (though this depends on the implementation of the base type).

destructor PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_dealloc` is part of the Stable ABI.

  A pointer to the instance destructor function. The function signature is:

      void tp_dealloc(PyObject *self);

  The destructor function should remove all references which the instance owns (e.g., call `Py_CLEAR()`), free all memory buffers owned by the instance, and call the type’s `tp_free` function to free the object itself.

  If you may call functions that may set the error indicator, you must use `PyErr_GetRaisedException()` and `PyErr_SetRaisedException()` to ensure you don’t clobber a preexisting error indicator (the deallocation could have occurred while processing a different error):

      static void
      foo_dealloc(foo_object *self)
      {
          PyObject *et, *ev, *etb;
          PyObject *exc = PyErr_GetRaisedException();
          ...
          PyErr_SetRaisedException(exc);
      }

  The dealloc handler itself must not raise an exception; if it hits an error case it should call `PyErr_FormatUnraisable()` to log (and clear) an unraisable exception.

  No guarantees are made about when an object is destroyed, except:

  - Python will destroy an object immediately or some time after the final reference to the object is deleted, unless its finalizer (`tp_finalize`) subsequently resurrects the object.

  - An object will not be destroyed while it is being automatically finalized (`tp_finalize`) or automatically cleared (`tp_clear`).

  CPython currently destroys an object immediately from `Py_DECREF()` when the new reference count is zero, but this may change in a future version.

  It is recommended to call `PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc()` at the beginning of `tp_dealloc` to guarantee that the object is always finalized before destruction.

  If the type supports garbage collection (the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag is set), the destructor should call `PyObject_GC_UnTrack()` before clearing any member fields.

  It is permissible to call `tp_clear` from `tp_dealloc` to reduce code duplication and to guarantee that the object is always cleared before destruction. Beware that `tp_clear` might have already been called.

  If the type is heap allocated (`Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE`), the deallocator should release the owned reference to its type object (via `Py_DECREF()`) after calling the type deallocator. See the example code below.:

      static void
      foo_dealloc(PyObject *op)
      {
         foo_object *self = (foo_object *) op;
         PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
         Py_CLEAR(self->ref);
         Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free(self);
      }

  `tp_dealloc` must leave the exception status unchanged. If it needs to call something that might raise an exception, the exception state must be backed up first and restored later (after logging any exceptions with `PyErr_WriteUnraisable()`).

  Example:

      static void
      foo_dealloc(PyObject *self)
      {
          PyObject *exc = PyErr_GetRaisedException();

          if (PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc(self) < 0) {
              // self was resurrected.
              goto done;
          }

          PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(self);

          if (tp->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC) {
              PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
          }

          // Optional, but convenient to avoid code duplication.
          if (tp->tp_clear && tp->tp_clear(self) < 0) {
              PyErr_WriteUnraisable(self);
          }

          // Any additional destruction goes here.

          tp->tp_free(self);
          self = NULL;  // In case PyErr_WriteUnraisable() is called below.

          if (tp->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE) {
              Py_CLEAR(tp);
          }

      done:
          // Optional, if something was called that might have raised an
          // exception.
          if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
              PyErr_WriteUnraisable(self);
          }
          PyErr_SetRaisedException(exc);
      }

  `tp_dealloc` may be called from any Python thread, not just the thread which created the object (if the object becomes part of a refcount cycle, that cycle might be collected by a garbage collection on any thread). This is not a problem for Python API calls, since the thread on which `tp_dealloc` is called with an attached thread state. However, if the object being destroyed in turn destroys objects from some other C library, care should be taken to ensure that destroying those objects on the thread which called `tp_dealloc` will not violate any assumptions of the library.

  Herencia:

  Este campo es heredado por subtipos.

  Ver también

  Object Life Cycle for details about how this slot relates to other slots.

Py_ssize_t PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall_offset

  Un desplazamiento opcional a una función por instancia que implementa la llamada al objeto usando vectorcall protocol, una alternativa más eficiente del simple `tp_call`.

  This field is only used if the flag `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL` is set. If so, this must be a positive integer containing the offset in the instance of a `vectorcallfunc` pointer.

  The vectorcallfunc pointer may be `NULL`, in which case the instance behaves as if `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL` was not set: calling the instance falls back to `tp_call`.

  Cualquier clase que establezca `_Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL` también debe establecer `tp_call` y asegurarse de que su comportamiento sea coherente con la función vectorcallfunc. Esto se puede hacer configurando tp_call en `PyVectorcall_Call()`.

  Distinto en la versión 3.8: Antes de la versión 3.8, este slot se llamaba `tp_print`. En Python 2.x, se usó para imprimir en un archivo. En Python 3.0 a 3.7, no se usó.

  Distinto en la versión 3.12: Before version 3.12, it was not recommended for mutable heap types to implement the vectorcall protocol. When a user sets `__call__` in Python code, only tp_call is updated, likely making it inconsistent with the vectorcall function. Since 3.12, setting `__call__` will disable vectorcall optimization by clearing the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL` flag.

  Herencia:

  This field is always inherited. However, the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL` flag is not always inherited. If it’s not set, then the subclass won’t use vectorcall, except when `PyVectorcall_Call()` is explicitly called.

getattrfunc PyTypeObject.tp_getattr

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_getattr` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Un puntero opcional a la función «obtener atributo cadena de caracteres» (get-attribute-string).

  Este campo está en desuso. Cuando se define, debe apuntar a una función que actúe igual que la función `tp_getattro`, pero tomando una cadena de caracteres C en lugar de un objeto de cadena Python para dar el nombre del atributo.

  Herencia:

  Group: `tp_getattr`, `tp_getattro`

  Este campo es heredado por los subtipos junto con `tp_getattro`: un subtipo hereda ambos `tp_getattr` y `tp_getattro` de su base escriba cuando los subtipos `tp_getattr` y `tp_getattro` son ambos `NULL`.

setattrfunc PyTypeObject.tp_setattr

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_setattr` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Un puntero opcional a la función para configurar y eliminar atributos.

  Este campo está en desuso. Cuando se define, debe apuntar a una función que actúe igual que la función `tp_setattro`, pero tomando una cadena de caracteres C en lugar de un objeto de cadena Python para dar el nombre del atributo.

  Herencia:

  Group: `tp_setattr`, `tp_setattro`

  Este campo es heredado por los subtipos junto con `tp_setattro`: un subtipo hereda ambos `tp_setattr` y `tp_setattro` de su base escriba cuando los subtipos `tp_setattr` y `tp_setattro` son ambos `NULL`.

PyAsyncMethods *PyTypeObject.tp_as_async

  Puntero a una estructura adicional que contiene campos relevantes solo para los objetos que implementan los protocolos «esperable» (awaitable) y «iterador asíncrono» (asynchronous iterator) en el nivel C. Ver Estructuras de objetos asíncronos para más detalles.

  Added in version 3.5: Anteriormente conocidos como `tp_compare` y `tp_reserved`.

  Herencia:

  El campo `tp_as_async` no se hereda, pero los campos contenidos se heredan individualmente.

reprfunc PyTypeObject.tp_repr

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_repr` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Un puntero opcional a una función que implementa la función incorporada `repr()`.

  La firma es la misma que para `PyObject_Repr()`:

      PyObject *tp_repr(PyObject *self);

  La función debe retornar una cadena de caracteres o un objeto Unicode. Idealmente, esta función debería retornar una cadena que, cuando se pasa a `eval()`, dado un entorno adecuado, retorna un objeto con el mismo valor. Si esto no es factible, debe retornar una cadena que comience con `'<'` y termine con `'>'` desde la cual se puede deducir tanto el tipo como el valor del objeto.

  Herencia:

  Este campo es heredado por subtipos.

  Por defecto:

  Cuando este campo no está configurado, se retorna una cadena de caracteres de la forma `<%s object at %p>`, donde `%s` se reemplaza por el nombre del tipo y `%p` por dirección de memoria del objeto.

PyNumberMethods *PyTypeObject.tp_as_number

  Puntero a una estructura adicional que contiene campos relevantes solo para objetos que implementan el protocolo numérico. Estos campos están documentados en Estructuras de objetos de números.

  Herencia:

  El campo `tp_as_number` no se hereda, pero los campos contenidos se heredan individualmente.

PySequenceMethods *PyTypeObject.tp_as_sequence

  Puntero a una estructura adicional que contiene campos relevantes solo para objetos que implementan el protocolo de secuencia. Estos campos están documentados en estructuras de secuencia.

  Herencia:

  El campo `tp_as_sequence` no se hereda, pero los campos contenidos se heredan individualmente.

PyMappingMethods *PyTypeObject.tp_as_mapping

  Puntero a una estructura adicional que contiene campos relevantes solo para objetos que implementan el protocolo de mapeo. Estos campos están documentados en Estructuras de objetos mapeo.

  Herencia:

  El campo `tp_as_mapping` no se hereda, pero los campos contenidos se heredan individualmente.

hashfunc PyTypeObject.tp_hash

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_hash` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Un puntero opcional a una función que implementa la función incorporada `hash()`.

  La firma es la misma que para `PyObject_Hash()`:

      Py_hash_t tp_hash(PyObject *);

  El valor `-1` no debe retornarse como un valor de retorno normal; Cuando se produce un error durante el cálculo del valor hash, la función debe establecer una excepción y retornar `-1`.

  When this field is not set (and `tp_richcompare` is not set), an attempt to take the hash of the object raises `TypeError`. This is the same as setting it to `PyObject_HashNotImplemented()`.

  Este campo se puede establecer explícitamente en `PyObject_HashNotImplemented()` para bloquear la herencia del método hash de un tipo primario. Esto se interpreta como el equivalente de `__hash__ = None` en el nivel de Python, lo que hace que `isinstance(o, collections.Hashable)` retorne correctamente `False`. Tenga en cuenta que lo contrario también es cierto: establecer `__hash__ = None` en una clase en el nivel de Python dará como resultado que la ranura `tp_hash` se establezca en `PyObject_HashNotImplemented()`.

  Herencia:

  Group: `tp_hash`, `tp_richcompare`

  Este campo es heredado por subtipos junto con `tp_richcompare`: un subtipo hereda ambos `tp_richcompare` y `tp_hash`, cuando los subtipos `tp_richcompare` y `tp_hash` son ambos `NULL`.

  Por defecto:

  `PyBaseObject_Type` uses `PyObject_GenericHash()`.

ternaryfunc PyTypeObject.tp_call

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_call` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Un puntero opcional a una función que implementa la llamada al objeto. Esto debería ser `NULL` si el objeto no es invocable. La firma es la misma que para `PyObject_Call()`:

      PyObject *tp_call(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs);

  Herencia:

  Este campo es heredado por subtipos.

reprfunc PyTypeObject.tp_str

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_str` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Un puntero opcional a una función que implementa la operación integrada `str()`. (Tenga en cuenta que `str` es un tipo ahora, y `str()` llama al constructor para ese tipo. Este constructor llama a `PyObject_Str()` para hacer el trabajo real, y `PyObject_Str()` llamará a este controlador.)

  La firma es la misma que para `PyObject_Str()`:

      PyObject *tp_str(PyObject *self);

  La función debe retornar una cadena de caracteres o un objeto Unicode. Debe ser una representación de cadena «amigable» del objeto, ya que esta es la representación que será utilizada, entre otras cosas, por la función `print()`.

  Herencia:

  Este campo es heredado por subtipos.

  Por defecto:

  Cuando este campo no está configurado, se llama a `PyObject_Repr()` para retornar una representación de cadena de caracteres.

getattrofunc PyTypeObject.tp_getattro

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_getattro` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Un puntero opcional a la función «obtener atributo» (get-attribute).

  La firma es la misma que para `PyObject_GetAttr()`:

      PyObject *tp_getattro(PyObject *self, PyObject *attr);

  Por lo general, es conveniente establecer este campo en `PyObject_GenericGetAttr()`, que implementa la forma normal de buscar atributos de objeto.

  Herencia:

  Group: `tp_getattr`, `tp_getattro`

  Este campo es heredado por los subtipos junto con `tp_getattr`: un subtipo hereda ambos `tp_getattr` y `tp_getattro` de su base escriba cuando los subtipos `tp_getattr` y `tp_getattro` son ambos `NULL`.

  Por defecto:

  `PyBaseObject_Type` uses `PyObject_GenericGetAttr()`.

setattrofunc PyTypeObject.tp_setattro

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_setattro` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Un puntero opcional a la función para configurar y eliminar atributos.

  La firma es la misma que para `PyObject_SetAttr()`:

      int tp_setattro(PyObject *self, PyObject *attr, PyObject *value);

  Además, se debe admitir la configuración de value en `NULL` para eliminar un atributo. Por lo general, es conveniente establecer este campo en `PyObject_GenericSetAttr()`, que implementa la forma normal de establecer los atributos del objeto.

  Herencia:

  Group: `tp_setattr`, `tp_setattro`

  Los subtipos heredan este campo junto con `tp_setattr`: un subtipo hereda ambos `tp_setattr` y `tp_setattro` de su base escriba cuando los subtipos `tp_setattr` y `tp_setattro` son ambos `NULL`.

  Por defecto:

  `PyBaseObject_Type` uses `PyObject_GenericSetAttr()`.

PyBufferProcs *PyTypeObject.tp_as_buffer

  Puntero a una estructura adicional que contiene campos relevantes solo para objetos que implementan la interfaz del búfer. Estos campos están documentados en Estructuras de objetos búfer.

  Herencia:

  El campo `tp_as_buffer` no se hereda, pero los campos contenidos se heredan individualmente.

unsigned long PyTypeObject.tp_flags

  See `Py_tp_flags` for the corresponding `Slot ID`.

  Este campo es una máscara de bits de varias banderas. Algunas banderas indican semántica variante para ciertas situaciones; otros se utilizan para indicar que ciertos campos en el tipo de objeto (o en las estructuras de extensión a las que se hace referencia a través de `tp_as_number`, `tp_as_sequence`, `tp_as_mapping`, y `tp_as_buffer`) que históricamente no siempre estuvieron presentes son válidos; si dicho bit de bandera está claro, no se debe acceder a los campos de tipo que protege y se debe considerar que tienen un valor cero o `NULL`.

  Herencia:

  Inheritance of this field is complicated. Most flag bits are inherited individually, i.e. if the base type has a flag bit set, the subtype inherits this flag bit. The flag bits that pertain to extension structures are strictly inherited if the extension structure is inherited, i.e. the base type’s value of the flag bit is copied into the subtype together with a pointer to the extension structure. The `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag bit is inherited together with the `tp_traverse` and `tp_clear` fields, i.e. if the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag bit is clear in the subtype and the `tp_traverse` and `tp_clear` fields in the subtype exist and have `NULL` values.

  Por defecto:

  `PyBaseObject_Type` uses `Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE`.

  Máscaras de bits:

  Las siguientes máscaras de bits están definidas actualmente; estos se pueden unidos por OR usando el operador `|` para formar el valor del campo `tp_flags`. El macro `PyType_HasFeature()` toma un tipo y un valor de banderas, tp y f, y comprueba si `tp->tp_flags & f` no es cero.

  Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE

    This bit is set when the type object itself is allocated on the heap, for example, types created dynamically using `PyType_FromSpec()`. In this case, the `ob_type` field of its instances is considered a reference to the type, and the type object is INCREF’ed when a new instance is created, and DECREF’ed when an instance is destroyed (this does not apply to instances of subtypes; only the type referenced by the instance’s ob_type gets INCREF’ed or DECREF’ed). Heap types should also support garbage collection as they can form a reference cycle with their own module object.

    Herencia:

    ???

  Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE
    Part of the Stable ABI.

    Este bit se establece cuando el tipo se puede usar como el tipo base de otro tipo. Si este bit es claro, el tipo no puede subtiparse (similar a una clase «final» en Java).

    Herencia:

    ???

  Py_TPFLAGS_READY

    Este bit se establece cuando el objeto tipo ha sido completamente inicializado por `PyType_Ready()`.

    Herencia:

    ???

  Py_TPFLAGS_READYING

    Este bit se establece mientras `PyType_Ready()` está en el proceso de inicialización del objeto tipo.

    Herencia:

    ???

  Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC
    Part of the Stable ABI.

    This bit is set when the object supports garbage collection. If this bit is set, memory for new instances (see `tp_alloc`) must be allocated using `PyObject_GC_New` or `PyType_GenericAlloc()` and deallocated (see `tp_free`) using `PyObject_GC_Del()`. More information in section Apoyo a la recolección de basura cíclica.

    Herencia:

    Group: `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC`, `tp_traverse`, `tp_clear`

    The `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag bit is inherited together with the `tp_traverse` and `tp_clear` fields, i.e. if the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag bit is clear in the subtype and the `tp_traverse` and `tp_clear` fields in the subtype exist and have `NULL` values.

  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT
    Part of the Stable ABI.

    This is a bitmask of all the bits that pertain to the existence of certain fields in the type object and its extension structures. Currently, it includes the following bits: `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_STACKLESS_EXTENSION`.

    Herencia:

    ???

  Py_TPFLAGS_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR
    Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.8.

    Este bit indica que los objetos se comportan como métodos independientes.

    Si este indicador está configurado para `type(meth)`, entonces:

    - `meth.__get__(obj, cls)(*args, **kwds)` (con `obj` no `None`) debe ser equivalente a `meth(obj, *args, **kwds)`.

    - `meth.__get__(None, cls)(*args, **kwds)` debe ser equivalente a `meth(*args, **kwds)`.

    Este indicador (flag) permite una optimización para llamadas a métodos típicos como `obj.meth()`: evita crear un objeto temporal de «método vinculado» para `obj.meth`.

    Added in version 3.8.

    Herencia:

    This flag is never inherited by types without the `Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE` flag set. For extension types, it is inherited whenever `tp_descr_get` is inherited.

  Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT

    This bit indicates that instances of the class have a `__dict__` attribute, and that the space for the dictionary is managed by the VM.

    If this flag is set, `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` must also be set.

    The type traverse function must call `PyObject_VisitManagedDict()` and its clear function must call `PyObject_ClearManagedDict()`.

    Added in version 3.12.

    Herencia:

    This flag is inherited unless the `tp_dictoffset` field is set in a superclass.

  Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_WEAKREF

    This bit indicates that instances of the class should be weakly referenceable.

    If this flag is set, `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` must also be set.

    Added in version 3.12.

    Herencia:

    This flag is inherited unless the `tp_weaklistoffset` field is set in a superclass.

  Py_TPFLAGS_PREHEADER

    These bits indicate that the VM will manage some fields by storing them before the object. Currently, this macro is equivalent to Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT | Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_WEAKREF.

    This macro value relies on the implementation of the VM, so its value is not stable and may change in a future version. Prefer using individual flags instead.

    Added in version 3.12.

  Py_TPFLAGS_ITEMS_AT_END
    Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.12.

    Only usable with variable-size types, i.e. ones with non-zero `tp_itemsize`.

    Indicates that the variable-sized portion of an instance of this type is at the end of the instance’s memory area, at an offset of `Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_basicsize` (which may be different in each subclass).

    When setting this flag, be sure that all superclasses either use this memory layout, or are not variable-sized. Python does not check this.

    Added in version 3.12.

    Herencia:

    This flag is inherited.

  Py_TPFLAGS_LONG_SUBCLASS
  Py_TPFLAGS_LIST_SUBCLASS
  Py_TPFLAGS_TUPLE_SUBCLASS
  Py_TPFLAGS_BYTES_SUBCLASS
  Py_TPFLAGS_UNICODE_SUBCLASS
  Py_TPFLAGS_DICT_SUBCLASS
  Py_TPFLAGS_BASE_EXC_SUBCLASS
  Py_TPFLAGS_TYPE_SUBCLASS

    Functions such as `PyLong_Check()` will call `PyType_FastSubclass()` with one of these flags to quickly determine if a type is a subclass of a built-in type; such specific checks are faster than a generic check, like `PyObject_IsInstance()`. Custom types that inherit from built-ins should have their `tp_flags` set appropriately, or the code that interacts with such types will behave differently depending on what kind of check is used.

  Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE

    Este bit se establece cuando la ranura `tp_finalize` está presente en la estructura de tipo.

    Added in version 3.4.

    Obsoleto desde la versión 3.8: Este indicador ya no es necesario, ya que el intérprete asume que: el espacio `tp_finalize` siempre está presente en la estructura de tipos.

  Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL
    Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.12.

    Este bit se establece cuando la clase implementa protocolo vectorcall. Consulte `tp_vectorcall_offset` para obtener más detalles.

    Herencia:

    This bit is inherited if `tp_call` is also inherited.

    Added in version 3.8: as `_Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VECTORCALL`

    Distinto en la versión 3.9: Renamed to the current name, without the leading underscore. The old provisional name is soft deprecated.

    Distinto en la versión 3.12: This flag is now removed from a class when the class’s `__call__()` method is reassigned.

    This flag can now be inherited by mutable classes.

  Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE

    Este bit se establece para objetos de tipo que son inmutables: los atributos de tipo no se pueden establecer ni eliminar.

    `PyType_Ready()` aplica automáticamente este indicador a static types.

    Herencia:

    Este flag no se hereda.

    Added in version 3.10.

  Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION

    No permita la creación de instancias del tipo: establezca `tp_new` en NULL y no cree la clave `__new__` en el diccionario de tipos.

    La bandera debe establecerse antes de crear el tipo, no después. Por ejemplo, debe establecerse antes de que se llame a `PyType_Ready()` en el tipo.

    La bandera se establece automáticamente en static types si `tp_base` es NULL o `&PyBaseObject_Type` y `tp_new` es NULL.

    Herencia:

    This flag is not inherited. However, subclasses will not be instantiable unless they provide a non-NULL `tp_new` (which is only possible via the C API).

    Nota

    To disallow instantiating a class directly but allow instantiating its subclasses (e.g. for an abstract base class), do not use this flag. Instead, make `tp_new` only succeed for subclasses.

    Added in version 3.10.

  Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING

    Este bit indica que las instancias de la clase pueden coincidir con los patrones de correspondencia cuando se utilizan como sujeto de un bloque `match`. Se configura automáticamente al registrar o subclasificar `collections.abc.Mapping`, y se desarma al registrar `collections.abc.Sequence`.

    Nota

    `Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING` and `Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE` are mutually exclusive; it is an error to enable both flags simultaneously.

    Herencia:

    This flag is inherited by types that do not already set `Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE`.

    Ver también

    PEP 634 - Coincidencia de patrones estructurales: especificación

    Added in version 3.10.

  Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE

    Este bit indica que las instancias de la clase pueden coincidir con los patrones de secuencia cuando se utilizan como sujeto de un bloque `match`. Se configura automáticamente al registrar o subclasificar `collections.abc.Sequence`, y se desarma al registrar `collections.abc.Mapping`.

    Nota

    `Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING` and `Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE` are mutually exclusive; it is an error to enable both flags simultaneously.

    Herencia:

    This flag is inherited by types that do not already set `Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING`.

    Ver también

    PEP 634 - Coincidencia de patrones estructurales: especificación

    Added in version 3.10.

  Py_TPFLAGS_VALID_VERSION_TAG

    Internal. Do not set or unset this flag. To indicate that a class has changed call `PyType_Modified()`

    Advertencia

    This flag is present in header files, but is not be used. It will be removed in a future version of CPython

  Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG

    This macro does nothing. Historically, this would indicate that the `tp_version_tag` field was available and initialized.

    Soft deprecated since version 3.13.

  Py_TPFLAGS_INLINE_VALUES

    This bit indicates that instances of this type will have an «inline values» array (containing the object’s attributes) placed directly after the end of the object.

    This requires that `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` is set.

    Herencia:

    Este flag no se hereda.

    Added in version 3.13.

  Py_TPFLAGS_IS_ABSTRACT

    This bit indicates that this is an abstract type and therefore cannot be instantiated.

    Herencia:

    Este flag no se hereda.

    Ver también

    `abc`

  Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_STACKLESS_EXTENSION

    Internal. Do not set or unset this flag. Historically, this was a reserved flag for use in Stackless Python.

    Advertencia

    This flag is present in header files, but is not be used. This may be removed in a future version of CPython.

const char *PyTypeObject.tp_doc

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_doc` is part of the Stable ABI.

  An optional pointer to a NUL-terminated C string giving the docstring for this type object. This is exposed as the `__doc__` attribute on the type and instances of the type.

  Herencia:

  Este campo es no heredado por los subtipos.

traverseproc PyTypeObject.tp_traverse

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_traverse` is part of the Stable ABI.

  An optional pointer to a traversal function for the garbage collector. This is only used if the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag bit is set.

  See Traversal for documentation.

  Herencia:

  Group: `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC`, `tp_traverse`, `tp_clear`

  This field is inherited by subtypes together with `tp_clear` and the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag bit: the flag bit, `tp_traverse`, and `tp_clear` are all inherited from the base type if they are all zero in the subtype.

inquiry PyTypeObject.tp_clear

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_clear` is part of the Stable ABI.

  An optional pointer to a clear function. The signature is:

      int tp_clear(PyObject *);

  The purpose of this function is to break reference cycles that are causing a cyclic isolate so that the objects can be safely destroyed. A cleared object is a partially destroyed object; the object is not obligated to satisfy design invariants held during normal use.

  `tp_clear` does not need to delete references to objects that can’t participate in reference cycles, such as Python strings or Python integers. However, it may be convenient to clear all references, and write the type’s `tp_dealloc` function to invoke `tp_clear` to avoid code duplication. (Beware that `tp_clear` might have already been called. Prefer calling idempotent functions like `Py_CLEAR()`.)

  Any non-trivial cleanup should be performed in `tp_finalize` instead of `tp_clear`.

  Nota

  If `tp_clear` fails to break a reference cycle then the objects in the cyclic isolate may remain indefinitely uncollectable («leak»). See `gc.garbage`.

  Nota

  Referents (direct and indirect) might have already been cleared; they are not guaranteed to be in a consistent state.

  Nota

  The `tp_clear` function can be called from any thread.

  Nota

  An object is not guaranteed to be automatically cleared before its destructor (`tp_dealloc`) is called.

  This function differs from the destructor (`tp_dealloc`) in the following ways:

  - The purpose of clearing an object is to remove references to other objects that might participate in a reference cycle. The purpose of the destructor, on the other hand, is a superset: it must release all resources it owns, including references to objects that cannot participate in a reference cycle (e.g., integers) as well as the object’s own memory (by calling `tp_free`).

  - When `tp_clear` is called, other objects might still hold references to the object being cleared. Because of this, `tp_clear` must not deallocate the object’s own memory (`tp_free`). The destructor, on the other hand, is only called when no (strong) references exist, and as such, must safely destroy the object itself by deallocating it.

  - `tp_clear` might never be automatically called. An object’s destructor, on the other hand, will be automatically called some time after the object becomes unreachable (i.e., either there are no references to the object or the object is a member of a cyclic isolate).

  No guarantees are made about when, if, or how often Python automatically clears an object, except:

  - Python will not automatically clear an object if it is reachable, i.e., there is a reference to it and it is not a member of a cyclic isolate.

  - Python will not automatically clear an object if it has not been automatically finalized (see `tp_finalize`). (If the finalizer resurrected the object, the object may or may not be automatically finalized again before it is cleared.)

  - If an object is a member of a cyclic isolate, Python will not automatically clear it if any member of the cyclic isolate has not yet been automatically finalized (`tp_finalize`).

  - Python will not destroy an object until after any automatic calls to its `tp_clear` function have returned. This ensures that the act of breaking a reference cycle does not invalidate the `self` pointer while `tp_clear` is still executing.

  - Python will not automatically call `tp_clear` multiple times concurrently.

  CPython currently only automatically clears objects as needed to break reference cycles in a cyclic isolate, but future versions might clear objects regularly before their destruction.

  Taken together, all `tp_clear` functions in the system must combine to break all reference cycles. This is subtle, and if in any doubt supply a `tp_clear` function. For example, the tuple type does not implement a `tp_clear` function, because it’s possible to prove that no reference cycle can be composed entirely of tuples. Therefore the `tp_clear` functions of other types are responsible for breaking any cycle containing a tuple. This isn’t immediately obvious, and there’s rarely a good reason to avoid implementing `tp_clear`.

  Las implementaciones de `tp_clear` deberían descartar las referencias de la instancia a las de sus miembros que pueden ser objetos de Python, y establecer sus punteros a esos miembros en `NULL`, como en el siguiente ejemplo:

      static int
      local_clear(PyObject *op)
      {
          localobject *self = (localobject *) op;
          Py_CLEAR(self->key);
          Py_CLEAR(self->args);
          Py_CLEAR(self->kw);
          Py_CLEAR(self->dict);
          return 0;
      }

  The `Py_CLEAR()` macro should be used, because clearing references is delicate: the reference to the contained object must not be released (via `Py_DECREF()`) until after the pointer to the contained object is set to `NULL`. This is because releasing the reference may cause the contained object to become trash, triggering a chain of reclamation activity that may include invoking arbitrary Python code (due to finalizers, or weakref callbacks, associated with the contained object). If it’s possible for such code to reference self again, it’s important that the pointer to the contained object be `NULL` at that time, so that self knows the contained object can no longer be used. The `Py_CLEAR()` macro performs the operations in a safe order.

  If the `Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT` bit is set in the `tp_flags` field, the clear function must call `PyObject_ClearManagedDict()` like this:

      PyObject_ClearManagedDict((PyObject*)self);

  Se puede encontrar más información sobre el esquema de recolección de basura de Python en la sección Apoyo a la recolección de basura cíclica.

  Herencia:

  Group: `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC`, `tp_traverse`, `tp_clear`

  This field is inherited by subtypes together with `tp_traverse` and the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag bit: the flag bit, `tp_traverse`, and `tp_clear` are all inherited from the base type if they are all zero in the subtype.

  Ver también

  Object Life Cycle for details about how this slot relates to other slots.

richcmpfunc PyTypeObject.tp_richcompare

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_richcompare` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Un puntero opcional a la función de comparación enriquecida, cuya firma es:

      PyObject *tp_richcompare(PyObject *self, PyObject *other, int op);

  Se garantiza que el primer parámetro será una instancia del tipo definido por `PyTypeObject`.

  La función debería retornar el resultado de la comparación (generalmente `Py_True` o `Py_False`). Si la comparación no está definida, debe retornar `Py_NotImplemented`, si se produce otro error, debe retornar `NULL` y establecer una condición de excepción.

  Las siguientes constantes se definen para ser utilizadas como el tercer argumento para `tp_richcompare` y para `PyObject_RichCompare()`:

  Constante | Comparación
  --- | ---
  Py_LT | `<`
  Py_LE | `<=`
  Py_EQ | `==`
  Py_NE | `!=`
  Py_GT | `>`
  Py_GE | `>=`

  El siguiente macro está definido para facilitar la escritura de funciones de comparación enriquecidas:

  Py_RETURN_RICHCOMPARE(VAL_A, VAL_B, op)

    Retorna `Py_True` o `Py_False` de la función, según el resultado de una comparación. `VAL_A` y `VAL_B` deben ser ordenados por operadores de comparación C (por ejemplo, pueden ser enteros o punto flotantes de C). El tercer argumento especifica la operación solicitada, como por ejemplo `PyObject_RichCompare()`.

    The returned value is a new strong reference.

    En caso de error, establece una excepción y retorna `NULL` de la función.

    Added in version 3.7.

  Herencia:

  Group: `tp_hash`, `tp_richcompare`

  Este campo es heredado por subtipos junto con `tp_hash`: un subtipo hereda `tp_richcompare` y `tp_hash` cuando el subtipo `tp_richcompare` y `tp_hash` son ambos `NULL`.

  Por defecto:

  `PyBaseObject_Type` provides a `tp_richcompare` implementation, which may be inherited. However, if only `tp_hash` is defined, not even the inherited function is used and instances of the type will not be able to participate in any comparisons.

Py_ssize_t PyTypeObject.tp_weaklistoffset

  While this field is still supported, `Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_WEAKREF` should be used instead, if at all possible.

  If the instances of this type are weakly referenceable, this field is greater than zero and contains the offset in the instance structure of the weak reference list head (ignoring the GC header, if present); this offset is used by `PyObject_ClearWeakRefs()` and the `PyWeakref_*` functions. The instance structure needs to include a field of type PyObject* which is initialized to `NULL`.

  No confunda este campo con `tp_weaklist`; ese es el encabezado de la lista para referencias débiles al objeto de tipo en sí.

  It is an error to set both the `Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_WEAKREF` bit and `tp_weaklistoffset`.

  Herencia:

  Este campo es heredado por subtipos, pero consulte las reglas que se enumeran a continuación. Un subtipo puede anular este desplazamiento; Esto significa que el subtipo utiliza un encabezado de lista de referencia débil diferente que el tipo base. Dado que el encabezado de la lista siempre se encuentra a través de `tp_weaklistoffset`, esto no debería ser un problema.

  Por defecto:

  If the `Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_WEAKREF` bit is set in the `tp_flags` field, then `tp_weaklistoffset` will be set to a negative value, to indicate that it is unsafe to use this field.

getiterfunc PyTypeObject.tp_iter

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_iter` is part of the Stable ABI.

  An optional pointer to a function that returns an iterator for the object. Its presence normally signals that the instances of this type are iterable (although sequences may be iterable without this function).

  Esta función tiene la misma firma que `PyObject_GetIter()`:

      PyObject *tp_iter(PyObject *self);

  Herencia:

  Este campo es heredado por subtipos.

iternextfunc PyTypeObject.tp_iternext

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_iternext` is part of the Stable ABI.

  An optional pointer to a function that returns the next item in an iterator. The signature is:

      PyObject *tp_iternext(PyObject *self);

  Cuando el iterador está agotado, debe retornar `NULL`; a la excepción `StopIteration` puede o no establecerse. Cuando se produce otro error, también debe retornar `NULL`. Su presencia indica que las instancias de este tipo son iteradores.

  Los tipos de iterador también deberían definir la función `tp_iter`, y esa función debería retornar la instancia de iterador en sí (no una nueva instancia de iterador).

  Esta función tiene la misma firma que `PyIter_Next()`.

  Herencia:

  Este campo es heredado por subtipos.

struct PyMethodDef *PyTypeObject.tp_methods

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_methods` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Un puntero opcional a un arreglo estático terminado en `NULL` de estructuras `PyMethodDef`, declarando métodos regulares de este tipo.

  Para cada entrada en el arreglo, se agrega una entrada al diccionario del tipo (ver `tp_dict` a continuación) que contiene un descriptor method.

  Herencia:

  Los subtipos no heredan este campo (los métodos se heredan mediante un mecanismo diferente).

struct PyMemberDef *PyTypeObject.tp_members

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_members` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Un puntero opcional a un arreglo estático terminado en `NULL` de estructuras `PyMemberDef`, declarando miembros de datos regulares (campos o ranuras) de instancias de este tipo.

  Para cada entrada en el arreglo, se agrega una entrada al diccionario del tipo (ver `tp_dict` a continuación) que contiene un descriptor member.

  Herencia:

  Los subtipos no heredan este campo (los miembros se heredan mediante un mecanismo diferente).

struct PyGetSetDef *PyTypeObject.tp_getset

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_getset` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Un puntero opcional a un arreglo estático terminado en `NULL` de estructuras `PyGetSetDef`, declarando atributos calculados de instancias de este tipo.

  Para cada entrada en el arreglo, se agrega una entrada al diccionario del tipo (ver `tp_dict` a continuación) que contiene un descriptor getset.

  Herencia:

  Este campo no es heredado por los subtipos (los atributos computados se heredan a través de un mecanismo diferente).

PyTypeObject *PyTypeObject.tp_base

  Un puntero opcional a un tipo base del que se heredan las propiedades de tipo. En este nivel, solo se admite una herencia única; La herencia múltiple requiere la creación dinámica de un objeto tipo llamando al metatipo.

  For the corresponding slot ID, see `Py_tp_base`.

  Nota

  La inicialización de ranuras está sujeta a las reglas de inicialización de globales. C99 requiere que los inicializadores sean «constantes de dirección». Los designadores de funciones como `PyType_GenericNew()`, con conversión implícita a un puntero, son constantes de dirección C99 válidas.

  However, the unary “&” operator applied to a non-static variable like `PyBaseObject_Type` is not required to produce an address constant. Compilers may support this (gcc does), MSVC does not. Both compilers are strictly standard conforming in this particular behavior.

  En consecuencia, `tp_base` debe establecerse en la función init del módulo de extensión.

  Herencia:

  Este campo no es heredado por los subtipos (obviamente).

  Por defecto:

  Este campo predeterminado es `&PyBaseObject_Type` (que para los programadores de Python se conoce como el tipo `objeto`).

PyObject *PyTypeObject.tp_dict

  El diccionario del tipo se almacena aquí por `PyType_Ready()`.

  This field should normally be initialized to `NULL` before PyType_Ready is called; it may also be initialized to a dictionary containing initial attributes for the type. Once `PyType_Ready()` has initialized the type, extra attributes for the type may be added to this dictionary only if they don’t correspond to overloaded operations (like `__add__()`). Once initialization for the type has finished, this field should be treated as read-only.

  Some types may not store their dictionary in this slot. Use `PyType_GetDict()` to retrieve the dictionary for an arbitrary type.

  Distinto en la versión 3.12: Internals detail: For static builtin types, this is always `NULL`. Instead, the dict for such types is stored on `PyInterpreterState`. Use `PyType_GetDict()` to get the dict for an arbitrary type.

  Herencia:

  Este campo no es heredado por los subtipos (aunque los atributos definidos aquí se heredan a través de un mecanismo diferente).

  Por defecto:

  Si este campo es `NULL`, `PyType_Ready()` le asignará un nuevo diccionario.

  Advertencia

  No es seguro usar `PyDict_SetItem()` en o modificar de otra manera a `tp_dict` con el diccionario C-API.

descrgetfunc PyTypeObject.tp_descr_get

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_descr_get` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Un puntero opcional a una función «obtener descriptor» (descriptor ger).

  La firma de la función es:

      PyObject * tp_descr_get(PyObject *self, PyObject *obj, PyObject *type);

  Herencia:

  Este campo es heredado por subtipos.

descrsetfunc PyTypeObject.tp_descr_set

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_descr_set` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Un puntero opcional a una función para configurar y eliminar el valor de un descriptor.

  La firma de la función es:

      int tp_descr_set(PyObject *self, PyObject *obj, PyObject *value);

  El argumento value se establece a `NULL` para borrar el valor.

  Herencia:

  Este campo es heredado por subtipos.

Py_ssize_t PyTypeObject.tp_dictoffset

  While this field is still supported, `Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT` should be used instead, if at all possible.

  Si las instancias de este tipo tienen un diccionario que contiene variables de instancia, este campo no es cero y contiene el desplazamiento en las instancias del tipo del diccionario de variables de instancia; este desplazamiento es utilizado por `PyObject_GenericGetAttr()`.

  No confunda este campo con `tp_dict`; ese es el diccionario para los atributos del tipo de objeto en sí.

  The value specifies the offset of the dictionary from the start of the instance structure.

  El `tp_dictoffset` debe considerarse como de solo escritura. Para obtener el puntero al diccionario, llame a `PyObject_GenericGetDict()`. Llamar a `PyObject_GenericGetDict()` puede necesitar asignar memoria para el diccionario, por lo que puede ser más eficiente llamar a `PyObject_GetAttr()` cuando se accede a un atributo en el objeto.

  It is an error to set both the `Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT` bit and `tp_dictoffset`.

  Herencia:

  This field is inherited by subtypes. A subtype should not override this offset; doing so could be unsafe, if C code tries to access the dictionary at the previous offset. To properly support inheritance, use `Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT`.

  Por defecto:

  This slot has no default. For static types, if the field is `NULL` then no `__dict__` gets created for instances.

  If the `Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT` bit is set in the `tp_flags` field, then `tp_dictoffset` will be set to `-1`, to indicate that it is unsafe to use this field.

initproc PyTypeObject.tp_init

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_init` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Un puntero opcional a una función de inicialización de instancia.

  This function corresponds to the `__init__()` method of classes. Like `__init__()`, it is possible to create an instance without calling `__init__()`, and it is possible to reinitialize an instance by calling its `__init__()` method again.

  La firma de la función es:

      int tp_init(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds);

  The self argument is the instance to be initialized; the args and kwds arguments represent positional and keyword arguments of the call to `__init__()`.

  La función `tp_init`, si no es `NULL`, se llama cuando una instancia se crea normalmente llamando a su tipo, después de la función `tp_new` del tipo ha retornado una instancia del tipo. Si la función `tp_new` retorna una instancia de otro tipo que no es un subtipo del tipo original, no se llama la función `tp_init`; if `tp_new` retorna una instancia de un subtipo del tipo original, se llama al subtipo `tp_init`.

  Retorna `0` en caso de éxito, `-1` y establece una excepción en caso de error.

  Herencia:

  Este campo es heredado por subtipos.

  Por defecto:

  Para tipos estáticos, este campo no tiene un valor predeterminado.

allocfunc PyTypeObject.tp_alloc

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_alloc` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Un puntero opcional a una función de asignación de instancia.

  La firma de la función es:

      PyObject *tp_alloc(PyTypeObject *self, Py_ssize_t nitems);

  Herencia:

  Static subtypes inherit this slot, which will be `PyType_GenericAlloc()` if inherited from `object`.

  Heap subtypes do not inherit this slot.

  Por defecto:

  For heap subtypes, this field is always set to `PyType_GenericAlloc()`.

  For static subtypes, this slot is inherited (see above).

newfunc PyTypeObject.tp_new

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_new` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Un puntero opcional a una función de creación de instancias.

  La firma de la función es:

      PyObject *tp_new(PyTypeObject *subtype, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds);

  El argumento subtype es el tipo de objeto que se está creando; los argumentos args y kwds representan argumentos posicionales y de palabras clave de la llamada al tipo. Tenga en cuenta que subtype no tiene que ser igual al tipo cuya función `tp_new` es llamada; puede ser un subtipo de ese tipo (pero no un tipo no relacionado).

  La función `tp_new` debería llamar a `subtype->tp_alloc(subtype, nitems)` para asignar espacio para el objeto, y luego hacer solo la inicialización adicional que sea absolutamente necesaria. La inicialización que se puede ignorar o repetir de forma segura debe colocarse en el controlador `tp_init`. Una buena regla general es que para los tipos inmutables, toda la inicialización debe tener lugar en `tp_new`, mientras que para los tipos mutables, la mayoría de las inicializaciones se deben diferir a `tp_init`.

  Set the `Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION` flag to disallow creating instances of the type in Python.

  Herencia:

  Este campo se hereda por subtipos, excepto que no lo heredan tipos estáticos cuyo `tp_base` es `NULL` o `&PyBaseObject_Type`.

  Por defecto:

  Para tipos estáticos, este campo no tiene ningún valor predeterminado. Esto significa que si la ranura se define como `NULL`, no se puede llamar al tipo para crear nuevas instancias; presumiblemente hay alguna otra forma de crear instancias, como una función de fábrica.

freefunc PyTypeObject.tp_free

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_free` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Un puntero opcional a una función de desasignación de instancia. Su firma es:

      void tp_free(void *self);

  This function must free the memory allocated by `tp_alloc`.

  Herencia:

  Static subtypes inherit this slot, which will be `PyObject_Free()` if inherited from `object`. Exception: If the type supports garbage collection (i.e., the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag is set in `tp_flags`) and it would inherit `PyObject_Free()`, then this slot is not inherited but instead defaults to `PyObject_GC_Del()`.

  Heap subtypes do not inherit this slot.

  Por defecto:

  For heap subtypes, this slot defaults to a deallocator suitable to match `PyType_GenericAlloc()` and the value of the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag.

  For static subtypes, this slot is inherited (see above).

inquiry PyTypeObject.tp_is_gc

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_is_gc` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Un puntero opcional a una función llamada por el recolector de basura.

  The garbage collector needs to know whether a particular object is collectible or not. Normally, it is sufficient to look at the object’s type’s `tp_flags` field, and check the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag bit. But some types have a mixture of statically and dynamically allocated instances, and the statically allocated instances are not collectible. Such types should define this function; it should return `1` for a collectible instance, and `0` for a non-collectible instance. The signature is:

      int tp_is_gc(PyObject *self);

  (El único ejemplo de esto son los tipos en sí. El metatipo, `PyType_Type`, define esta función para distinguir entre tipos estática y dinámicamente asignados.)

  Herencia:

  Este campo es heredado por subtipos.

  Por defecto:

  This slot has no default. If this field is `NULL`, `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` is used as the functional equivalent.

PyObject *PyTypeObject.tp_bases

  Tupla de tipos base.

  This field should be set to `NULL` and treated as read-only. Python will fill it in when the type is `initialized`.

  For the corresponding slot ID, see `Py_tp_bases`.

  Advertencia

  Multiple inheritance does not work well for statically defined types. If you set `tp_bases` to a tuple, Python will not raise an error, but some slots will only be inherited from the first base.

  Herencia:

  Este campo no se hereda.

PyObject *PyTypeObject.tp_mro

  Tupla que contiene el conjunto expandido de tipos base, comenzando con el tipo en sí y terminando con `object`, en orden de resolución de método.

  This field should be set to `NULL` and treated as read-only. Python will fill it in when the type is `initialized`.

  Herencia:

  Este campo no se hereda; se calcula fresco por `PyType_Ready()`.

PyObject *PyTypeObject.tp_cache

  No usado. Solo para uso interno.

  Herencia:

  Este campo no se hereda.

void *PyTypeObject.tp_subclasses

  A collection of subclasses. Internal use only. May be an invalid pointer.

  To get a list of subclasses, call the Python method `__subclasses__()`.

  Distinto en la versión 3.12: For some types, this field does not hold a valid PyObject*. The type was changed to void* to indicate this.

  Herencia:

  Este campo no se hereda.

PyObject *PyTypeObject.tp_weaklist

  Cabecera de lista de referencia débil, para referencias débiles a este tipo de objeto. No heredado Solo para uso interno.

  Distinto en la versión 3.12: Internals detail: For the static builtin types this is always `NULL`, even if weakrefs are added. Instead, the weakrefs for each are stored on `PyInterpreterState`. Use the public C-API or the internal `_PyObject_GET_WEAKREFS_LISTPTR()` macro to avoid the distinction.

  Herencia:

  Este campo no se hereda.

destructor PyTypeObject.tp_del

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_del` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Este campo está en desuso. Use `tp_finalize` en su lugar.

unsigned int PyTypeObject.tp_version_tag

  Se usa para indexar en el caché de métodos. Solo para uso interno.

  Herencia:

  Este campo no se hereda.

destructor PyTypeObject.tp_finalize

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_finalize` is part of the Stable ABI since version 3.5.

  An optional pointer to an instance finalization function. This is the C implementation of the `__del__()` special method. Its signature is:

      void tp_finalize(PyObject *self);

  The primary purpose of finalization is to perform any non-trivial cleanup that must be performed before the object is destroyed, while the object and any other objects it directly or indirectly references are still in a consistent state. The finalizer is allowed to execute arbitrary Python code.

  Before Python automatically finalizes an object, some of the object’s direct or indirect referents might have themselves been automatically finalized. However, none of the referents will have been automatically cleared (`tp_clear`) yet.

  Other non-finalized objects might still be using a finalized object, so the finalizer must leave the object in a sane state (e.g., invariants are still met).

  Nota

  After Python automatically finalizes an object, Python might start automatically clearing (`tp_clear`) the object and its referents (direct and indirect). Cleared objects are not guaranteed to be in a consistent state; a finalized object must be able to tolerate cleared referents.

  Nota

  An object is not guaranteed to be automatically finalized before its destructor (`tp_dealloc`) is called. It is recommended to call `PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc()` at the beginning of `tp_dealloc` to guarantee that the object is always finalized before destruction.

  Nota

  The `tp_finalize` function can be called from any thread, although the GIL will be held.

  Nota

  The `tp_finalize` function can be called during shutdown, after some global variables have been deleted. See the documentation of the `__del__()` method for details.

  When Python finalizes an object, it behaves like the following algorithm:

  1. Python might mark the object as finalized. Currently, Python always marks objects whose type supports garbage collection (i.e., the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag is set in `tp_flags`) and never marks other types of objects; this might change in a future version.

  2. If the object is not marked as finalized and its `tp_finalize` finalizer function is non-`NULL`, the finalizer function is called.

  3. If the finalizer function was called and the finalizer made the object reachable (i.e., there is a reference to the object and it is not a member of a cyclic isolate), then the finalizer is said to have resurrected the object. It is unspecified whether the finalizer can also resurrect the object by adding a new reference to the object that does not make it reachable, i.e., the object is (still) a member of a cyclic isolate.

  4. If the finalizer resurrected the object, the object’s pending destruction is canceled and the object’s finalized mark might be removed if present. Currently, Python never removes the finalized mark; this might change in a future version.

  Automatic finalization refers to any finalization performed by Python except via calls to `PyObject_CallFinalizer()` or `PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc()`. No guarantees are made about when, if, or how often an object is automatically finalized, except:

  - Python will not automatically finalize an object if it is reachable, i.e., there is a reference to it and it is not a member of a cyclic isolate.

  - Python will not automatically finalize an object if finalizing it would not mark the object as finalized. Currently, this applies to objects whose type does not support garbage collection, i.e., the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag is not set. Such objects can still be manually finalized by calling `PyObject_CallFinalizer()` or `PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc()`.

  - Python will not automatically finalize any two members of a cyclic isolate concurrently.

  - Python will not automatically finalize an object after it has automatically cleared (`tp_clear`) the object.

  - If an object is a member of a cyclic isolate, Python will not automatically finalize it after automatically clearing (see `tp_clear`) any other member.

  - Python will automatically finalize every member of a cyclic isolate before it automatically clears (see `tp_clear`) any of them.

  - If Python is going to automatically clear an object (`tp_clear`), it will automatically finalize the object first.

  Python currently only automatically finalizes objects that are members of a cyclic isolate, but future versions might finalize objects regularly before their destruction.

  To manually finalize an object, do not call this function directly; call `PyObject_CallFinalizer()` or `PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc()` instead.

  `tp_finalize` should leave the current exception status unchanged. The recommended way to write a non-trivial finalizer is to back up the exception at the beginning by calling `PyErr_GetRaisedException()` and restore the exception at the end by calling `PyErr_SetRaisedException()`. If an exception is encountered in the middle of the finalizer, log and clear it with `PyErr_WriteUnraisable()` or `PyErr_FormatUnraisable()`. For example:

      static void
      foo_finalize(PyObject *self)
      {
          // Save the current exception, if any.
          PyObject *exc = PyErr_GetRaisedException();

          // ...

          if (do_something_that_might_raise() != success_indicator) {
              PyErr_WriteUnraisable(self);
              goto done;
          }

      done:
          // Restore the saved exception.  This silently discards any exception
          // raised above, so be sure to call PyErr_WriteUnraisable first if
          // necessary.
          PyErr_SetRaisedException(exc);
      }

  Herencia:

  Este campo es heredado por subtipos.

  Added in version 3.4.

  Distinto en la versión 3.8: Before version 3.8 it was necessary to set the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE` flags bit in order for this field to be used. This is no longer required.

  Ver también

  - PEP 442: «Safe object finalization»

  - Object Life Cycle for details about how this slot relates to other slots.

  - `PyObject_CallFinalizer()`

  - `PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc()`

vectorcallfunc PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_tp_vectorcall` is part of the Stable ABI since version 3.14.

  A vectorcall function to use for calls of this type object (rather than instances). In other words, `tp_vectorcall` can be used to optimize `type.__call__`, which typically returns a new instance of type.

  As with any vectorcall function, if `tp_vectorcall` is `NULL`, the tp_call protocol (`Py_TYPE(type)->tp_call`) is used instead.

  Nota

  The vectorcall protocol requires that the vectorcall function has the same behavior as the corresponding `tp_call`. This means that `type->tp_vectorcall` must match the behavior of `Py_TYPE(type)->tp_call`.

  Specifically, if type uses the default metaclass, `type->tp_vectorcall` must behave the same as PyType_Type->tp_call, which:

  - calls `type->tp_new`,

  - if the result is a subclass of type, calls `type->tp_init` on the result of `tp_new`, and

  - returns the result of `tp_new`.

  Typically, `tp_vectorcall` is overridden to optimize this process for specific `tp_new` and `tp_init`. When doing this for user-subclassable types, note that both can be overridden (using `__new__()` and `__init__()`, respectively).

  Herencia:

  Este campo nunca se hereda.

  Added in version 3.9: (el campo existe desde 3.8 pero solo se usa desde 3.9)

unsigned char PyTypeObject.tp_watched

  Internal. Do not use.

  Added in version 3.12.

## Tipos estáticos

Tradicionalmente, los tipos definidos en el código C son static, es decir, una estructura estática `PyTypeObject` se define directamente en el código y se inicializa usando `PyType_Ready()`.

Esto da como resultado tipos que están limitados en relación con los tipos definidos en Python:

- Los tipos estáticos están limitados a una base, es decir, no pueden usar herencia múltiple.

- Los objetos de tipo estático (pero no necesariamente sus instancias) son inmutables. No es posible agregar o modificar los atributos del objeto tipo desde Python.

- Los objetos de tipo estático se comparten en sub intérpretes, por lo que no deben incluir ningún estado específico del sub interpretador.

Also, since `PyTypeObject` is only part of the Limited API as an opaque struct, any extension modules using static types must be compiled for a specific Python minor version.

## Tipos Heap

An alternative to static types is heap-allocated types, or heap types for short, which correspond closely to classes created by Python’s `class` statement. Heap types have the `Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE` flag set.

This is done by filling a `PyType_Spec` structure and calling `PyType_FromSpec()`, `PyType_FromSpecWithBases()`, `PyType_FromModuleAndSpec()`, or `PyType_FromMetaclass()`.

## Estructuras de objetos de números

type PyNumberMethods

  Esta estructura contiene punteros a las funciones que utiliza un objeto para implementar el protocolo numérico. Cada función es utilizada por la función de un nombre similar documentado en la sección Protocolo de números.

  Aquí está la definición de la estructura:

      typedef struct {
           binaryfunc nb_add;
           binaryfunc nb_subtract;
           binaryfunc nb_multiply;
           binaryfunc nb_remainder;
           binaryfunc nb_divmod;
           ternaryfunc nb_power;
           unaryfunc nb_negative;
           unaryfunc nb_positive;
           unaryfunc nb_absolute;
           inquiry nb_bool;
           unaryfunc nb_invert;
           binaryfunc nb_lshift;
           binaryfunc nb_rshift;
           binaryfunc nb_and;
           binaryfunc nb_xor;
           binaryfunc nb_or;
           unaryfunc nb_int;
           void *nb_reserved;
           unaryfunc nb_float;

           binaryfunc nb_inplace_add;
           binaryfunc nb_inplace_subtract;
           binaryfunc nb_inplace_multiply;
           binaryfunc nb_inplace_remainder;
           ternaryfunc nb_inplace_power;
           binaryfunc nb_inplace_lshift;
           binaryfunc nb_inplace_rshift;
           binaryfunc nb_inplace_and;
           binaryfunc nb_inplace_xor;
           binaryfunc nb_inplace_or;

           binaryfunc nb_floor_divide;
           binaryfunc nb_true_divide;
           binaryfunc nb_inplace_floor_divide;
           binaryfunc nb_inplace_true_divide;

           unaryfunc nb_index;

           binaryfunc nb_matrix_multiply;
           binaryfunc nb_inplace_matrix_multiply;
      } PyNumberMethods;

  Nota

  Las funciones binarias y ternarias deben verificar el tipo de todos sus operandos e implementar las conversiones necesarias (al menos uno de los operandos es una instancia del tipo definido). Si la operación no está definida para los operandos dados, las funciones binarias y ternarias deben retornar `Py_NotImplemented`, si se produce otro error, deben retornar `NULL` y establecer una excepción.

  Nota

  The `nb_reserved` field should always be `NULL`. It was previously called `nb_long`, and was renamed in Python 3.0.1.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_add

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_add` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_subtract

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_subtract` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_multiply

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_multiply` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_remainder

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_remainder` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_divmod

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_divmod` is part of the Stable ABI.

ternaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_power

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_power` is part of the Stable ABI.

unaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_negative

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_negative` is part of the Stable ABI.

unaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_positive

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_positive` is part of the Stable ABI.

unaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_absolute

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_absolute` is part of the Stable ABI.

inquiry PyNumberMethods.nb_bool

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_bool` is part of the Stable ABI.

unaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_invert

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_invert` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_lshift

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_lshift` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_rshift

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_rshift` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_and

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_and` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_xor

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_xor` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_or

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_or` is part of the Stable ABI.

unaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_int

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_int` is part of the Stable ABI.

void *PyNumberMethods.nb_reserved

unaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_float

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_float` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_add

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_inplace_add` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_subtract

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_inplace_subtract` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_multiply

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_inplace_multiply` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_remainder

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_inplace_remainder` is part of the Stable ABI.

ternaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_power

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_inplace_power` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_lshift

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_inplace_lshift` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_rshift

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_inplace_rshift` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_and

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_inplace_and` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_xor

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_inplace_xor` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_or

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_inplace_or` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_floor_divide

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_floor_divide` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_true_divide

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_true_divide` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_floor_divide

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_inplace_floor_divide` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_true_divide

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_inplace_true_divide` is part of the Stable ABI.

unaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_index

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_index` is part of the Stable ABI.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_matrix_multiply

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_matrix_multiply` is part of the Stable ABI since version 3.5.

binaryfunc PyNumberMethods.nb_inplace_matrix_multiply

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_nb_inplace_matrix_multiply` is part of the Stable ABI since version 3.5.

## Estructuras de objetos mapeo

type PyMappingMethods

  Esta estructura contiene punteros a las funciones que utiliza un objeto para implementar el protocolo de mapeo. Tiene tres miembros:

lenfunc PyMappingMethods.mp_length

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_mp_length` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Esta función es utilizada por `PyMapping_Size()` y `PyObject_Size()`, y tiene la misma firma. Esta ranura puede establecerse en `NULL` si el objeto no tiene una longitud definida.

binaryfunc PyMappingMethods.mp_subscript

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_mp_subscript` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Esta función es utilizada por `PyObject_GetItem()` y `PySequence_GetSlice()`, y tiene la misma firma que `PyObject_GetItem()`. Este espacio debe llenarse para que la función `PyMapping_Check()` retorna `1`, de lo contrario puede ser `NULL`.

objobjargproc PyMappingMethods.mp_ass_subscript

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_mp_ass_subscript` is part of the Stable ABI.

  This function is used by `PyObject_SetItem()`, `PyObject_DelItem()`, `PySequence_SetSlice()` and `PySequence_DelSlice()`. It has the same signature as `PyObject_SetItem()`, but v can also be set to `NULL` to delete an item. If this slot is `NULL`, the object does not support item assignment and deletion.

## Estructuras de objetos secuencia

type PySequenceMethods

  Esta estructura contiene punteros a las funciones que utiliza un objeto para implementar el protocolo de secuencia.

lenfunc PySequenceMethods.sq_length

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_sq_length` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Esta función es utilizada por `PySequence_Size()` y `PyObject_Size()`, y tiene la misma firma. También se usa para manejar índices negativos a través de los espacios `sq_item` y `sq_ass_item`.

binaryfunc PySequenceMethods.sq_concat

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_sq_concat` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Esta función es utilizada por `PySequence_Concat()` y tiene la misma firma. También es utilizado por el operador `+`, después de intentar la suma numérica a través de la ranura `nb_add`.

ssizeargfunc PySequenceMethods.sq_repeat

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_sq_repeat` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Esta función es utilizada por `PySequence_Repeat()` y tiene la misma firma. También es utilizado por el operador `*`, después de intentar la multiplicación numérica a través de la ranura `nb_multiply`.

ssizeargfunc PySequenceMethods.sq_item

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_sq_item` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Esta función es utilizada por `PySequence_GetItem()` y tiene la misma firma. También es utilizado por `PyObject_GetItem()`, después de intentar la suscripción a través de la ranura `mp_subscript`. Este espacio debe llenarse para que la función `PySequence_Check()` retorna `1`, de lo contrario puede ser `NULL`.

  Negative indexes are handled as follows: if the `sq_length` slot is filled, it is called and the sequence length is used to compute a positive index which is passed to `sq_item`. If `sq_length` is `NULL`, the index is passed as is to the function.

ssizeobjargproc PySequenceMethods.sq_ass_item

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_sq_ass_item` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Esta función es utilizada por `PySequence_SetItem()` y tiene la misma firma. También lo usan `PyObject_SetItem()` y `PyObject_DelItem()`, después de intentar la asignación y eliminación del elemento a través de la ranura `mp_ass_subscript`. Este espacio puede dejarse en `NULL` si el objeto no admite la asignación y eliminación de elementos.

objobjproc PySequenceMethods.sq_contains

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_sq_contains` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Esta función puede ser utilizada por `PySequence_Contains()` y tiene la misma firma. Este espacio puede dejarse en `NULL`, en este caso `PySequence_Contains()` simplemente atraviesa la secuencia hasta que encuentra una coincidencia.

binaryfunc PySequenceMethods.sq_inplace_concat

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_sq_inplace_concat` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Esta función es utilizada por `PySequence_InPlaceConcat()` y tiene la misma firma. Debería modificar su primer operando y retornarlo. Este espacio puede dejarse en `NULL`, en este caso `PySequence_InPlaceConcat()` volverá a `PySequence_Concat()`. También es utilizado por la asignación aumentada `+=`, después de intentar la suma numérica en el lugar a través de la ranura `nb_inplace_add`.

ssizeargfunc PySequenceMethods.sq_inplace_repeat

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_sq_inplace_repeat` is part of the Stable ABI.

  Esta función es utilizada por `PySequence_InPlaceRepeat()` y tiene la misma firma. Debería modificar su primer operando y retornarlo. Este espacio puede dejarse en `NULL`, en este caso `PySequence_InPlaceRepeat()` volverá a `PySequence_Repeat()`. También es utilizado por la asignación aumentada `*=`, después de intentar la multiplicación numérica en el lugar a través de la ranura `nb_inplace_multiply`.

## Estructuras de objetos búfer

type PyBufferProcs

  Esta estructura contiene punteros a las funciones requeridas por Buffer protocol. El protocolo define cómo un objeto exportador puede exponer sus datos internos a objetos de consumo.

getbufferproc PyBufferProcs.bf_getbuffer

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_bf_getbuffer` is part of the Stable ABI since version 3.11.

  La firma de esta función es:

      int (PyObject *exporter, Py_buffer *view, int flags);

  Maneja una solicitud a exporter para completar view según lo especificado por flags. Excepto por el punto (3), una implementación de esta función DEBE seguir estos pasos:

  1. Check if the request can be met. If not, raise `BufferError`, set `view->obj` to `NULL` and return `-1`.

  2. Rellene los campos solicitados.

  3. Incrementa un contador interno para el número de exportaciones (exports).

  4. Set `view->obj` to exporter and increment `view->obj`.

  5. Retorna `0`.

  Thread safety:

  In the free-threaded build, implementations must ensure:

  - The export counter increment in step (3) is atomic.

  - The underlying buffer data remains valid and at a stable memory location for the lifetime of all exports.

  - For objects that support resizing or reallocation (such as `bytearray`), the export counter is checked atomically before such operations, and `BufferError` is raised if exports exist.

  - The function is safe to call concurrently from multiple threads.

  See also Thread safety for memoryview objects for the Python-level thread safety guarantees of `memoryview` objects.

  Si exporter es parte de una cadena o árbol de proveedores de búfer, se pueden usar dos esquemas principales:

  - Re-export: Each member of the tree acts as the exporting object and sets `view->obj` to a new reference to itself.

  - Redirect: The buffer request is redirected to the root object of the tree. Here, `view->obj` will be a new reference to the root object.

  Los campos individuales de view se describen en la sección Estructura de búfer, las reglas sobre cómo debe reaccionar un exportador a solicitudes específicas se encuentran en la sección Tipos de solicitud de búfer.

  Toda la memoria señalada en la estructura `Py_buffer` pertenece al exportador y debe permanecer válida hasta que no queden consumidores. `format`, `shape`, `strides`, `suboffsets` y `internal` son de solo lectura para el consumidor.

  `PyBuffer_FillInfo()` proporciona una manera fácil de exponer un búfer de bytes simple mientras se trata correctamente con todos los tipos de solicitud.

  `PyObject_GetBuffer()` es la interfaz para el consumidor que envuelve esta función.

releasebufferproc PyBufferProcs.bf_releasebuffer

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_bf_releasebuffer` is part of the Stable ABI since version 3.11.

  La firma de esta función es:

      void (PyObject *exporter, Py_buffer *view);

  Maneja una solicitud para liberar los recursos del búfer. Si no es necesario liberar recursos, `PyBufferProcs.bf_releasebuffer` puede ser `NULL`. De lo contrario, una implementación estándar de esta función tomará estos pasos opcionales:

  1. Disminuir un contador interno para el número de exportaciones.

  2. Si el contador es `0`, libera toda la memoria asociada con view.

  Thread safety:

  In the free-threaded build:

  - The export counter decrement in step (1) must be atomic.

  - Resource cleanup when the counter reaches zero must be done atomically, as the final release may race with concurrent releases from other threads and deallocation must only happen once.

  El exportador DEBE utilizar el campo `internal` para realizar un seguimiento de los recursos específicos del búfer. Se garantiza que este campo permanecerá constante, mientras que un consumidor PUEDE pasar una copia del búfer original como argumento view.

  This function MUST NOT decrement `view->obj`, since that is done automatically in `PyBuffer_Release()` (this scheme is useful for breaking reference cycles).

  `PyBuffer_Release()` es la interfaz para el consumidor que envuelve esta función.

## Estructuras de objetos asíncronos

Added in version 3.5.

type PyAsyncMethods

  Esta estructura contiene punteros a las funciones requeridas para implementar objetos «esperable» (awaitable) y «iterador asincrónico» (asynchronous iterator).

  Aquí está la definición de la estructura:

      typedef struct {
          unaryfunc am_await;
          unaryfunc am_aiter;
          unaryfunc am_anext;
          sendfunc am_send;
      } PyAsyncMethods;

unaryfunc PyAsyncMethods.am_await

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_am_await` is part of the Stable ABI since version 3.5.

  La firma de esta función es:

      PyObject *am_await(PyObject *self);

  The returned object must be an iterator, i.e. `PyIter_Check()` must return `1` for it.

  Este espacio puede establecerse en `NULL` si un objeto no es awaitable.

unaryfunc PyAsyncMethods.am_aiter

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_am_aiter` is part of the Stable ABI since version 3.5.

  La firma de esta función es:

      PyObject *am_aiter(PyObject *self);

  Must return an asynchronous iterator object. See `__anext__()` for details.

  Este espacio puede establecerse en `NULL` si un objeto no implementa el protocolo de iteración asincrónica.

unaryfunc PyAsyncMethods.am_anext

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_am_anext` is part of the Stable ABI since version 3.5.

  La firma de esta función es:

      PyObject *am_anext(PyObject *self);

  Must return an awaitable object. See `__anext__()` for details. This slot may be set to `NULL`.

sendfunc PyAsyncMethods.am_send

  The corresponding slot ID `Py_am_send` is part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.

  La firma de esta función es:

      PySendResult am_send(PyObject *self, PyObject *arg, PyObject **result);

  Consulte `PyIter_Send()` para obtener más detalles. Esta ranura se puede establecer en `NULL`.

  Added in version 3.10.

## Tipo Ranura typedefs

typedef PyObject *(*allocfunc)(PyTypeObject *cls, Py_ssize_t nitems)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  The purpose of this function is to separate memory allocation from memory initialization. It should return a pointer to a block of memory of adequate length for the instance, suitably aligned, and initialized to zeros, but with `ob_refcnt` set to `1` and `ob_type` set to the type argument. If the type’s `tp_itemsize` is non-zero, the object’s `ob_size` field should be initialized to nitems and the length of the allocated memory block should be `tp_basicsize + nitems*tp_itemsize`, rounded up to a multiple of `sizeof(void*)`; otherwise, nitems is not used and the length of the block should be `tp_basicsize`.

  Esta función no debe hacer ninguna otra instancia de inicialización, ni siquiera para asignar memoria adicional; eso debe ser realizado por `tp_new`.

typedef void (*destructor)(PyObject*)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

typedef void (*freefunc)(void*)

  Consulte `tp_free`.

typedef PyObject *(*newfunc)(PyTypeObject*, PyObject*, PyObject*)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Consulte `tp_new`.

typedef int (*initproc)(PyObject*, PyObject*, PyObject*)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Consulte `tp_init`.

typedef PyObject *(*reprfunc)(PyObject*)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Consulte `tp_repr`.

typedef PyObject *(*getattrfunc)(PyObject *self, char *attr)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Retorna el valor del atributo nombrado para el objeto.

typedef int (*setattrfunc)(PyObject *self, char *attr, PyObject *value)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Establece el valor del atributo nombrado para el objeto. El argumento del valor se establece en `NULL` para eliminar el atributo.

typedef PyObject *(*getattrofunc)(PyObject *self, PyObject *attr)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Retorna el valor del atributo nombrado para el objeto.

  Consulte `tp_getattro`.

typedef int (*setattrofunc)(PyObject *self, PyObject *attr, PyObject *value)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Establece el valor del atributo nombrado para el objeto. El argumento del valor se establece en `NULL` para eliminar el atributo.

  Consulte `tp_setattro`.

typedef PyObject *(*descrgetfunc)(PyObject*, PyObject*, PyObject*)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  See `tp_descr_get`.

typedef int (*descrsetfunc)(PyObject*, PyObject*, PyObject*)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  See `tp_descr_set`.

typedef Py_hash_t (*hashfunc)(PyObject*)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Consulte `tp_hash`.

typedef PyObject *(*richcmpfunc)(PyObject*, PyObject*, int)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Consulte `tp_richcompare`.

typedef PyObject *(*getiterfunc)(PyObject*)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Consulte `tp_iter`.

typedef PyObject *(*iternextfunc)(PyObject*)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Consulte `tp_iternext`.

typedef Py_ssize_t (*lenfunc)(PyObject*)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

typedef int (*getbufferproc)(PyObject*, Py_buffer*, int)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.12.

typedef void (*releasebufferproc)(PyObject*, Py_buffer*)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.12.

typedef PyObject *(*unaryfunc)(PyObject*)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

typedef PyObject *(*binaryfunc)(PyObject*, PyObject*)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

typedef PySendResult (*sendfunc)(PyObject*, PyObject*, PyObject**)

  Consulte `am_send`.

typedef PyObject *(*ternaryfunc)(PyObject*, PyObject*, PyObject*)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

typedef PyObject *(*ssizeargfunc)(PyObject*, Py_ssize_t)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

typedef int (*ssizeobjargproc)(PyObject*, Py_ssize_t, PyObject*)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

typedef int (*objobjproc)(PyObject*, PyObject*)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

typedef int (*objobjargproc)(PyObject*, PyObject*, PyObject*)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

## Ejemplos

Los siguientes son ejemplos simples de definiciones de tipo Python. Incluyen el uso común que puede encontrar. Algunos demuestran casos difíciles de esquina (corner cases). Para obtener más ejemplos, información práctica y un tutorial, consulte «definiendo nuevos tipos» (Definición de tipos de extensión: Tutorial) y «tópicos de nuevos tipos (Definición de tipos de extensión: temas variados).

Un tipo estático básico:

    typedef struct {
        PyObject_HEAD
        const char *data;
    } MyObject;

    static PyTypeObject MyObject_Type = {
        PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
        .tp_name = "mymod.MyObject",
        .tp_basicsize = sizeof(MyObject),
        .tp_doc = PyDoc_STR("My objects"),
        .tp_new = myobj_new,
        .tp_dealloc = (destructor)myobj_dealloc,
        .tp_repr = (reprfunc)myobj_repr,
    };

También puede encontrar código más antiguo (especialmente en la base de código CPython) con un inicializador más detallado:

    static PyTypeObject MyObject_Type = {
        PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
        "mymod.MyObject",               /* tp_name */
        sizeof(MyObject),               /* tp_basicsize */
        0,                              /* tp_itemsize */
        (destructor)myobj_dealloc,      /* tp_dealloc */
        0,                              /* tp_vectorcall_offset */
        0,                              /* tp_getattr */
        0,                              /* tp_setattr */
        0,                              /* tp_as_async */
        (reprfunc)myobj_repr,           /* tp_repr */
        0,                              /* tp_as_number */
        0,                              /* tp_as_sequence */
        0,                              /* tp_as_mapping */
        0,                              /* tp_hash */
        0,                              /* tp_call */
        0,                              /* tp_str */
        0,                              /* tp_getattro */
        0,                              /* tp_setattro */
        0,                              /* tp_as_buffer */
        0,                              /* tp_flags */
        PyDoc_STR("My objects"),        /* tp_doc */
        0,                              /* tp_traverse */
        0,                              /* tp_clear */
        0,                              /* tp_richcompare */
        0,                              /* tp_weaklistoffset */
        0,                              /* tp_iter */
        0,                              /* tp_iternext */
        0,                              /* tp_methods */
        0,                              /* tp_members */
        0,                              /* tp_getset */
        0,                              /* tp_base */
        0,                              /* tp_dict */
        0,                              /* tp_descr_get */
        0,                              /* tp_descr_set */
        0,                              /* tp_dictoffset */
        0,                              /* tp_init */
        0,                              /* tp_alloc */
        myobj_new,                      /* tp_new */
    };

Un tipo que admite referencias débiles, instancias de diccionarios (dicts) y hashing:

    typedef struct {
        PyObject_HEAD
        const char *data;
    } MyObject;

    static PyTypeObject MyObject_Type = {
        PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
        .tp_name = "mymod.MyObject",
        .tp_basicsize = sizeof(MyObject),
        .tp_doc = PyDoc_STR("My objects"),
        .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE |
             Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC | Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT |
             Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_WEAKREF,
        .tp_new = myobj_new,
        .tp_traverse = (traverseproc)myobj_traverse,
        .tp_clear = (inquiry)myobj_clear,
        .tp_alloc = PyType_GenericNew,
        .tp_dealloc = (destructor)myobj_dealloc,
        .tp_repr = (reprfunc)myobj_repr,
        .tp_hash = (hashfunc)myobj_hash,
        .tp_richcompare = PyBaseObject_Type.tp_richcompare,
    };

A str subclass that cannot be subclassed and cannot be called to create instances (e.g. uses a separate factory func) using `Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION` flag:

    typedef struct {
        PyUnicodeObject raw;
        char *extra;
    } MyStr;

    static PyTypeObject MyStr_Type = {
        PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
        .tp_name = "mymod.MyStr",
        .tp_basicsize = sizeof(MyStr),
        .tp_base = NULL,  // set to &PyUnicode_Type in module init
        .tp_doc = PyDoc_STR("my custom str"),
        .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION,
        .tp_repr = (reprfunc)myobj_repr,
    };

El tipo estático más simple con instancias de longitud fija:

    typedef struct {
        PyObject_HEAD
    } MyObject;

    static PyTypeObject MyObject_Type = {
        PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
        .tp_name = "mymod.MyObject",
    };

El tipo estático más simple con instancias de longitud variable:

    typedef struct {
        PyObject_VAR_HEAD
        const char *data[1];
    } MyObject;

    static PyTypeObject MyObject_Type = {
        PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
        .tp_name = "mymod.MyObject",
        .tp_basicsize = sizeof(MyObject) - sizeof(char *),
        .tp_itemsize = sizeof(char *),
    };